Cochannel Interference Analysis between Spaceborne and Terrestrial Radars

An analysis of cochannel interference between spaceborne and terrestrial radars is presented. A generic modeling methodology is applied, which, it is felt, will represent the worst-case situation. In order to account for Doppler shifts, auto-and cross-ambiguity functions ions have been developed for determining matched filter outputs. The results support the ability of such radar systems to coexist relatively harmoniously utilizing currently accepted assignment procedures.     

Effect of Fading on FM Reception with Cochannel Interference

The combined effect of cochannel interference and nonselective Rayleigh fading on the reception of analog FM signals in additive Gaussian noise is analyzed. Rice's click model for the breaking region is used. Analysis in the absence of interference is performed first and the effect of modulation on the click rate is found to be nearly negligible. For the case with cochannel interference the click rate is computed in the absence of modulation. Curves are given for detected signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) versus carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) with signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) as a parameter and SNR versus SIR with CNR as a parameter. The results agree well with recently published results of a simulation study.     

An Optimum Phase Synchronizer in a Partially Coherent Receiver

The derivation and the statistical properties of the maximum a posteriori probability phase estimator of a sinusoidal signal in white Gaussian noise are considered. The probability density function of the phase estimate is developed. The estimator efficiency and performance as a phase synchronizer in a partially coherent receiver are calculated and compared with a first-order phase-locked loop phase estimator.     

Adjacent Channel Interference in a Binary Bandpass Communication System

The effect of adjacent channel interference on the probability of error in a binary bandpass communication system with an integrating and dumping detector is investigated. Narrowband filters are assumed in the receiver of the main signal and transmitters of both main and interfering signals. Plots of the probability of error as a function of signal to noise ratio in the main channel or as a function of carrier frequency difference between the main and interfering signals are presented, assuming that the filters are of the Butterworth type. These figures are helpful in the selection of minimal frequency spacing of adjacent channels.     

民航VHF地空通信干扰对策研究

民航VHF地空通信干扰是近年来困扰中国民航的难点问题。通过对中国某机场干扰情况的深入调查和研究，明确了主要干扰源及其产生机理。同时结合中国电磁环境的实际情况和民航自身的特点，提出了从民航自身入手、加强管理、建立监控体系和应急VHF通信接收系统的解决思路。     

The Effects of Gaussian Interference on Communication Systemswith Adaptive Arrays

The performance of a bandlimited binary phase-shift-keyed (BPSK) communication system is examined when the received BPSK signal is corrupted by both thermal noise and a directional Gaussian noise interfering signal. The system uses an LMS adaptive array to suppress this interference. The effects of signal power levels, arrival angles, bandwidths, and the array bandwidth are examined. The performance of a system that uses tapped delay lines for the array weights is also examined. It is shown that the performance of a system with tapped delay lines is not affected by the interference bandwidth for a single interferer.     

民航地空通信干扰抑制系统的设计与实现

在中国民航空管地空通信经常受到无线电干扰,无法保障正常通信。从根本上解决民航地空通信干扰问题,对于有效保障民航安全具有重要的意义。结合民航VHF通信干扰源的特点,将基于恒模阵列的自适应信号处理技术应用于地空通信干扰抑制中,设计并实现了自适应干扰抑制实时系统,取得了很好的干扰抑制效果。     

月球探测器与地球轨道卫星测控通信干扰分析

对月球探测器的测控通信,通信距离遥远,信号空间损耗大,地面站接收机灵敏度高,因此更易受到外来信号干扰的影响。本文根据卫星网络间同频干扰计算方法,分析月球探测器测控通信下行链路受地球轨道卫星发射信号的干扰问题,主要包括月球探测器受地球静止轨道卫星（GEO）和地球非静止轨道卫星（NGSO）的干扰分析。在此基础上实现了仿真,计算其受干扰的可能性。     

Partially Ionized Plasmas in Astrophysics

Partially ionized plasmas are found across the Universe in many different astrophysical environments. They constitute an essential ingredient of the solar atmosphere, molecular clouds, planetary ionospheres and protoplanetary disks, among other environments, and display a richness of physical effects which are not present in fully ionized plasmas. This review provides an overview of the physics of partially ionized plasmas, including recent advances in different astrophysical areas in which partial ionization plays a fundamental role. We outline outstanding observational and theoretical questions and discuss possible directions for future progress.     

Coherent detection in Laplace noise

The discrete-time detection of a time-varying, additive signal in independent Laplace noise is considered. Previous efforts in this area have been restricted to the constant signal, and identically distributed noise case. Theoretical (closed form) expressions for the false alarm and detection probabilities are developed for both the Neyman-Pearson optimal detector and the classical matched filter detector. Comparisons between the two detectors are made which illustrate the effects of signal-to-noise power ratio and sample size for certain false alarm and detection probability constraints. In view of the fact that the optimal Laplace detector is not UMP, we also investigate the effect of signal amplitude mismatch     

Coherent structures in turbulent flows

Coherent structures—loosely defined as regions of concentrated vorticity, characteristic and flow-specific organization, recurrence, appreciable lifetime and scale—have been the foremost object of scientific curiosity and dispute in turbulence research for more than ten years past. The concept, based on visual observations, that turbulence, hitherto viewed as a purely random phenomenon, appears to contain a constituent of clearly organized structure promised an alternative to the frustrating verdict that turbulence can only be understood and tackled on statistical grounds. After a first period of enthusiasm, which was then nourished by a few supportive survey papers, the concept was challenged and criticism as to the uniqueness, the ubiquity and finally the importance of those structures was put forward.Although a great number of turbulent flow configurations—essentially all of ‘classical’ flows—have to some extent been investigated and scrutinized for their content of structural organization, many questions remain open and the dispute is by no means settled. In this review we shall restrict ourselves to trying to summarize a few of the more important results and issues without trying to settle this argument. At the same time some open questions will be discussed.Meanwhile an abundance of knowledge has been collected on some free flows, in particular the mixing layer, the wake and—to a lesser extent—the turbulent far jet. All free flows undergo at least one transformation before they become self-similar and unique (do they indeed become unique?). Thus, the mixing layer is the eventual outcome of the transformation of the boundary layer flow from the nozzle. Jets and wakes in their early stages go through intermediate mixing-layer manifestations. Little wonder that also in those cases we often find more than one characteristic structure.Different structural developments appear to be related to different behaviours of the basic flow: The more complex structures, characterized by three-dimensional (Reynolds number and/or lifetime-dependent) agglomerations of hairpin, ring and spiral vortices as in a spot or a puff, are found in those flows which are primarily frictionally unstable (wall flows). Particularly in the boundary layer, we observe a whole zoo of structures, some of which (e.g. the wall streaks) clearly violate the obviously too limiting ‘classical” definition of coherent structures being exclusively ‘large scale’ events. Consequently, as much as these findings undoubtedly add to our understanding of turbulent processes, the concept of coherent structures forfeits some of its original meaning for a more refined picture, the larger the structural multitude becomes.In those flows where inviscid (inflection-point) instability dominates, we find comparatively simpler structures of large scales like single line or ring vortices as in mixing-layer, jet and wake flows, with three-dimensionalities following secondary instabilities. But also there we find the corresponding ‘small scale structures’, longitudinal vortices along the interconnecting braids between the large-scale structures. The common aspect then for all shear flows seems to be the existence of at least two coherent scales, the small one with longitudinal (stretched) vortices being responsible for turbulence-energy production, while the large scale takes care of part of the diffusion. An independent aspect is introduced by the consideration of spiral turbulence as being an intrinsic feature of turbulence eventually leading to the formation of coherent structures in all three-dimensional flows. Formation of coherent structures, as we observe it, touches on a phenomenon of greater generality and significance: spontaneous formation of organized structures from a state of relative disorder is found in organic as well as in inorganic nature. This process is known as Synergetic, and chaos theory is but one of the theoretical tools of this discipline.It is evident that organized structures could not be observed or educed by methods applying any indiscriminate averaging scheme such as Reynolds-averaging. As a consequence, after existence of those structures was evident from visualization, adequate techniques had to be developed to educe repetitive flow events of a certain similarity. The true fraction of coherent energy in the overall turbulent energy can, however, not possibly be assessed with any claim to accuracy. Estimates (their reliability supported by the fact that different methods give similar numbers) show the coherent structures to be responsible for between 10% and 25% of the turbulent energy in most of the flows considered (contrary to Townsend's “big eddies” whose energy content was assumed to be essentially negligible). This figure emphasizes the importance of coherent structures in correctly modelling turbulent flows and, even more so, as a medium to manipulate turbulence (by mechanical, acoustical or chemical means) and thereby influence its most notable technical consequences: noise, mixing, combustion and drag.     

Instrument Failure Detection in Partially Observable Systems

Instrument failure detection using the dedicated observer scheme (DOS) depends on partial state observability through each instrument which is monitored. For instrument fault detection by the DOS technique, a quantitative measure of partial state observability is established for each instrument and used to determine a necessary condition on the output structure of the system. This measure, called the internal redundancy of the instrument, indicates the complexity of the logic required for failure detection, and it also indicates where some hardware redundancy can be introduced into the system to improve the fault detection capability of the DOS. The principles developed are applied to a simulation of the pitch axis autopilot of the A7 jet aircraft.     

Interference Control in Cellular Systems

Some of the fundamentals of cellular system design are reviewed. Co-channel interference is calculated for different cluster configurations and propagation factors are explained Trunking efficiency is introduced and the advantages of a flexible cell size are shown.     

电子电位差计的干扰来源及抗干扰措施

介绍了电子电位差计干扰的来源、种类及应采取的抗干扰措施。     

改进集对分析的多属性决策方法在通信干扰目标威胁排序中的应用

针对属性值以区间数形式的模糊多属性决策问题,提出了基于集对分析理论的综合理想方案决策方法。该方法将集对分析理论的应用范围从精确实数域拓展到模糊区间数域,在承认不确定性因素的情况下,对各个方案与正理想方案和负理想方案所组成的区间型集对进行了分析,得出同异反联系数,以γ准则为依据实现了模糊多属性决策。通信干扰目标威胁排序的实例计算表明,该方法是处理模糊多属性决策问题的一种有效方法,同时为通信干扰目标威胁排序提供了一种新的方法。     

Coherent radio emission from pulsars

Our knowledge of radio pulsars is reviewed with particular emphasis on properties of radio emission that are relevant to an understanding of the emission mechanism. We discuss the tendency for emission to occur in two orthogonal modes of polarization, observational limits on the location of the emission region, and the issue of whether coherence is established by a broadband or a narrowband mechanism.Proceedings of the NASA/JPL Workshop on the Physics of Planetary and Astrophysical Magnetospheres.     

无源探测接收系统设计中的非线性分析

在多频探测环境下,无源探测接收系统的输出端将产生由于互调和交调而导致的虚假干扰。文中首先给出了两种实际工程上可行的测试方法;并探讨了非线性失真产生的机理及其对整个接收系统所产生的影响,对三阶互调、三阶截点和1 dB压缩点三个衡量接收机线性度的指标作了全面分析;最后研究了系统的三阶截点与各模块的三阶截点、增益以及接收机各级的选择性等指标间的关系。     

Interference in Frequency-Locked Doppler Tracking Loops

The effects of interference on frequency-locked Doppler tracking loops are investigated. Conditions for jump from locking on the desired signal to locking on the interfering signal are established. Parasitic frequency modulation of the desired signal results when the other signal interferes with it. The index of this parasitic modulation as a function of the interference-to-desired signal amplitude ratio is computed. Both critical amplitude ratio and critical parasitic modulation index at the occurrence of jump are derived. Comparing frequency-locked loops with phase-locked loops with phase-locked loops in the presence of interference shows the former performs better for most cases of practical importance in Doppler tracking systems.     

Partially Adaptive STAP using the FRACTA Algorithm

A partially adaptive space-time adaptive processor (STAP) utilizing the recently developed FRACTA algorithm is presented which significantly reduces the high computational complexity and large sample support requirements of fully adaptive STAP. Multi-window post-Doppler dimensionality reduction techniques are employed to transform the data prior to application of the FRACTA algorithm. The FRACTA algorithm is a reiterative censoring (RC) and detection algorithm which has been shown to provide excellent detection performance in nonhomogeneous interference environments. Two multi-window post-Doppler dimensionality reduction techniques are considered: PRI-staggered and adjacent-bin. The partially adaptive FRACTA algorithm is applied to the KASSPER I (Knowledge-Aided Sensor Signal Processing & Expert Reasoning) challenge datacube. The pulse repetition interval (PRI)-staggered approach with D=6 filters per Doppler bin is found to provide the best detection performance, outperforming the fully adaptive case while simultaneously reducing the runtime by a factor of ten. Using this implementation, partially adaptive FRACTA detects 197 out of 268 targets with one false alarm. The clairvoyant processor (the covariance matrix for each range cell is known) detects 198 targets with one false alarm. In addition, the partially adaptive FRACTA algorithm is shown to be resilient to jamming, and performs well for reduced sample support situations. When compared with partially adaptive STAP using traditional sliding window processing (SWP), the runtime of partially adaptive FRACTA is 14 times faster, and the detection performance is significantly increased (SWP detects 46 out of 268 targets with one false alarm).