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1.
We consider the results of measurements of density and temperature of cold plasma in the dayside sector of the plasmasphere. The measurements were made by Interball-1 (Tail Probe) in November 1995, by Interball-2 (Auroral Probe) in August 1996 (the periods close to the solar cycle minimum), and by the Magion-5 satellite in June 2000 (this period is close to the solar cycle maximum). It was shown by the measurements in the dayside sector of the plasmasphere that, contrary to expectations of model distributions of temperature in the plasmasphere [1, 2], under quiet geomagnetic conditions the temperature of hydrogen ions of the cold plasma filling the plasmasphere was observed to increase at altitudes 5000 km < H < 10000 km. Its altitude gradient was equal to ~0.5 deg/km, the geomagnetic latitude being variable within the limits 10° < λ < 40°. The maximum values of temperature of protons, as measured by Tail Probe and Auroral Probe deep in the plasma-sphere, were equal to ~4000–6000 K. According to the data obtained by the Magion-5 satellite in the depth of the plasmasphere, these temperatures varied within the limits 7500–8500 K. These results can be considered as some indication of a dependence of the plasmasphere thermal structure on the phase of the solar cycle. In the region 2.5 < L < 5 and at geomagnetic latitudes λ < 40°, drops of the ion temperature were regularly observed with values reaching ~2000 K. 相似文献
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Results of laboratory measurements of the dielectric characteristics of lunar soil samples returned to the Earth by the Luna and Apollo missions have been analyzed. The feasibility of determining the density of the upper cover of the Moon from the permittivity, which is restored as a result of solving the inverse problem of radiolocation, has been discussed. A formula has been proposed for approximating the frequency dependence of the loss tangent for the regolith and bedrock. Relationships have been deduced for estimating the percentage of metal oxides in the lunar soil. 相似文献
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Accurate estimations of the health risks to astronauts due to space radiation exposure are necessary for future lunar and Mars missions. Space radiation consists of solar particle events (SPEs), comprised largely of medium energy protons (less than several hundred MeV); and galactic cosmic rays (GCR), which include high-energy protons and heavy ions. While the frequency distribution of SPEs depends strongly upon the phase within the solar activity cycle, the individual SPE occurrences themselves are random in nature. A solar modulation model has been developed for the temporal characterization of the GCR environment, which is represented by the deceleration potential, ?. The risk of radiation exposure to astronauts as well as to hardware from SPEs during extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) or in lightly shielded vehicles is a major concern for radiation protection. To support the probabilistic risk assessment for EVAs, which could be up to 15% of crew time2 on lunar missions, we estimated the probability of SPE occurrence as a function of solar cycle phase using a non-homogeneous Poisson model [1] to fit the historical database of measurements of protons with energy>30 MeV, Φ30. The resultant organ doses and dose equivalents, as well as effective whole body doses, for acute and cancer risk estimations are analyzed for a conceptual habitat module and for a lunar rover during space missions of defined durations. This probabilistic approach to radiation risk assessment from SPE and GCR is in support of mission design and operational planning for future manned space exploration missions. 相似文献
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D. V. Titov H. Svedhem D. McCoy J. -P. Lebreton S. Barabash J. -L. Bertaux P. Drossart V. Formisano B. Haeusler O. I. Korablev W. Markiewicz D. Neveance M. Petzold G. Piccioni T. L. Zhang F. W. Taylor E. Lellouch D. Koschny O. Witasse M. Warhaut A. Acomazzo J. Rodrigues-Cannabal J. Fabrega T. Schirmann A. Clochet M. Coradini 《Cosmic Research》2006,44(4):334-348
The first European mission to Venus (Venus Express) is described. It is based on a repeated use of the Mars Express design with minor modifications dictated in the main by more severe thermal environment at Venus. The main scientific task of the mission is global exploration of the Venusian atmosphere, circumplanetary plasma, and the planet surface from an orbiting spacecraft. The Venus Express payload includes seven instruments, five of which are inherited from the missions Mars Express and Rosetta. Two instruments were specially designed for Venus Express. The advantages of Venus Express in comparison with previous missions are in using advanced instrumentation and methods of remote sounding, as well as a spacecraft with a broad spectrum of capabilities of orbital observations. 相似文献
5.
The problem of the interpretation of measurements made by means of a convection sensor is considered. The sensor is a cubic chamber filled by a viscous fluid (gas). Fixed and unequal temperatures are maintained on two opposite sides of the cube; the other sides are perfect heat conductors. Two differential thermocouples are placed inside the chamber to measure the temperature difference at two pairs of fixed points. The sensor is mounted aboard the Earth's satellite. Mathematical models of various degrees of complexity are proposed which describe processes of heat and mass transfer under the action of a quasistatic component of microaccelerations. The results of mathematical simulation of the data of sensor thermocouples presenting a response to the real quasistatic component of microaccelerations which took place aboard the Mirstation are given. It is shown that under usual conditions of an orbital mission the sensor presents a linear low-frequency filter. By combining the data of several identical sensors, tightly arranged and oriented in a certain way, it is possible to measure low-frequency components of the angular acceleration of the satellite and linear microaccelerations at the point of the sensor position. 相似文献
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Ian A. Crawford 《Acta Astronautica》2011,68(7-8):691-699
I review those properties of the interstellar medium within 15 light-years of the Sun, which will be relevant for the planning of future rapid (v≥0.1c) interstellar space missions to the nearest stars. As the detailed properties of the local interstellar medium (LISM) may only become apparent after interstellar probes have been able to make in situ measurements, the first such probes will have to be designed conservatively with respect to what can be learned about the LISM from the immediate environment of the Solar System. It follows that studies of interstellar vehicles should assume the lowest plausible density when considering braking devices, which rely on transferring momentum from the vehicle to the surrounding medium, but the highest plausible densities when considering possible damage caused by the impact of the vehicle with interstellar material. Some suggestions for working values of these parameters are provided. This paper is a submission of the Project Icarus Study Group. 相似文献
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I. N. Myagkova M. I. Panasyuk S. I. Svertilov V. V. Bogomolov A. V. Bogomolov V. V. Kalegaev V. O. Barinova E. A. Balan 《Cosmic Research》2016,54(1):67-75
The results of measurements of fluxes and spectra carried out using the RELEC (relativistic electrons) equipment onboard the VERNOV satellite in the second half of 2014 are presented. The VERNOV satellite was launched on July 8, 2014 in a sun-synchronous orbit with an altitude from 640 to 830 km and an inclination of 98.4°. Scientific information from the satellite was first received on July 20, 2014. The comparative analysis of electron fluxes using data from RELEC and using experimental data on the electron detection by satellites Elektro-L (positioned at a geostationary orbit) and Meteor-M no. 2 (positioned at a circular polar orbit at an altitude of about 800 km as the VERNOV satellite) will make it possible to study the spatial distribution pattern of energetic electrons in near-Earth space in more detail. 相似文献
8.
The low-frequency component is investigated in the data of measurements performed onboard the Foton M-2 satellite with the three-component accelerometer TAS-3. Investigations consisted in comparison of this component with its calculated analog found from a reconstruction of the satellite’s attitude motion. The influence of the Earth’s magnetic field on the accelerometer readings is discovered by way of spectral analysis of the functions representing the results of determining the low-frequency microacceleration by two methods. After making correction for this influence, the results obtained by these two methods coincided within a root-mean-square error of less than 10?6 m/s2. 相似文献
9.
G. L. Gdalevich N. I. Izhovkina V. D. Ozerov N. Bankov S. Chapkanov L. Todorieva 《Cosmic Research》2006,44(5):419-424
The results of the satellite low-latitude and mid-latitude measurements of the disturbed plasma concentration, electron temperature, and quasi-stable electric field at heights of ~900 km after sunset are discussed. It is shown that the sharp fronts of changes in the electron temperature and plasma density observed in the experiment onboard the Intercosmos-Bulgaria-1300 satellite in the low-latitude (and equatorial) outer ionosphere can be related to damping of the oscillations of plasma electrons at local decreases of the plasma density (plasma “pits”) and formation of the vortex plasma structures at density and temperature gradients, which promotes conservation of ionosphere irregularities and makes the fronts of concentration variations steeper. Nonmonotonic variations in the plasma conductivity for the ionosphere currents in unstable plasma can be a cause of observed nonmonotonic disturbances of the vertical component of the “constant” electric field. 相似文献
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Hirobumi Saito Syujiro Sawai Shin-ichiro Sakai Seisuke Fukuda Kenji Kitade 《Acta Astronautica》2009,65(9-10):1345-1359
Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency has a plan to develop the small satellite standard bus for various scientific missions and disaster monitoring missions. The satellite bus is a class of 250–400 kg mass with three-axis control capability of 0.02 accuracy. The science missions include X-ray astronomy missions, planetary telescope missions, and magnetosphere atmosphere missions. In order to adapt the wide range of mission requirements, the satellite bus has to be provided with flexibility. The concepts of modularization, reusability, and product line are applied to the standard bus system. This paper describes the characteristics of the small satellite standard bus which will be firstly launched in 2011. 相似文献
12.
M. Barrère 《Acta Astronautica》1978,5(10):851-875
ONERA developed, for studying the response of a propellant to a pressure or velocity fluctuation, an experimental rocket engine whose nozzle throat area can be modulated by a toothed disk.The paper presents a linearized theory of the functioning of this engine in the low frequency domain, i.e. when there is no wave propagation within the combuster.To describe the functioning of this motor, the Ryazantsev-Novozhilov method, which assumes that the gas response is instantaneous, is used. This analysis takes into account the erosion and radiation effects, the combustion efficiency and the thermal losses through the walls.Two particular cases are described, for two values of the Damköhler parameter , where tc is the residence time in the combuster and tth the characteristic thermal time of the heat penetration into the solid propellant. These two cases correspond, one to a classical propellant D1 > 1, the other to a particular propellant of low burning rate () D1 < 1. The stability conditions are analysed as well as the pressure amplitute and phase as a function of the nozzle throat modulation frequency.Still in linearized theory, the complete solutions of the problem are presented, using a method of numerical resolution. 相似文献
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The paper has presented a study of the dependence of the H+ ions concentration in the plasmasphere on geographic longitude. A vast database of measurements of the cold plasma density by the Alpha-3 instrument on board the INTERBALL-1 satellite has been used for the study. Based on these measurements, a dependence of the H+ ions concentration in the filled magnetic flux tube in the plasmasphere in the equatorial plane under quiet geomagnetic conditions has been obtained as a function of geographic longitude. Studies have been performed for two seasons, summer and winter. It has been shown that, during the summer in the near-midnight sector, the minimum in the H+ concentration falls within geographic longitudes of 270°–315°. The ratio of the concentration of H+ ions at various longitudes could reach a factor of three. During the winter, in the near-noon sector, the maximum of the H+ ions concentration falls within longitudes of 180°–225°, whereas the concentration ratio could reach a factor of 2.2. 相似文献
16.
为了对火星表面的热辐射环境进行模拟,以辅助火星探测等任务,建立了火星大气的一维模型和土壤的一维导热模型,并与NASA的一维火星大气辐射程序相结合,得到了一套整体模拟系统。模拟获得了火星地表温度及接收到的可见光、红外辐射热流密度,分析了季节、纬度、尘暴、云层的变化对地表温度和所受太阳辐射造成的影响。模拟结果表明,纬度和季节的变化影响着太阳高度角和日照时长等因素,进而对可见光辐射造成显著影响;尘埃光学厚度的增加会削弱可见光辐射并增强红外辐射,云层光学性质的改变造成的影响与之相似但较小;四者的改变都会对地表的温度及接收到的太阳辐射热流密度造成不同程度的影响。 相似文献
17.
Stability of resonance rotation of a satellite with respect to its center of mass in the orbit plane
S. Yu. Sadov 《Cosmic Research》2006,44(2):160-171
The stability of resonance oscillations and rotations of a satellite in the plane of its orbit in the case when the difference of the moments of inertia with respect to the principal axes lying in the orbit plane is small is determined at a given rotation number m by the sign of function Φm(e), introduced by F.L. Chernous’ko in 1963. In this paper, convenient analytical representations of functions Φm(e) are described in the form of integrals and series of Bessel functions regular at e → 1?. Values of Φm(1) are calculated in explicit form. A theorem about the double asymptotic form of functions Φm(e) at m → ∞ and e → 1? is proved by the saddlepoint method. 相似文献
18.
Energetic solar proton events within the energy interval 1–48 MeV at the stage of their decay are considered over the period of 1974–2001. The dependence of the characteristic decay time on the proton energy in the assumed power-law representation τ(E) =E ?n is analyzed for the events with an exponential decay form. The dependence of n on the heliolongitude of the flare (the particles source on the Sun) is studied. 相似文献
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太阳同步轨道卫星热控分系统分析及优化 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
定义地心日照轨道坐标系,并在此坐标系下简化卫星与地球相对位置的复杂计算,以及卫星轨道外热流分析过程中相关角度的计算,使轨道外热流的分析仿真更加快速、简洁。以正六棱柱形卫星为例,建立热网络模型,对其表面在一圈轨道内所受的轨道外热流进行仿真,并结合仿真结果计算进出地影区时卫星内部的温度。在此基础上,建立以热控分系统多层隔热材料质量最小化为目标的优化问题;在满足高低温工况卫星内部温度在-10~+35℃范围内的约束下,对多层隔热材料厚度和散热窗大小进行了优化。 相似文献