Mathematical Modeling of Convection in the DACON Sensor under Conditions of Real Space Flight

A mathematical model of the operation of the sensor of convection under ground and space conditions is described, and the results of modeling are compared to experimental data. A good agreement of the model and experiment is obtained for ground conditions. The sensor operation under conditions of a space flight is simulated using actual microaccelerations that took place onboard the Mirstation. Good sensitivity of the sensor to the measured components of acceleration is demonstrated. The results of simulation are compared to the results of space experiments carried out with the DACON instrument onboard the Mirstation.     

Experimental Study of the Structures of Macroparticles in the Dust Plasma under Microgravity Conditions onboard the MirOrbital Complex

The dynamics of formation of the ordered structures of charged macroparticles under microgravity conditions is investigated. The experimental observations of the behavior of an ensemble of macroparticles were carried out onboard the Mirspace station. The analysis and comparison of results of experimental and theoretical investigations allow us to conclude that under microgravity conditions the formation of elongated, ordered structures of macroparticles, charged by solar radiation, is possible.     

氮气强制对流消除煤油温度分层及其液氮降温系统分析

为找到煤油贮罐降温后的温度分层原因,通过分析煤油贮罐不同深度的温度,结合管道布置走向,发现煤油降温流动过程中存在上部滞流区,导致煤油贮罐形成上部热煤油和下部冷煤油分层。采用鼓泡与泵回流两种方式进行对比试验,结果表明鼓泡能较好消除煤油贮罐在垂直方向上的温度不均,泵回流方式无明显效果。为准确预估降温后的煤油温度,采用不同调温方式进行多次试验,构建了煤油调温目标温度计算模型,作为煤油降温停止的判断准则。鼓泡方法和调温模型已成功应用于天舟一号发射任务,有效保障了煤油推进剂的温度品质。     

Measurement of the Quasistatic Component of Microaccelerations Using a Convection Sensor onboard a Satellite

The problem of the interpretation of measurements made by means of a convection sensor is considered. The sensor is a cubic chamber filled by a viscous fluid (gas). Fixed and unequal temperatures are maintained on two opposite sides of the cube; the other sides are perfect heat conductors. Two differential thermocouples are placed inside the chamber to measure the temperature difference at two pairs of fixed points. The sensor is mounted aboard the Earth's satellite. Mathematical models of various degrees of complexity are proposed which describe processes of heat and mass transfer under the action of a quasistatic component of microaccelerations. The results of mathematical simulation of the data of sensor thermocouples presenting a response to the real quasistatic component of microaccelerations which took place aboard the Mirstation are given. It is shown that under usual conditions of an orbital mission the sensor presents a linear low-frequency filter. By combining the data of several identical sensors, tightly arranged and oriented in a certain way, it is possible to measure low-frequency components of the angular acceleration of the satellite and linear microaccelerations at the point of the sensor position.     

倾斜轨道星敏感器热控设计及在轨分析

倾斜轨道卫星星敏感器空间外热流复杂多变,同时兼具内功率集中、热容小等特点,这为星敏感器的热设计带来了很大的困难。文章以某临界倾角轨道卫星星敏感器热设计为背景,在详细外热流分析的基础上,提出了一种倾斜轨道星敏感器热设计方案,利用热分析软件Thermal Desktop对此热控系统进行了具体的热分析。星敏感器在轨遥测温度在-19.8^-5.1℃之间,满足温度指标要求,表明星敏感器热设计合理、有效,可为今后倾斜轨道星敏感器热设计提供设计依据。在此基础上,文章利用在轨遥测数据对星敏感器热分析模型进行修正,得出入轨初期星表主要热控涂层退化约为50%的结果,这对于分析近地轨道卫星在轨温度具有一定的参考意义。     

Cognitive performance aboard the life and microgravity spacelab

The impact of microgravity and other stressors on cognitive performance need to be quantified before long duration space flights are planned or attempted since countermeasures may be required. Four astronauts completed 38 sessions of a 20-minute battery of six cognitive performance tests on a laptop computer. Twenty-four sessions were preflight, 9 sessions were in-orbit, and 5 sessions were postflight. Mathematical models of learning were fit to each subject's preflight data for each of 14 dependent variables. Assuming continued improvement, expected values were generated from the models for in-orbit comparison. Using single subject designs, two subjects showed statistically significant in-orbit effects. One subject was degraded in two tests, the other was degraded in one test and exceeded performance expectations in another. Other subjects showed no statistically significant effects on the tests. The factors causing the deterioration in the two subjects can not be determined without appropriate ground-based control groups.     

高精度星敏感器热设计研究及仿真验证

为实现某高精度星敏感器在空间复杂热环境下的可靠应用,对该星敏感器的热设计进行了分析研究,并选取典型的高温工况和低温工况进行讨论。基于热网络模型对高温工况和低温工况计算及仿真分析,提出了星敏感器与卫星舱体在导热和隔热2种安装情况下的热控措施。分析结果表明:当星敏感器导热安装时,将安装面温度控制在-15～0℃,在其外表面包覆多层隔热组件,可使整机温度适宜;当星敏感器隔热安装时,在其盖板外表面喷涂热控白漆,将遮光罩与盒体隔热安装,设置用于温度补偿的电加热片,将安装面温度控制在-60～-30℃。     

Public school teachers in the U.S. evaluate the educational impact of student space experiments launched by expendable vehicles, aboard Skylab, and aboard Space Shuttle

Space education is a discipline that has evolved at an unprecedented rate over the past 25 years. Although program proceedings, research literature, and historical documentation have captured fragmented pieces of information about student space experiments, the field lacks a valid comprehensive study that measures the educational impact of sounding rockets, Skylab, Ariane, AMSAT, and Space Shuttle. The lack of this information is a problem for space educators worldwide which led to a national study with classroom teachers. Student flown experiments continue to offer a unique experiential approach to teach students thinking and reasoning skills that are imperative in the current international competitive environment in which they live and will work. Understanding the history as well as the current status and educational spin-offs of these experimental programs strengthens the teaching capacity of educators throughout the world to develop problem solving skills and various higher mental processes in the schools. These skills and processes enable students to use their knowledge more effectively and efficiently long after they leave the classroom. This paper focuses on student space experiments as a means of motivating students to meet this educational goal successfully.     

应用于IGSO卫星的数字太阳敏感器热控设计

相对于传统太阳敏感器(热耗为零)而言,国内新研制的数字太阳敏感器线路板上的芯片具有一定热耗。为解决其散热问题,以应用于倾斜地球同步轨道(IGSO)卫星的数字一体化太阳敏感器为例,提出了较为简单有效的热控方案,建立热物理模型对数字太阳敏感器进行组件级热分析,并通过在轨飞行数据验证了设计的合理性。结果表明:对于具有一定热流密度的小尺寸部件而言,在辐射换热面积增幅较为有限的条件下,有效增大其传导换热的热控方案要明显优于加强辐射换热的方案;同时要结合外热流情况,优化选择散热面。此方案可较好地满足印制电路板(PCB)上各芯片结温的一级降额温度指标要求,也可为同类产品的设计提供参考。     

一种星敏感器支架热变形控制方法

在高精度对地遥感卫星中,对卫星姿态指向精度有严格的要求。星敏感器是卫星姿态测量的主要部件,为减少星敏感器支架(以下简称星敏支架)的热变形对星敏感器指向的影响,需要对星敏支架的热变形进行控制。文章提出了一种在星敏支架与安装结构之间充填钛合金蜂窝夹层结构的方法,利用钛合金蜂窝夹层结构的高热阻、低变形和低刚度特性来控制星敏支架的热变形。通过合理地选择钛合金蜂窝夹层结构的蜂窝芯子的芯格尺寸,在星敏支架刚度下降小于10%的条件下,降低了有效载荷传递至星敏支架的热量。仿真和试验结果表明:钛合金蜂窝夹层结构具有较好的变形控制效果,可将星敏支架的热变形从14″降低至7″,提高了星敏感器的指向精度。此方法可为航天器上其他单机支架和光学载荷安装结构的热变形控制提供参考。     

Absolute IR-spectra from the measurement of Fourier-spectrometers aboard Meteor 25 and 28

It is well known that temperature- and watervapour-profiles, ozone concentration, other atmospheric constituents and the surface-radiation of the Earth can be determined by remote sensing in the IR radiation range with the aid of a satellite.

The narrow-band radiation measurements for remote sensing of the atmosphere and the Earth-surface can be realized either by various radiometers working in selected frequency channels or, continuously in a given frequency range, by spectrometers with fixed spectral resolution.

Fourier-spectrometers (FS) have been used in Earth-orbit only four times up to now: Nimbus 3, Nimbus 4, Meteor 25 and Meteor 28.

The most important technical parameters, the working regime and some aspects of date processing of the FSs working aboard of Meteor 25 and Meteor 28 are given. For the determination of calibrated absolute spectra a method is used that is based on the experience of the first experiment and on the long time stability of the spectrometers. The results obtained in laboratory calibration tests and in the orbit are described.     

Investigation on Thermal and Dimensional Stability of Epoxy Resin In-Situ Modified by Cyanate Ester Resin and Polydimethylsiloxane

The thermal and dimensional stability of epoxy resin (EP) in-situ modified by cyanate ester (CE) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are investigated by means of experiments and numerical simulation. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) are used to analyze the heat resistance of the modified EP. The dimensional stability is characterized by the volume shrinkage of the series PDMS/CE/EP obtained by the density method. The chemical structure of the PDMS/CE/EP is analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of TGA and DSC indicate that the thermal stability of PDMS/CE/EP decreases firstly and then increases with the increase in the amount of CE. The addition of PDMS shows a slight effect on the thermal stability. The 40% CE makes the blending system exhibit the lowest initial decomposition temperature, which reduces by 15.5% and 40.8% compared with pure EP and CE, respectively. The FTIR results suggested that the influence of CE on the thermal stability of the modified EP is mainly ascribed to the generation of oxazolidinone ring with low thermal stability and the increase in the triazine ring with high thermal stability. The volume shrinkage measurement results show that the introduction of CE and PDMS are both beneficial to the improvement of the dimensional stability of the blending systems. The in-situ addition of 80% CE shows the lowest volume shrinkage of 6.11%. The thermal stress distribution of PDMS/CE/EP generated during the solidification process is simulated by the finite element analysis. The results suggested that the introduction of 80% CE into EP results in the lowest thermal stress in the blending system, which indicates that the system has the lowest volume shrinkage, which agrees well with the experimental results.     

星敏感器光学系统的热/结构/光分析

星敏感器是高精度的航天器姿态测量器件,其性能受太空温度环境的影响。运用有限元法和光线追迹法,建立星敏感器光学系统的热/结构/光分析模型,研究光学系统温度分布与星敏感器测量误差的关系,得到了算例光学系统在温度均匀分布条件下的温度变化以及轴向温度梯度变化、侧向温度梯度变化与星敏感器测量误差的关系曲线;给出了算例光学系统热误差小于角秒量级的温度条件:均匀温度分布条件下温度变化量≤10℃、轴向温度梯度≤0.1310℃/mm、侧向温度梯度≤0.0325℃/mm,为高精度星敏感器光学系统热控制提供科学的依据。     

Microgravity and the organisms: results of the Spacelab mission D1.

During the Spacelab mission D1 different organisms were investigated at the unicellular and multicellular level respectively. Microgravity affects growth and development of the organisms in a different manner, some processes are enhanced, others are inhibited. On the other hand, there are a lot of parameters. e.g. circadian rhythm or cell and organ polarity, which seem to be exclusively under genetical control.     

Analysis of Low-Frequency Microaccelerations onboard the Foton-11Satellite

The method and the results of investigating the low-frequency component of microaccelerations onboard the Foton-11satellite are presented. The investigation was based on the processing of data of the angular velocity measurements made by the German system QSAM, as well as the data of measurements of microaccelerations performed by the QSAM system and by the French accelerometer BETA. The processing was carried out in the following manner. A low-frequency (frequencies less than 0.01 Hz) component was selected from the data of measurements of each component of the angular velocity vector or of the microacceleration, and an approximation was constructed of the obtained vector function by a similar function that was calculated along the solutions to the differential equations of motion of the satellite with respect to its center of mass. The construction was carried out by the least squares method. The initial conditions of the satellite motion, its aerodynamic parameters, and constant biases in the measurement data were used as fitting parameters. The time intervals on which the approximation was constructed were from one to five hours long. The processing of the measurements performed with three different instruments produced sufficiently close results. It turned out to be that the rotational motion of the satellite during nearly the entire flight was close to the regular Eulerian precession of the axially symmetric rigid body. The angular velocity of the satellite with respect to its longitudinal axis was about 1 deg/s, while the projection of the angular velocity onto the plane perpendicular to this axis had an absolute value of about 0.2 deg/s. The magnitude of the quasistatic component of microaccelerations in the locations of the accelerometers QSAM and BETA did not exceed 5 × 10^–5–10^–4m/s²for the considered motion of the satellite.     

Establishing and Evaluation of the Microgravity Level in the SJ-10 Recoverable Satellite

In order to fulfil the microgravity requirements for space experiments,improved technology for the microgravity environment is proposed,including that for raising the orbital altitude,optimizing the layout of the disturbance source,using 1 N-thrusters instead of 5 N-thrusters,etc.In addition,evaluation of the microgravity environment of the recoverable satellite was also conducted using on-orbit micro-vibration measurement,on-orbit experiment and data analysis technologies.The microgravity level of the SJ-10 recoverable satellite in China is compared with the spacecraft used for carrying out space science experiments internationally.This paper describes the microgravity environment of the SJ-10 recoverable satellite,and its importance for analysing space experimental results.     

空间光学遥感器光-机-热集成分析方法研究

首先对论文的工程背景空间太阳望远镜进行了介绍;然后介绍了空间光学遥感器光 机 热集成分析的技术路径和技术实现,技术实现主要探讨如何将透镜的折射率温度系数效应和反射镜面的热变形效应数据变成光学分析软件可以接受的数据;最后以光 机 热集成分析为基础,对空间太阳望远镜主镜的热设计方案进行了论证。全文说明了光 机 热集成分析的可实现性以及其对热设计的指导、评价和优化。     

压电智能结构传感器/作动器位置优化研究

研究压电主动结构振动控制当中传感器／作动器的位置优化问题。从系统的状态空间方程出发，在系统可控性、可观性Grammian矩阵特征值的基础上来描述性能指标，以控制能量最小化和传感能量最大化作为优化目标，利用遗传算法（GE）进行优化计算，计算过程中对传感器／作动器的位置采用二进制编码加以描述。通过对一压电板结构的仿真计算对该方法进行了验证，优化计算结果与枚举法结果完全相符，从而证明了方法的有效性。     

Transport Characteristics of Macroparticles in Dusty Plasma Induced by Solar Radiation under Microgravity Conditions

The transport characteristics of macroparticles, charged by the solar radiation under microgravity conditions, were investigated by analyzing the videorecords of experiments carried out onboard the Mirorbital station. The temperature, distributions of velocities, charge, friction coefficient, and diffusion coefficient were obtained for bronze particles.     

深空探测器热控系统设计方法研究

针对国外深空探测器热控系统设计方法进行了调研和综述,并在此基础上提出了深空探测器的热控系统设计特点,为我国深空探测器热控系统的设计提供参考。