潜射导弹大攻角空化流动特性计算研究

潜射导弹水下高速运动时,弹体表面的空化现象对导弹的受力及力学环境有重要影响。通 过数值模拟,对大攻角情况下空化流动的特性进行研究,计算结果与试验值吻合较好, 验证了数值算法的准确性。得到弹体表面的压力分布情况,获取了不同攻角下空泡的不同形 态,分析了不同攻角、空泡数对弹体受力的影响。     

基于预处理方法的冲压式翼伞非定常气动特性数值研究

开展绕冲压式翼伞内外一体化流场的二维、不可压、非定常数值模拟。采用预处理的双时间步长方法 ,研究了冲压式翼伞在有攻角飞行时阻力、升力的瞬态特性和非定常旋涡脱落对翼伞气动力的影响问题。气动力特性的计算值与实验结果吻合较好 ,并观察到升力和阻力在大攻角飞行中的周期性变化规律。同时流场的瞬态特性证实上翼面旋涡的发展与运动是导致翼伞气动力脉动的主要原因。计算发现在前缘切口的冲压作用下 ,翼伞内部的压力较高 ,气流几乎保持滞止 ,这是维持翼伞充气外形的主要原因。     

空间碎片防护结构设计优化技术研究进展

空间碎片防护结构设计优化技术是航天器防护设计的关键技术之一,在空间碎片超高速撞击风险评估软件研制基础上,国际上已开始了空间碎片防护优化软件的研究开发,而且取得了阶段性的研究成果。丈章首先对防护结构构型方案及其防护材料选择评估技术作了简要介绍；然后重点对防护结构设计优化技术的研究进展从优化模型、优化算法、敏度分析等方面进行了分析综述；最后简要给出了防护结构设计优化流程和研究工作建议。     

Determination of aerodynamic forces on satellites by theory and wind tunnel experiments

Theoretical and experimental aspects of satellite aerodynamics in free molecular flow have been studied. A FORTRAN-program package has been developed to calculate free molecular aerodynamic force and moment coefficients of general and special convex shapes, using an approximation of the surfaces by plane triangular elements.As a special case for concave bodies, the drag of a satellite of TD1A-similar shape has been investigated by an approximate theory and by wind tunnel experiments. Comparisons are made between experimental results, the approximate theory and exact theory.     

ΔDsat,a QB50 CubeSat mission to study rarefied-gas drag modelling

A CubeSat mission to study the impact of flow incidence angle, surface material and surface roughness on gas–surface interactions on spacecraft in low Earth orbits has been designed. To accomplish this scientific goal the CubeSat deploys a variable geometry aerofoil capable of exposing different surfaces to the flow at different incident angles. By using the on-board GPS measurements and an orbit determination technique the drag experienced by the CubeSat can be estimated. The CubeSat has been designed to be part of the QB50 mission, and hence it carries a sensor that can take in-situ measurements of the atmosphere. This is then used to estimate the atmospheric density and hence to extract information on the drag coefficient. To minimise any bias present in the measurement chain a differential approach is used. Therefore no absolute drag coefficients are estimated, instead, ratios of drag coefficients are computed. This allows direct comparisons of the drag coefficients of different materials, different surface roughness or different incident angles. Simulations indicate that this CubeSat mission will be able to obtain drag coefficient ratios with an uncertainty level of less than 5%.     

临近空间高超声速稀薄流中梯形缝隙绕流分析

针对高超声速飞行器表面不规则缝隙的构型特征，将其简化为梯形缝隙模型；采用直接模拟蒙特卡洛(DSMC)方法对高超声速稀薄流中的缝隙绕流问题进行数值模拟；研究了不同的缝隙壁面倾角对流场结构以及壁面参数的影响，为航天器结构设计以及热防护设计提供了数值支持。结果表明：改变倾角会改变流场结构，当倾角减小时，外部流场会更深入缝隙内部，使得缝隙内流场和表面的气动参数增强，且倾角越小，影响的程度越深。同时，倾角减小也会减小缝隙内的旋涡强度，当倾角小于30°时，缝隙内的旋涡区域完全消失。     

Hypersonic flows over slender circular cones at small angles of attack

This paper presents a perturbation theory for hypersonic flows past pointed-nose slender bodies of revolution at small angles of attack. The theory presents the counter part of other theories on two-dimensional flow, axisymmetric flow, and flow past delta wings, in the case of bodies of revolution. Further restricting the analysis to Newtonian flow, a straightforward perturbation in the angle of attack is applied to the equations obtained and the resulting equations are solved only for circular cones. A striking feature of this approach is the absence of a vortical layer and a uniformally valid solution at body surface and all over the flowfield. In spite of the yaw angle, conical streamlines at cone surface are predicted which bend around towards the leeward plane. Results obtained for the surface pressure and the shock wave of a circular cone compare very well with other approximate calculations and experiment.     

The solution of a model problem of the atmospheric entry of a small meteoroid

Direct simulation Monte Carlo modeling (DSMC) is used to solve the problem of the entry into the Earth’s atmosphere of a small meteoroid. The main aspects of the physical theory of meteors, such as mass loss (ablation) and effects of aerodynamic and thermal shielding, are considered based on the numerical solution of the model problem of the atmospheric entry of an iron meteoroid. The DSMC makes it possible to obtain insight into the structure of the disturbed area around the meteoroid (coma) and trace its evolution depending on entry velocity and height (Knudsen number) in a transitional flow regime where calculation methods used for free molecular and continuum regimes are inapplicable.     

Numerical studies of fluid oscillation problems by boundary integral techniques

A numerical technique has been developed to investigate the axisymmetric large amplitude oscillations of an inviscid and incompressible liquid drop about its spherical equilibrium shape. The drop is placed into a microgravity environment. Thus the only forces acting on the drop are surface tension forces. The internal flow field of the fluid drop is assumed to be irrotational, so that the methods of classical potential theory can be applied. A solution for the Laplace equation for the velocity potential is posed in form of the potential of the simple layer, where the sources are placed on rings (circles) covering the bounding surface of the drop. Discretization of the drop into discs and caps at the poles, application of the dynamic and kinematic boundary condition and numerical integration with respect to time of the latter allows to study the behaviour of the deformed drop and to determine the eigenfrequencies.     

激光陀螺稳频反射镜的选择

讨论了球面及平面两种稳频反射镜的加工误差对陀螺腔内光路的偏移作用， 分析了腔内光路随这两种反射镜在稳频平移过程中的变化规律以及光路不对称变形对陀螺朗缪尔零漂的影响。分析结果表明： 无论从稳频反射镜存在加工误差考虑， 还是从稳频平移对陀螺性能影响的考虑， 选择球面镜作稳频反射镜要优于平面镜。     

设计参数对幂次乘波体纵向静稳定性的影响

为实现幂次乘波体的纵向静稳定设计,对幂次体激波面后流线的“凹凸”特性与设计参数之间的关系进行了研究,并以此为依据,通过数值计算的方法得到了设计参数与幂次乘波体纵向静稳定性之间的关系。结果表明：幂次体激波面后的流线由“内凹”和“外凸”两部分组成;设计参数c越大、n越小、设计Ma越大、前缘点布置的越靠前以及乘波体长度L越长,流线的“外凸”段所占比例越大,由此得到的幂次乘波体纵向也就越稳定;此外,在其他设计参数确定的情形下,前缘线形状的改变并不影响乘波体的纵向静稳定性。     

粒子冲刷对丁羟推进剂燃烧性能影响试验研究

利用X射线实时荧屏分析技术(RTR),开展了粒子冲刷条件下固体推进剂燃烧特性试验研究,获得了冲刷条件下丁羟推进剂燃烧界面动态退移图像和燃速变化规律。结果表明,在不同粒子冲刷速度条件下,丁羟推进剂的燃速均有增大。当粒子冲刷速度大于某一值时,燃面上会有凹坑形成,表明粒子冲刷导致推进剂燃速增加加剧,当冲刷速度小于这一值时,燃面上不会有明显凹坑出现,但在气相冲刷的作用下燃速也会有不同程度地增大,改变粒子浓度对燃速的影响不太明显。     

Thin body motion under free surface with formation of final length cavity

The two-dimensional problem of high velocity moving slender body interaction with fluid free surface was regarded. Gravity was neglected as compared with fluid inertia. The problem is relevant to underwater motion of a bullet or shell, which could take place in orbital collisions of particles with fluid-filled containments. The problem is also relevant to evaluating wave-breakers effect on the streaming flow. The solution was obtained for the case of final length cavity formation behind the body. The solution allows determining free surface shape, drag and lift forces. In the limiting cases of relatively small depth or high compressibility, the obtained solution permitted analytical approximation.     

Some problems connected with formation of chaotically located relief peculiarities on Europa’s surface

The problem connected with formation of lenses and chaotic bands on Europa’s ice surface are considered. Some assumptions concerning their formation due to temperature stresses in the ice cover of Jupiter’s moon and action of gravitational tidal forces are put forward.     

低地球轨道空间环境下航天器表面原子氧通量密度和积分通量分布的数值模拟

基于蒙特卡罗方法和区域分解法,建立低地球轨道空间环境航天器表面原子氧通量密度和积分通量的数学模型。模型考虑了航天器表面几何构型、原子氧数密度和分析热运动、地球自转对航天器速度的影响以及轨道运行参数。通量密度分布的求解是通过其微分方程的对于独立变量分子运动速度和与表面速度矢量合成的积分得到,积分通量是通过沿轨道时间积分来实现。与此同时,得到了沿入射攻角变化原子氧分布的最大值和最小值。计算结果表明:通量分布伴随入射攻角增大而急剧下降,在迎风面达到最大值,背风面最小值。入射攻角是影响分布计算结果的重要因素。计算误差与NASA-LDEF飞行试验实验结果吻合较好。     

Dose estimates in a lunar shelter with regolith shielding

Beyond the Earth's atmosphere, galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) and solar energetic particles (SEPs) are a significant hazard to both manned and robotic missions. For long human missions on the lunar surface (months to a year) a radiation shelter is needed for dose mitigation and emergency protection in case of solar events. This paper investigates the interaction of source protons of solar events like those of February 1956 that emitted many fewer particles with energies up to 1000 MeV and of the October 1989 event of lower protons energy but higher fluence, with the lunar regolith and aluminum shielding of a lunar shelter. The shelter is 5 m in diameter and has a footprint of 5×8 m and a 10 cm thick aluminum support structure, however, actual thickness could be much smaller (～1–2 cm) depending on the weight of the regolith shielding piled on top. The regolith is shown to be slightly more effective than aluminum. Thus, the current results are still applicable for a thinner aluminum structure and increased equivalent (or same mass) thickness of the regolith. The shielding thicknesses to reduce the dose solely due to solar protons in the lunar shelter below those recommended by NASA to astronauts for 30 day-operation in space (250 mSv) and for radiation workers (50 mSv) are determined and compared. The relative attenuation of incident solar protons with regolith shielding and the dose estimates inside the shelter are calculated for center seeking, planar, and isotropic incidence of the source protons. With the center seeking incidence, the dose estimates are the highest, followed by those with isotropic incidence, and the lowest are those with the planar incidence.     

Production of neutrons from interactions of GCR-like particles

In order to help assess the risk to astronauts due to the long-term exposure to the natural radiation environment in space, an understanding of how the primary radiation field is changed when passing through shielding and tissue materials must be obtained. One important aspect of the change in the primary radiation field after passing through shielding materials is the production of secondary particles from the breakup of the primary. Neutrons are an important component of the secondary particle field due to their relatively high biological weighting factors, and due to their relative abundance, especially behind thick shielding scenarios. Because of the complexity of the problem, the estimation of the risk from exposure to the secondary neutron field must be handled using calculational techniques. However, those calculations will need an extensive set of neutron cross section and thicktarget neutron yield data in order to make an accurate assessment of the risk. In this paper we briefly survey the existing neutron-production data sets that are applicable to the space radiation transport problem, and we point out how neutron production from protons is different than neutron production from heavy ions. We also make comparisons of one the heavy-ion data sets with Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) calculations.     

卫星变轨发动机羽流污染的研究

针对卫星变轨发动机工作时高空羽流污染问题 ,从分子运动论出发 ,采用直接模拟MonteCarlo(DSMC)方法对轴对称羽流场进行模拟 ,发动机喷管出口参数采用内流计算的给定值。首先对计算方法进行了验证 ,然后通过计算给出羽流场压力、密度等参数 ,给出计算位于回流区内的卫星表面敏感部件的羽流污染量的方法 ,并进行了计算。     

Numerical form-finding of geotensoid tension truss for mesh reflector

The parabolic surface of most large deployable reflectors is formed by a reflective mesh attached to a cable net. This paper presents a new approach to calculate a geodesic tension truss that ensures both appropriate node positioning and uniform tension. It is based on a force density strategy coupled with geometrical constraints. Uniform tension is achieved by iterations on coefficients of force density. Nodes of net are located on the paraboloid by controlling additional forces. Several applications illustrate the method on various types of net patterns and parabolic surfaces. The accuracy of obtained net is then evaluated by calculation of the systematic surface error due to faceting. Attachment of the net to a rim structure with additional cables is also discussed.     

Asymptotic theory for thrusting,spinning-up spacecraft maneuvers

We consider the problem of a spacecraft subjected to constant body-fixed forces and moments about all three axes during a spinning-up, thrusting maneuver. In applications, undesired forces and moments can arise due to thruster imbalances and misalignments and to center-of-mass offset. In previous works, approximate analytical solutions have been found for the attitude motion, and for the change in inertial velocity and inertial position. In this paper we find asymptotic and limiting-case expressions which we derive from the analytic solutions, in order to obtain simplified, practical formulas that lend insight into the motion. Specifically, we investigate how the motion evolves (1) as time grows without bound and (2) for geometric cases of the sphere, the thin rod, and the thin plate. Closed-forms or upper-bound limits are provided for angular velocities, Eulerian angles, angular momentum pointing error, transverse and axial velocities, and transverse and axial displacements. Summaries for the asymptotic limits (for zero initial conditions) are provided in tabular form. Results are verified by numerical simulations.