Land surface temperature retrievals from satellite measurements

This paper discusses the importance of considering both atmospheric absorption and surface emittance in an accurate assessment of land surface temperature. This is obtained by combining the measurements in two spectrally close radiometric channels of NOAA-AVHRR/2 instruments (Split Window Channels), accurately simulated for different atmospheric and terrestrial conditions.

The approach, that usually takes into account the atmospheric effects, has been improved, with the addition of a term depending only upon surface emittance. The proposed algorithm, that provides an estimate of land surface temperature within ±1°C if spectral surface emittance is known, has been applied to AVHRR/2 data to obtain surface temperature maps of the Northern Italy.     

月球坑内空间环境热流的分布研究

文章推导获得了月面阳光矢量和月球坑内探测器表面关系的表达式,采用蒙特卡罗法数值计算探测器各表面的辐射热流,分析了月球坑内环境辐射热流的分布特征。讨论了月面纬度、月球坑尺寸、月面发射率等参数对探测器表面热流的影响。计算表明:月面纬度增加及月球坑坑口半径的减小均会导致某些时刻阳光无法照射到坑底,从而与其他工况有较大的计算差别,两参数对探测器各面热流的影响规律不同;月面发射率对探测器表面热流的影响作用较大,增加月面发射率能明显降低探测器某些表面的辐射热流。     

法向发身率测量仪

本文给出了在大气温度下测量物质表面法向发射率的原理、装置结构及测试结果。这个装置是由黑体,样品腔和辐射计(接收元件)构成。法向发射率是由在相同温度下样品产生的热电势EMF与黑体产生的热电势EMFo之比来度量的。最后,对误差进行了讨论。     

地球与大气反射光对空间光学传感器探测能力的影响仿真研究

现有辐射计算模型不考虑地表的各向异性特征,导致计算结果存在较大误差。针对这一问题,提出一种新的地球与大气反射光对传感器照度贡献的计算模型,考虑了地表反射、大气散射和辐射传输三方面的影响因素;在此基础上提出一种启发式蒙特卡罗重点光线采样方法,该方法根据给定的传感器参数和空间几何参数高效解算地球与大气反射光对空间光学传感器探测能力的影响程度。     

单元表面间辐射传递系数的新型计算方法

通过对辐射能量传递过程的分解，建立辐射传递系数与角系数之间的关系，提出了一种计算具有漫反射辐射界面特性的单元表面之间辐射传递系数的新型计算方法。该方法分离了单元表面辐射特性和几何特性对辐射传递系数的影响。分别采用新方法和蒙特卡洛法计算了立方体内部单元表面之间的辐射传递系数，并且从理论上对两种计算方法的耗时性和计算精度进行了分析比较。结果表明，相对于蒙特卡洛法，该方法所需的计算时间更少，而且不随单元表面吸收率的变化而变化；在计算精度上，该方法相对于蒙特卡洛法具有更高计算精度。     

热控涂层红外发射率对GEO卫星蓄电池温度波动的影响

在东方红一3卫星平台的基础上,将合理简化后的南蓄电池舱作为热分析模型。根据影响蓄电池温度波动的机理,提出服务舱舱板内表面常用热控涂层（白漆、镀铝膜、碳蒙皮）的5种组合方案,并量化分析了热控涂层红外发射率对蓄电池温度波动的影响。分析结果表明：降低蓄电池舱舱板内表面热控涂层红外发射率,尤其是降低蓄电池安装舱板表面的热控涂层红外发射率,可有效减小蓄电池温度波动幅度。与基准方案相比,最优组合方案能使蓄电池温度波动幅度降低50％。     

Beyond the principle of plentitude: a review of terrestrial planet habitability

We review recent work that directly or indirectly addresses the habitability of terrestrial (rocky) planets like the Earth. Habitability has been traditionally defined in terms of an orbital semimajor axis within a range known as the habitable zone, but it is also well known that the habitability of Earth is due to many other astrophysical, geological, and geochemical factors. We focus this review on (1) recent refinements to habitable zone calculations; (2) the formation and orbital stability of terrestrial planets; (3) the tempo and mode of geologic activity (e.g., plate tectonics) on terrestrial planets; (4) the delivery of water to terrestrial planets in the habitable zone; and (5) the acquisition and loss of terrestrial planet carbon and nitrogen, elements that constitute important atmospheric gases responsible for habitable conditions on Earth's surface as well as being the building blocks of the biosphere itself. Finally, we consider recent work on evidence for the earliest habitable environments and the appearance of life itself on our planet. Such evidence provides us with an important, if nominal, calibration point for our search for other habitable worlds.     

利用低轨道卫星间微波信号探测反演温湿廓线

通过同时测量微波信号的折射和吸收信息，低地球轨道卫星间（LEO-LEO）微波掩星探测技术能够独立反演温度和水汽廓线。通过仿真手段，首先，正演模拟了微波信号穿过大气层后由折射和吸收效应分别导致的相位延迟和振幅衰减，在此基础上，对温度、水汽和云中液态水反演廓线进行了个例分析，然后，统计分析了温度和水汽在不同纬度带的反演性能，以及云对反演精度的影响。结果表明：温度在约35 km以上存在明显正偏差，高纬度的最大，中纬度次之，低纬度最小。水汽反演误差在约4 km以下明显增大，低纬度的最大，中纬度次之，高纬度最小。有云存在时，需要去除云的吸收作用，否则温度和水汽会出现明显的正偏差。上述研究为进一步发展LEO-LEO掩星探测计划提供了理论参考依据。     

The carbonate-silicate cycle and CO2/climate feedbacks on tidally locked terrestrial planets

Atmospheric gaseous constituents play an important role in determining the surface temperatures and habitability of a planet. Using a global climate model and a parameterization of the carbonate-silicate cycle, we explored the effect of the location of the substellar point on the atmospheric CO(2) concentration and temperatures of a tidally locked terrestrial planet, using the present Earth continental distribution as an example. We found that the substellar point's location relative to the continents is an important factor in determining weathering and the equilibrium atmospheric CO(2) level. Placing the substellar point over the Atlantic Ocean results in an atmospheric CO(2) concentration of 7 ppmv and a global mean surface air temperature of 247 K, making ～30% of the planet's surface habitable, whereas placing it over the Pacific Ocean results in a CO(2) concentration of 60,311 ppmv and a global temperature of 282 K, making ～55% of the surface habitable.     

SiP陶瓷芯片水汽含量控制工艺方法研究

结合宇航级陶瓷封装芯片的特点和水汽控制要求,对SiP陶瓷封装工艺进行了研究,分析了陶瓷封装过程中产生水汽的各个因素,优化了封装生产工艺流程,增加了预烘转运过程下厂监制,保证了转运时间的工艺过程管控,通过试验验证了管控措施的有效性.     

HFC134a喷雾闪蒸冷却换热特性的实验研究

喷雾闪蒸冷却由于可以在较小的工质流量下实现很高的散热能力,在高热流密度散热、航天器热控和热防护等领域具有广阔的应用前景。本文建立了喷雾闪蒸冷却实验系统,对环境压力下以HFC134a为工质的喷雾闪蒸冷却换热特性进行了实验研究,得出了喷雾闪蒸冷却的换热特性曲线、临界热流密度(critical heat flux,CHF)以及被冷却表面温度随喷雾高度和流量的变化曲线,分析了适用于热控的最佳喷雾高度和流量。     

一种紧凑式喷雾冷却系统的传热特性仿真分析

喷雾冷却被认为是一种潜在的航天器热排散技术。文章提出了一种紧凑式喷雾冷却系统,并分别对该喷雾冷却系统中的发热壁面、蒸汽冷凝器及液体冷却器三个主要部件建立传热模型,编制喷雾冷却系统传热特性仿真程序。利用该仿真软件,研究了壁面加热升温过程的系统运行特性及蒸汽冷凝器冷凝水流量对喷雾冷却系统运行特性的影响。该工作对理解喷雾冷却的系统运行特性及下一步的工程应用奠定了一定的理论基础。     

发动机尾焰注水降温数值计算与试验研究

针对火箭发动机尾焰注水流场,组织并实施了火箭发动机系留点火及燃气流场注水降温缩比试验,研究了燃气冲击射流流场和注水作用下两相流场的分布状态以及降温效果。并通过研究在高温高速对流冲击作用下气液两相流的传热和传质理论,在Mixture多相流模型的基础上添加质量和能量源项,建立了多组分气液两相流非定常数值计算模型,通过对比试验结论,结果表明：所建立的数值计算模型具有较高的计算精度和可靠性,能够准确地反映物理现象。利用数值计算模型研究了注水后燃气、液态水和水蒸气三种主要组分在流场中的组成,通过与自由射流对比得到了注水燃气流场的包络线长度与宽度变化,注水对燃气流场降温效果显著。     

发射特性对线性各向异性散射介质内瞬态温度分布的影响

考虑各向异性散射介质内的辐射传递方向，本文考察了辐射能的重新分配过程。利用射线踪迹法结合Hottel和Sarofim区域法推导了辐射传递系数(RTCs)。考虑一维各向异性参与性半透明灰介质。两边界表面为镜反射，一个表面半透明，另一个表面不透明。辐射传递系数用于计算辐射热源项。瞬态能量方程由全隐式控制容积法求解。外界辐射加热与对流冷却同时作用于边界表面。考虑四个线性散射相函数。以各向同性散射情况比较，研究不透明边界两侧发射特性和线性散射相函数对瞬态温度分布的影响。结果表明，各向异性散射与各向同性散射介质间的相对温度差异与散射不对称参数近似成正比。     

燕尾形轴向微槽热管的流动和传热特性

建立了燕尾形轴向微槽热管传热和液体流动模型并进行了数值求解,计算了其最大传 热能力。模型考虑了气液界面剪切力的作用,分析了热管内气、液相流体压力和流速及弯月 面毛细半径沿轴向的变化特性,并讨论了热负荷对蒸发段端口毛细半径的影响,以及工作温 度和吸液芯结构对最大传热能力的影响。研究表明：弯月面毛细半径沿轴向非线性增加,在 蒸发段和绝热段变化较小,而从冷凝段开始急剧上升;热管内蒸气沿程压差远小于液相压差 ;液体的平均速度远小于蒸气的平均速度;沟槽热管的最大传热能力受工作温度和毛细芯结 构尺寸的影响较大;燕尾形底宽的增大或微槽高度的增加有利于提高热管的最大传热能力, 而蒸气腔半径对最大传热能力的影响不明显。同时,还通过实验验证了本模型的正确性。
     

Flow of a water jet into vacuum

At certain intervals excess water has to be dumped into space overboard of the Spacelab cabin. For the development of a useful nozzle the behaviour of a water jet flowing into vacuum was investigated experimentally and theoretical interpretations of the flow phenomena which were found are given. The influence of parameters like the shape of the nozzle, the temperature and the gas content of water were studied. At certain test conditions, the jet leaves the nozzle exit in bundled form and ends abruptly bursting into droplets and ice-particles. The “bursting”-mechanism is explained by a sudden boiling of the water in the jet causing the growth of vapor bubbles decomposing the jet. The formation of vapor bubbles is initiated by a superheating of the water of the jet caused by a sudden pressure drop and a cooling at the surface of the jet. The expansion of vapor bubbles in the jet is retarded by surface tension forces which results in a relaxation time for the bursting of the jet. The vapor flow in radial directions of the jet is approximately described by a plane radial source flow. The measurement of the pitot-pressure radially to the jet proves that the vapor flow is supersonic.     

Uniform solution for the flow past a slender body with an attached shock wave in radiative magnetogasdynamics

A systematic perturbation scheme is used to study the propagation of a weak shock wave attached to a slender body in a supersonic flow of plasma with thermal radiation and investigate as to how the coupling between the radiative transfer and magneto-hydrodynamic phenomena affects the flow field. The analytical solution of the flow field has been presented up to the second order of ε. The shape of the shock wave attached to the slender body of revolution is obtained, which however can be expressed explicitly in terms of known functions when the radiative decay length is of the same order as the typical body length. Also, the shock angle at the tip of the projectile is obtained.     

Diurnal change of MW and IR thermal emissions from lunar craters with relevance to rock abundance

Abnormal “hot spots” during a total eclipse on the lunar surface were revealed by using a ground based infrared (IR) scanner and visible telescope in the early 1960s, which turned out to be “cold spots” on the microwave (MW) brightness temperature distribution at night according to the Chang'E (CE)-1 radiometer's observations. In this paper, a theoretical analysis of radiative transfer is presented to explain this abnormal phenomenon of diurnal changes. Two typical craters, representing the abnormal fresh craters rich in rock abundance and an old one almost free of rocks located at similar latitudes are chosen for comparison of the diurnal temperature change. Using the measurements of CE-1 multi-channel microwave radiometer, brightness temperatures from these two craters are presented and applied to inversions of the physical temperatures of lunar regolith media, based on a three-layer radiative transfer model. The correlation between the diurnal MW and IR thermal changes of the lunar surface and the rock abundance is discussed.     

隔热层厚度和数量对太空多层光学窗口温度分布的影响

 航天器上常安装有用于科学观察的多层光学窗口,其温度分布的均匀性会影响成像质量。运用射线踪迹-节点分析法的任意多层镜反射辐射与导热耦合换热模型,研究了隔热层厚度及数量对太空中多层光学窗口温度分布的影响。光学窗口的吸收系数、折射率随波长的变化用一组矩形谱带来近似。研究显示太空中热辐射在光学窗口的冷却过程中起着非常重要的作用,在离玻璃层表面附近很薄的一层玻璃介质内,辐射与导热存在强烈的耦合作用。隔热层厚度越薄,其内的温度分布越均匀,有利于提高成像质量。隔热层数量越多,光学窗口各层玻璃的温度分布越均匀,有利于提高成像质量,但是隔热层最佳数量的确定还需综合考虑其它因素。     

AP复合固体推进剂燃烧模型

本文提出了一个复合固体推进剂的综合燃烧模型和相应的数学处理方法。该模型对凝聚相反应作了更细微的分析,特别重视和强调了各种热量传递对燃烧所起的作用,并以推进剂中处于连续相的粘合剂线性分解速度表示推进剂的线性燃速。根据此模型编制程序并进行了大量计算。计算结果与实验符合得很好。对AP/HTPB多级配推进剂的计算结果中,相对误差小于10％的占80％,对Ae/AP/HTPB推进剂则占90％以上。