星载GPS几何法实时定轨有关问题的研究

首先讨论了星载GPS几何法实时定轨的绝对定位方法和各种差分技术。由于伪距差技术能克服GPS卫星的星历误差、卫星钟误差，特别是SA误差的影响，而且实现难度不大，所以应用它来实时定轨。实测数据的处理表明，它能明显提高定轨的精度。然后分析了星载GPS所受扰动影响的情况，对应用抗差估计削弱GPS卫星信号扰动的影响进行了试验，试验的结果说明抗差估计能进一步提高星载GPS几何法定轨的精度。     

卫星与测站钟差支持条件下的GEO卫星精密定轨

在基于伪距的GEO卫星精密定轨中, GEO卫星的静地特性导致定轨解算无法对星地组合钟差进行有效估计, 需要独立的时间同步支持. 本文讨论了卫星和测站钟差支持条件下的GEO卫星定轨原理, 利用仿真数据系统地分析了中国区域网跟踪条件下GEO卫星的定轨精度, 从定性和定量角度分析了钟差二次项、星地时间同步精度、站间时间同步精度及系统差等因素对定轨精度的影响.     

导航卫星的地面站定轨算法

导航星座轨道的长期保持是星座导航系统运营管理的重要组成部分,而现有的导航卫星地面定轨算法又存在精度不高或计算量大不适合工程应用的问题。为此,研究了单向、被动测量模式的导航卫星地面定轨算法。基于单向伪距观测,将导航卫星钟差参数作为状态量,推导了滤波算法的状态方程、测量方程,并最终建立了滤波器模型。以不同轨道面的4颗GPS导航卫星为例进行了2天的仿真试验,考虑卫星的可见性仿真中加入了测量中断,并设计在测量恢复后重启滤波算法。仿真结果表明,4颗卫星的轨道位置估计精度可以达到米级,钟差随机偏差的估计精度可以达到纳秒级,并且在滤波中断后重启滤波器,仍然可以达到此估计精度,表明此定轨算法具有收敛性和稳定性。     

粗差拟准检定法在星载GPS低轨卫星定轨中的应用

利用自适应卡尔曼滤波进行星载GPS低轨卫星定轨时,必须解决量测方程中经常存在的粗差问题.在分析以往方法的优缺点后,用拟准检定法来探测和修正量测方程中存在的粗差.该法的优点是辨识粗差准确率高,能同时定位多个粗差.另外,为了克服星载GPS低轨卫星定轨的滤波器可能出现的数值不稳定性及发散现象,还采用了UD分解算法及Sage自适应滤波器.最后用一个CHAMP卫星的模拟算例验证本方法的可行性和有效性.     

基于双频GPS观测的简化动力学最小二乘批处理精密定轨

星载双频GPS载波相位和伪距观测量已成为低轨卫星获取精确三维位置和速度信息的主要方式. 本文以非差消电离载波相位和伪距组合作为观测量,应用简化动力学最小二乘批处理方法进行地球低轨卫星的精密定轨,并给出完整定轨流程. 采用逐段常量的经验加速度对动力学模型误差进行补偿,描述了经验加速度敏感矩阵及稀疏带状矩阵求逆的有效计算方法. 利用GRACE-A卫星GPS观测数据对定轨位置精度进行分析,结果显示,三维位置定轨精度优于5cm,经验加速度在径向、切向和法向上的补偿水平不超过40nm·s^-2,大气阻力系数和辐射光压系数的估计值符合物理实际,星载接收机钟差大致呈线性并具有短周期小波动.     

钟差和动力学参数联合约束下的北斗卫星轨道快速确定

受地球非球形引力、第三体摄动和太阳光压等摄动因素的影响,导航卫星位置存在长周期变化趋势,需要定期对导航卫星进行轨道机动,以保持卫星轨位和导航服务区.导航卫星机动后的定轨,特别是GEO卫星,其频繁轨控后的轨道快速确定问题,是制约卫星可用度和导航系统服务性能的重要因素.在基于伪距相位数据的轨道测定中,轨道与钟差的统计相关是制约卫星轨道快速确定的关键因素,特别是在观测弧段短的情况下,待估参数之间的相关性更强,动力学参数估计结果严重失真会导致轨道预报精度衰减明显.当卫星钟差与测站钟差通过外部手段高精度测定后,可以减少待估参数的估计,同时利用长弧定轨的动力学与运动学参数先验信息,对短弧定轨模式进行参数约束,卫星定轨精度将有很大的提升空间.通过钟差与力学参数的联合约束,实现了北斗卫星短弧快速定轨,解决了卫星机动后的轨道快速确定问题,SLR评估的卫星机动后4 h定轨外符视向精度优于0.71 m,比常规方法提高了3倍,预报1 h轨道视向精度为1.89 m,用户等效距离误差(UERE)精度达到1.85 m.     

星载GPS低轨卫星几何法精密定轨研究

本文讨论了星载ＧＰＳ接收机为单频情形的代轨卫星几何法定轨,包括载波一相对定轨法和动态网定轨法,并利用Ｔｏｐｅｘ／Ｐｏｓｅｉｄｏｎ卫星星载ＧＰＳ实测数据中Ｌ１载波相位观测值进行验证,结果表明,载波相位相对定轨精度与地面基准站的观测质量有关,其三轨道位置精度为分米级;载波相位动态风定轨精度介于各基准站皮相位相对定轨之间,它相当于在各基准站相对定轨之间加权均衡,而且提高了定轨的可靠性。     

测量时刻偏差对单星定轨误差的影响分析

为评估测量时刻偏差对单星定轨等效测量误差的影响,根据单星定轨处理策略分析了其理论模型,指出测站接收机的测量时刻偏差由测站时钟钟差以及测量时刻不准确度等组成。试验数据分析表明,测站钟差经一阶多项式拟合后的残差可近似为零均值的测量噪声;数值仿真结果表明,卫星信号发射时刻1ms误差导致GEO、IGSO、MEO三种卫星的等效测距误差分别为006cm、40cm、80cm。     

基于高动态GPS接收机输出数据的卫星自主导航

为了减轻地面测控站的压力,研究了利用高动态GPS数据进行卫星自主导航的方法;给出了旋转地球坐标系下的报轨动力学模型,在N点位置误差最小二乘指标下,导出了一种计算卫星初始状态的迭代算法;用某型号接收机输出的位置数据,进行了报轨算法的检验,验证了方法的有效性。     

一种新的星载GPS定轨滤波算法

针对传统EKF(Extended Kalman Filtering)算法应用于星载GPS(Global Positioning System)低轨卫星定轨时系统噪声方差初值不易确定的问题,提出了一种新的定轨滤波算法.该算法在非线性方程线性化过程中,在前一时刻滤波估值点进行线性化,从而得到扰动方程,并将该扰动方程引入到传统EKF进行滤波处理.该算法与传统EKF分别应用在星载GPS低轨卫星的定轨中,通过比较,结果表明改进的算法在一定程度上抑制了由于系统噪声方差阵选取偏差较大而引起的滤波发散现象,且对于系统噪声方差的初值选取有较强的鲁棒性.      

Quality variation of GPS satellite clocks on-orbit using IGS clock products

Over 60% clocks on board of the GPS satellites are working longer than their designed life. Therefore realizing their stabilities in a long time scales is essential to GPS navigation and positioning plus IGS time scale maintaining. IGS clock products from 2001 to 2010 are used to analyze the GPS satellite clock qualities such as frequency stabilities and clock noise level. We find out that for the clocks of Block IIA satellites the frequency stabilities and clock noise are 10 times worse than that of the Block IIR and IIR-M satellites. Moreover, the linear relationships between frequency stabilities and clock residuals have been deduced with an accuracy of better than 0.02 ns. Specially, it is noticed that the clock of the PRN27 is instable and the relationship between the frequency stability and residuals is at least a quadratic curve. Therefore, we suggested that GPS satellite clocks should be weighted by their quality levels in application, and the observations of the Block IIA should not be used for real-time positioning which required precision better than one meter.     

时钟偏差辅助的GPS完整性监测算法

对伪距残差最小二乘的接收机自主完整性监测(RAIM)算法进行了分析.在此基础上,通过对接收机时钟偏差的建模,将模型预测的时钟偏差引入伪距残差最小二乘的RAIM算法中,保证了在可见星仅为4颗的情况下,仍能利用χ2检验法对全球定位系统(GPS)进行完整性监测,从而达到提高完整性监测算法有效性的目的.计算机仿真的结果显示,这种辅助方式不仅计算简单,而且有效可行.      

GPS定位数据在海洋一号卫星中的应用与比较

简要介绍了海洋一号卫星星载GPS接收机的定位原理、流程和应用,探讨了一种在轨定位结果的确认和互验方法。借助于卫星工具包软件（STK）,利用NASA网站公布的HY-1卫星两行根数（TLE）进行卫星轨道推算,生成星下点位置,并与相应时刻星载GPS接收机实测数据得到的星下点位置进行比较,由此得到两种方法定位结果之间的偏差,用实际在轨数据验证了两者的位置符合程度。     

GPS/GLONASS定位仿真器的设计与实现

GPS(Global Positioning System)、GLONASS(Global Navigation Satellite System)作为两种实时卫星定位导航系统,得到广泛应用.为满足离线试验研究的要求,设计开发了GPS/GLONASS卫星定位仿真器.该仿真器分析GPS和GLONASS星座的运动轨迹,并模拟卫星接收器的解算,以纯软件的方式实现卫星定位.仿真计算表明此仿真器定位精度与实际接收机相当,可以模拟真实的卫星定位,为仿真调试等研究工作带来便利.      

Adjustable box-wing model for solar radiation pressure impacting GPS satellites

One of the major uncertainty sources affecting Global Positioning System (GPS) satellite orbits is the direct solar radiation pressure. In this paper a new model for the solar radiation pressure on GPS satellites is presented that is based on a box-wing satellite model, and assumes nominal attitude. The box-wing model is based on the physical interaction between solar radiation and satellite surfaces, and can be adjusted to fit the GPS tracking data.     

Switching and performance variations of on-orbit BDS satellite clocks

The information of the satellite clock switching and performance variations on-orbit of Chinese BeiDou-2 Navigation System (BDS) is not available for the public. In order to detect the BDS satellite clock switching and performances variation, we analyzed the precise clock offset products with a total duration of 5?years every BDS satellite equipped four atomic clocks from four different manufactures from January 2013 to October 2017. Three important contributions are concluded as follows. (1) It is found that the average time of on-orbit operation for BDS satellite clocks is about 1–2?years. There have been 22 times of clock switching for BDS satellites, of which the C05 and C08 satellites have been switched to the fourth (last) atomic clock. (2) There are frequent phase adjustments for BDS on-orbit satellite clocks, and the frequency series is relatively stable. Furthermore, there are semi-annual sinusoid cycles in the frequency drift series of C06 and C09 satellites. (3) The performances of MEO satellite clocks perform better than the IGSO and GEO satellite clocks. The average ten-thousand frequency stability of BDS satellite clocks is about 1E-13, which is worse than that of GPS and Galileo but better than that of GLONASS.     

GPS授时校频方法研究与试验结果

为了解决多目标综合测量系统各测站之间时间同步和频率校准问题,提出了利用GPS(Global Positioning System)单星或多星共视方法进行站间时间同步与校频,给出了这两种方法的计算公式,分析了星历误差、星钟误差、电离层折射误差、对流层折射误差、多径效应和接收机硬件延迟对时间同步精度的影响.为了验证GPS授时校频精度,进行了相关试验.通过与铯原子钟比对,表明利用GPS可实现纳秒级时间同步,校频精度也优于5.0×10-11,多星共视具有更高的同步校频精度.      

GNSS geodetic techniques for time and frequency transfer applications

We performed an initial analysis of the pseudorange data of the GIOVE-B satellite, one of the two experimental Galileo satellites currently in operation, for time transfer.¹ For this specific aim, software was developed to process the GIOVE-B raw pseudoranges and broadcast navigation messages collected by the Galileo Experimental Sensor Stations (GESS) tracking network, yielding station clock phase errors with respect to the Experimental Galileo System Time (EGST). The software also allows processing the Global Positioning System (GPS) P1 and P2 pseudorange data with broadcast navigation message collected at the same stations to obtain the station clock phase errors with respect to the GPS system time (GPST). Differencing these solutions between stations provides two independent means of GNSS time transfer. We compared these time transfer results with Precise Point Positioning (PPP) method applied to GPS data in combined carrier-phase and pseudorange mode as well as in pseudorange-only mode to show their relative merits. The PPP solutions in combined carrier-phase and pseudorange mode showed the least instability of the methods tested herein at all scales, at few parts in 10¹⁵ at 1 day for the stations processed, following a tau^−½ interval dependency. Conversely, the PPP solutions in pseudorange-only mode are an order of magnitude worst (few parts in 10¹⁴ at 1 day for the stations processed) following a tau⁻¹ power-law, but slightly better than the single-satellite raw GPS time transfer solutions obtained using the developed software, since the PPP least-squares solution effectively averages the pseudorange noise. The pseudorange noise levels estimated from PPP pseudorange residuals and from clock solution comparisons are largely consistent, providing a validation of our software operation. The raw GIOVE-B time transfer, as implemented in this work, proves to be slightly better than single-satellite raw GPS satellite time transfer, at least in the medium term. However, one of the processed stations shows a combined GPS P1 and P2 pseudorange noise level at 2 m, a factor 2 worst than usually seen for geodetic receivers, so the GPS time transfer results may not be at their best for the cases processed. Over the short term, the GPS single-satellite time transfer instability outperforms the GIOVE-B by an order of magnitude at 1 s interval, which would be due to the different characteristics of the tracking loop filters for GPS P1 and P2 on one hand and the GIOVE-B signals on the other. Even at this preliminary stage and using an experimental satellite system, results show that the GIOVE-B (and hence Galileo) signals offer interesting perspectives for high precision time transfer between metrological laboratories.     

Performance assessment of RTPPP positioning with SSR corrections and PPP-AR positioning with FCB for multi-GNSS from MADOCA products

The state-space representation (SSR) product of satellite orbit and clock is one of the most essential corrections for real-time precise point positioning (RTPPP). When it comes to PPP ambiguity resolution (PPP-AR), the fractional cycle bias (FCB) matters. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) has developed a multi-GNSS (i.e., global navigation satellite system) advanced demonstration tool for orbit and clock analysis (MADOCA), providing free and precise orbit and clock products. Because of the shortage of relevant studies on performance evaluation, this paper focuses on the performance assessment of RTPPP and PPP-AR by real-time and offline MADOCA products. To begin with, the real-time MADOCA products are evaluated by comparing orbit and clock with JAXA final products, which gives an objective impression of the correction. Second, PPP tests in static and simulated kinematic mode are conducted to further verify the quality of real-time MADOCA products. Finally, the offline MADOCA products are assessed by PPP and PPP-AR comparisons. The results are as follows: (1) Orbit comparisons produced an average error of about 0.04–0.13 m for the global positioning system (GPS), 0.14–0.16 m for the global navigation satellite system (GLONASS), and 0.07–0.08 m for the quasi-zenith satellite system (QZSS). The G15 satellite had the most accurate orbit, with a difference of 0.04 m between the JAXA orbit products and MADOCA’s counterpart, while the R07 satellite had the least accurate orbit with a difference of 0.16 m. Clock products had an accuracy of 0.4–1.3 ns for GPS, 1.4–1.6 ns for GLONASS, and 0.7–0.8 ns for QZSS in general. The G15 satellite had the most accurate clock with a difference of only 0.40 ns between the JAXA clock products and MADOCA products, and the R07 satellite had the least accurate clock with a difference of 1.55 ns. The orbit and clock products for GLONASS performed worse than those of GPS and QZSS. (2) After convergence, the positioning accuracy was 3.0–8.1 cm for static PPP and 8.1–13.7 cm for kinematic PPP when using multi-GNSS observations and precise orbit and clock products. The PFRR station performed the good performance both in static and kinematic mode with an accuracy of 2.99 cm and 8.08 cm, respectively, whereas the CPNM station produced the worst static performance with an error of 8.09 cm, and the ANMG station produced the worst kinematic performance with a counterpart of 13.69 cm. (3) The PPP-AR solution was superior to the PPP solution, given that, with respect to PPP, post-processing PPP-AR improved the positioning accuracy and convergence time by 13–32 % (3–89 %) in GPS-only mode by 2–15 % (5–60 %) in GPS/QZSS mode. Thus, we conclude that the current MADOCA products can provide SSR corrections and FCB products with positioning accuracy at the decimeter or even centimeter level, which could meet the demands of the RTPPP and PPP-AR solutions.