液相环境对水泥固化土抗压强度增长的影响

对于同种土样形成的固化土,水泥掺量增加到一定程度后单位水泥量产生的固化土抗压强度增量会显著提高;物理性质相近的土样掺加等量的水泥后固化土抗压强度有显著的差异.为解释上述试验现象,测定了相应固化土孔隙液中主要离子的浓度,并进行热力学计算.结果表明:水泥掺量较少时,固化土孔隙液中Ca(OH)₂不饱和,单位水泥量水化生成的胶凝性物质量较少,故产生的固化土抗压强度增量也较小;当土样中水泥掺量达到一定程度后,固化土孔隙液中Ca(OH)₂饱和,固化土中胶凝性物质能充分生成,单位水泥量产生的固化土抗压强度增量较大.物理性质相近的土样掺加相同的水泥量,固化土孔隙液中Ca(OH)₂离子浓度不同,故而固化土抗压强度也不同.      

The effects of simulated microgravity on cultured chicken embryonic chondrocytes.

Using the cultured chicken embryonic chondrocytes as a model, the effects of simulated microgravity on the microtubular system of the cellular skeleton, extracellular matrix, alkaline phosphatase activity, intracellular free calcium concentration and mitochondrial ATP synthase activity with its oligomycin inhibition rate were studied with a clinostat. The microtubular content was measured by a flow cytometer. The decrease of microtubular content showed the impairment of the cellular skeleton system. Observation on the extracellular matrix by the scanning electron microscopy showed that it decreased significantly after rotating, and the fibers in the extracellular matrix were more tiny and disorderly than that of the control group. It can be concluded that the simulated microgravity can affect the secreting and assembly of the extracellular matrix. In contrast to the control, there was a time course decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity of chondrocytes, a marker of matrix mineralization. Meanwhile a significant drop in the intracellular calcium concentration happened at the beginning of rotation. These results indicate that simulated microgravity can suppress matrix calcification of cultured chondrocytes, and intracellular free calcium may be involved in the regulation of matrix calcification as the second signal transmitter. No significant changes happened in the mitochondrial ATP synthase activity and its oligomycin inhibition rate. Perhaps the energy metabolism wasn't affected by the simulated microgravity. The possible mechanisms about them were discussed.     

海水干湿循环对初始损伤RC梁力学性能的影响

沿海环境下的钢筋混凝土(RC)结构处于荷载作用和环境作用同时存在的工作状态且在正常条件下会出现不同程度的荷载损伤。为了在实验室内模拟其工作状态,对RC梁试件施加幅值分别为0.3P_u、0.4P_u、0.5P_u、0.6P_u和0.7P_u(P_u为单调加载梁的极限荷载)的初始荷载造成不同程度的损伤,经历120次海水干湿循环作用后,进行单调加载试验测试剩余力学性能,并对梁试件钻芯取样测试不同位置及深度处混凝土的氯离子含量。试验结果表明,不同程度初始损伤RC梁经历120次海水干湿循环后,其屈服荷载、极限荷载和延性均随初始荷载幅值的增加而降低;与无损伤梁试件相比,当初始损伤荷载为0.4P_u时,梁试件的屈服荷载和极限荷载降幅分别为10.4%和7.9%,随着初始荷载增大,屈服荷载和极限荷载快速下降,当初始损伤荷载为0.7P_u时,屈服荷载和极限荷载降幅分别达33.7%和32.4%。氯离子含量测试结果表明,梁试件混凝土受拉区氯离子含量均大于受压区氯离子含量;当初始损伤荷载小于0.5P_u时,受拉钢筋表面混凝土的氯离子含量差别不大且小于0.1%,当初始损伤荷载为0.7P_u时,钢筋表面氯离子含量最大达到0.14%。可见,初始荷载损伤与海水干湿循环综合作用对RC梁力学性能及耐久性劣化影响显著。     

氯离子和温度对铝合金在冷却液中腐蚀的影响

分别采用了动电位极化法、电化学阻抗法研究了不同温度下、不同氯离子浓度下防锈铝在模拟冷却液中的腐蚀行为,采用金相显微镜和扫描电镜对极化后防锈铝的表面特征进行了观察和记录。结果表明,氯离子吸附在防锈铝氧化膜表面,对氧化膜表面造成破坏。在一定温度下（30℃）,当氯离子浓度超过0.01mol/L时,中间产物吸附作用就会增强,阻抗谱中低频区出现感抗弧,点蚀萌生。随着氯离子浓度增高（超过0.01mol/L）,防锈铝的腐蚀加剧,耐腐蚀性能下降。随着温度的升高,阴极和阳极反应阻力变小,阳极金属铝的溶解和阴极氧还原速度增大,腐蚀速度增大。温度升高的同时,溶解氧含量下降,阴极反应受到抑制。与此同时扩散过程在整个腐蚀反应过程中的支配性降低,中间产物在氧化膜表面的吸附作用增强,从而导致低频容抗弧的出现。温度对点蚀形貌的影响主要体现在影响单个点蚀坑的几何大小,促进点蚀坑的生长。      

Influence of high concentrations of mineral salts on production process and NaCl accumulation by Salicornia europaea plants as a constituent of the LSS phototroph link.

Use of halophytes (salt-tolerant vegetation), in a particular vegetable Salicornia europaea plants which are capable of utilizing NaCl in rather high concentrations, is one of possible means of NaCl incorporation into mass exchange of bioregenerative life support systems. In preliminary experiments it was shown that S. europaea plants, basically, could grow on urine pretreated with physicochemical processing and urease-enzyme decomposing of urea with the subsequent ammonia distillation. But at the same time inhibition of the growth process of the plants was observed. The purpose of the given work was to find out the influence of excessive quantities of some mineral elements contained in products of physicochemical processing of urine on the production process and NaCl accumulation by S. europaea plants. As the content of mineral salts in the human liquid wastes (urine) changed within certain limits, two variants of experimental solutions were examined. In the first variant, the concentration of mineral salts was equivalent to the minimum salt content in the urine and was: K - 1.5 g/l, P - 0.5 g/l, S - 0.5 g/l, Mg - 0.07 g/l, Ca - 0.2 g/l. In the second experimental variant, the content of mineral salts corresponded to the maximum salt content in urine and was the following: K - 3.0 g/l, P - 0.7 g/l, S - 1.2 g/l, Mg - 0.2 g/l, Ca - 0.97 g/l. As the control, the Tokarev nutrient solution containing nitrogen in the form of a urea, and the Knop nutrient solution with nitrogen in the nitrate form were used. N quantity in all four variants made up 177 mg/l. Air temperature was 24 degrees C, illumination was continuous. Light intensity was 690 micromoles/m2s of photosynthetically active radiation. NaCl concentration in solutions was 1%. Our researches showed that the dry aboveground biomass of an average plant of the first variant practically did not differ from the control and totaled 11 g. In the second variant, S. europaea productivity decreased and the dry aboveground biomass of an average plant totaled 8 g. The increase of K quantity in the experimental solutions resulted in an elevated content of the element in the plants. The increase of K uptake in the second experimental variant was accompanied by a 30-50% decrease of Na content in comparison with the other variants. Comparative Na content in the other variants was practically identical. N, Mg and P content in the control and experimental variants was also practically identical. The increase of S quantity in the second experimental variant also increased S uptake by the plants. But Ca quantity, accumulated in aboveground plants biomass in the experimental variants was lower than in the control. NaCl uptake by plants, depending on the concentration of mineral salts in the experimental solutions, ranged from 8 g (maximum salt content) up to 15 g (minimum salt content) on a plant growth area that totaled 0.032 m2. Thus, high concentrations of mineral salts simulating the content of mineral salts contained in urine did not result in a significant decrease of S. europaea productivity. The present work also considers the influence of higher light intensity concentrations on productivity and NaCl accumulation by S. europaea plants grown on experimental solutions with high salt content.     

太阳耀斑及核试验对大气中14C浓度的影响

根据一系列简化模型和有关的观测资料,Lingenfelter和Ramaty算得1937—1967年三个太阳活动周期内全球14C产率的平均值为2.2±0.414C/cm2·s,以及1956—1961年太阳耀斑引起的年平均14C产率,其中1956.2.23太阳耀斑引起的当年14C平均产率高达2.3314C/cm2·s,使大气中14C浓度增加近8‰.      

Specific effects of irradiance and CO2 concentration doublings on productivity and mineral content in lettuce.

Experiments in growth chambers with controlled atmosphere were performed to compare the effects on the productivity of two treatments stimulating photosynthesis: the doubling of CO2 concentration, the doubling of irradiance; the combining of both was also tested. A large effect of light was noticed: (i) the accumulation of carbon was, contrarily to CO2 effect, amplified within time, and led to the most important dry matter production. (ii) the specific leaf weight was about two-fold increased. (iii) the nitrate content was 2-3 fold less. A significant positive effect of CO2 was detected on the fresh biomass production and the iron content of lettuce. A synergy was observed on dry matter production by the interaction of the two factors.     

Development of a CELSS Experimental Facility

A CELSS Experimental Facility was developed two years ago. It contains a volume of about 40.0 m³ and a cultivating area of about 8.4 m²; its interior atmospheric parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, oxygen concentration, carbon dioxide concentration, total pressure, lighting intensity, photoperiod, water content in the growing-matrix, CO₂-added accumulative amount, O₂-released accumulative amount and ethylene concentration are all controlled and logged automatically and effectively; its growing system consists of two rows of racks along its left-and-right sides separately, each side holds two upper-and-lower layers, and the vertical distance of each growing bed can be adjusted automatically and independently; lighting sources consist of both red (95%) and blue (5%) light-emitting diodes (LED), and the average lighting intensity of each lamp bank at 20-cm distance position under it, reaches to 255.0 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. After that, demonstrating tests were carried out and were finally followed by growing lettuce in the facility. The results showed that all subsystems operated well and all parameters were controlled automatically and efficiently. The lettuce plants in the system could grow much well. Successful development of this system laid a necessary foundation for future larger-scale studies on CELSS integration technique.     

Effects of modified atmosphere on crop productivity and mineral content.

Wheat, potato, pea and tomato crops were cultivated from seeding to harvest in a controlled and confined growth chamber at elevated CO2 concentration (3700 microL L-1) to examine the effects on biomass production and edible part yields. Different responses to high CO2 were recorded, ranging from a decline in productivity for wheat, to slight stimulation for potatoes, moderate increase for tomatoes, and very large enhancement for pea. Mineral content in wheat and pea seeds was not greatly modified by the elevated CO2. Short-term experiments (17 d) were conducted on potato at high (3700 microL L-1) and very high (20,000 microL L-1) CO2 concentration and/or low O2 partial pressure (approximately 20,600 microL L-1 or 2 kPa). Low O2 was more effective than high CO2 in total biomass accumulation, but development was affected: Low O2 inhibited tuberization, while high CO2 significantly increased production of tubers.     

Collocated ionosonde and dense GPS/GLONASS network measurements of midlatitude MSTIDs

To analyze midlatitude medium-scale travelling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) over Kazan (55.5°N, 49°E), Russia, the sufficiently dense network of GNSS receivers (more than 150 ground-based stations) were used. For the first time, daytime MSTIDs in the form of their main signature (band structure) on high-resolution two-dimensional maps of the total electron content perturbation (TEC maps) are compared with ionosonde data with a high temporal resolution. For a pair of events, a relationship between southwestward TEC perturbations and evolution of F2 layer traces was established. So F2 peak frequency varied in antiphase to TEC perturbations. The ionograms show that during the movement of plasma depletion band (overhead ionosonde) the F2 peak frequency is the highest, and vice versa, for the plasma enhancement band, the F2 peak frequency is the lowest. One possible explanation may be a greater inclination of the radio beam from the vertical during the placement of a plasma enhancement band above the ionosonde, as evidenced by the absence of multiple reflections and the increased occurrence rate of additional cusp trace. Another possible explanation may be the redistribution of the electron content in the topside ionosphere with a small decrease in the F peak concentration of the layer with a small increase in TEC along the line-of-sight. Analysis of F2 peak frequency variation shows that observed peak-to-peak values of TEC perturbation equal to 0.4 and 1 TECU correspond to the values of ΔN/N equal to 13% and 28%. The need for further research is evident.     

Variations of the gravitational field as a motive power for rhythmics of biochemical processes.

Variations of the gravitational field affected by the Sun and the Moon while the Earth's moving along the orbit seem to be a powerful source of many rhythmical processes typical of biochemical processes. Studies carried out in AARI revealed the obvious relationships between the dynamics of some biochemical reactions and lambda(D)-function describing the regular variations of the gravitational field under combined influence of the Sun and the Moon. The following of them are examined as examples: the rate of the unithiol oxidation in vitro, concentration of the thiol compounds in human urine, some hematological indicators (rate of the erythrocytes sedimentation, hemoglobin content). Compatibility of run of the biochemical indicators and lambda(D)-function is indicative of essential influence of the regular variations of the gravitational field on rhythmics of the biochemical processes. As this takes place, the solar activity acts like to the instability factor. Balance of the solar activity effects and the varying gravitational field effect alter in time depending on location in the solar activity cycle.     

Canopy photosynthesis and transpiration in microgravity: gas exchange measurements aboard Mir.

The SVET Greenhouse on-board the Orbital Station Mir was used to measure canopy photosynthesis and transpiration rates for the first time in space. During the Greenhouse IIB experiment on Mir (June-January 1997), carbon and water vapor fluxes from two wheat (cv. Superdwarf) canopies were measured using the US developed Gas Exchange Measurement System (GEMS). Gas analyzers capable of resolving CO2 concentration differences of 5 micromoles mol-1 against a background of 0.9% CO2, are necessary to measure photosynthetic and respiratory rates on Mir. The ability of the GEMS gas analyzers to measure these CO2 concentration differences was determined during extensive ground calibrations. Similarly, the sensitivity of the analyzers to water vapor was sufficient to accurately measure canopy evapotranspiration. Evapotranspiration, which accounted for over 90% of the water added to the root zone, was estimated using gas exchange and used to estimate substrate moisture content. This paper presents canopy photosynthesis and transpiration data during the peak vegetative phase of development in microgravity.     

昼夜温度变化对燃油箱空余空间氧浓度的影响

燃油箱空余空间氧浓度变化规律的确定是惰化系统的设计基础,但影响燃油箱空余空间氧浓度因素很多,当前人们对于昼夜温度变化这一实际现象还缺少必要的分析计算。为此,以某型飞机中央翼燃油箱为研究对象,依据FAR25适航条款中昼夜温度变化的相关规定,建立理论仿真模型,利用实验数据对模型进行验证,探讨燃油箱空余空间氧浓度与昼夜温度变化之间的对应关系,并分析昼夜温度变化范围、载油率、初始氧浓度、溶解氧析出等因素对燃油箱空余空间氧浓度的影响,提出满足适航条款要求的夜间停机前燃油箱初始氧浓度限值。研究结果表明:昼夜温度的变化范围、载油率、初始氧浓度等因素对燃油箱空余空间氧浓度变化规律影响程度有所不同;停机前燃油箱初始氧浓度限值应该低于最低氧浓度限值0.5%~1%。研究成果将对惰化系统设计、燃油箱可燃性暴露时间计算具有较好的参考价值。      

油焦浆发动机排气中的颗粒物特性分析

运用扫描电子显微镜、X射线能谱仪和热重分析仪对油焦浆和0#柴油燃烧产生的颗粒物样品以及制备油焦浆用的石油焦颗粒样品进行了检测和分析.研究结果表明:油焦浆燃烧产生的颗粒物排列稀疏,柴油燃烧产生的颗粒物互相粘结,排列紧密.油焦浆燃烧产生的颗粒物尺寸比石油焦颗粒稍大,比柴油燃烧产生的颗粒物稍小.油焦浆燃烧产生的颗粒物表面C,O和S 3种主要元素含量与柴油燃烧产生的颗粒物表面3种主要元素含量比较接近,但C和S元素含量比石油焦颗粒低,O元素含量比石油焦颗粒高.油焦浆燃烧产生的颗粒物挥发分含量比石油焦颗粒多,但比柴油燃烧产生的颗粒物少;固定碳含量比石油焦颗粒少,比柴油燃烧产生的颗粒物多.最后,油焦浆燃烧产生的颗粒物与柴油燃烧产生的颗粒物中固定碳着火和燃尽温度比较接近,但都比石油焦颗粒中固定碳着火和燃尽温度高.      

灭菌模块中流速和银离子浓度分布模拟计算

无菌水是载人航天器生命健康的保障条件.灭菌模块安装在水处理系统末端,向净化水释放规定浓度的银离子,起到杀菌和长期保存作用,使净化水达到饮用水质标准.水流过金属壁面,根据交换流域采用标准k-ε模型标准壁面函数,针对600mL·min-1流量工况建立流场和银离子浓度场的计算模型.灭菌模块阴阳电极30s交替互换牵引浓度变化.为符合实际工况,建立模型时通过反复迭代的方式进行求解.对流速和银离子产生速率的结果进行分析发现,银离子浓度最高部位均出现在阳极表面附近,阴阳极反复转换可有效降低电极表面附近的银离子浓度.结合理论计算结果可知,灭菌模块工作过程中不会有AgOH沉淀析出,从而确定工艺参数,指导工程设计.根据仿真结果分析给出了灭菌模块优化建议.      

Heavy-ion induced genetic changes and evolution processes.

On Moon and Mars, there will be more galactic cosmic rays and higher radiation doses than on earth. Our experimental studies showed that heavy ion radiation can effectively cause mutation and chromosome aberrations and that high-LET heavy-ion induced mutants can be irreversible. Chromosome translocations and deletions are common in cells irradiated by heavy particles, and ionizing radiations are effective in causing hyperploidy. The importance of the genetic changes in the evolution of life is an interesting question. Through evolution, there is an increase of DNA content in cells from lower forms of life to higher organisms. The DNA content, however, reached a plateau in vertebrates. By increasing DNA content, there can be an increase of information in the cell. For a given DNA content, the quality of information can be changed by rearranging the DNA. Because radiation can cause hyperploidy, an increase of DNA content in cells, and can induce DNA rearrangement, it is likely that the evolution of life on Mars will be effected by its radiation environment. A simple analysis shows that the radiation level on Mars may cause a mutation frequency comparable to that of the spontaneous mutation rate on Earth. To the extent that mutation plays a role in adaptation, radiation alone on Mars may thus provide sufficient mutation for the evolution of life.     

Quality characteristics of the radish grown under reduced atmospheric pressure

This study addresses whether reduced atmospheric pressure (hypobaria) affects the quality traits of radish grown under such environments. Radish (Raphanus sativus L. cv. Cherry Bomb Hybrid II) plants were grown hydroponically in specially designed hypobaric plant growth chambers at three atmospheric pressures; 33, 66, and 96 kPa (control). Oxygen and carbon dioxide partial pressures were maintained constant at 21 and 0.12 kPa, respectively. Plants were harvested at 21 days after planting, with aerial shoots and swollen hypocotyls (edible portion of the radish referred to as the “root” hereafter) separated immediately upon removal from the chambers. Samples were subsequently evaluated for their sensory characteristics (color, taste, overall appearance, and texture), taste-determining factors (glucosinolate and soluble carbohydrate content and myrosinase activity), proximate nutrients (protein, dietary fiber, and carbohydrate) and potential health benefit attributes (antioxidant capacity). In roots of control plants, concentrations of glucosinolate, total soluble sugar, and nitrate, as well as myrosinase activity and total antioxidant capacity (measured as ORAC_FL), were 2.9, 20, 5.1, 9.4, and 1.9 times greater than the amount in leaves, respectively. There was no significant difference in total antioxidant capacity, sensory characteristics, carbohydrate composition, or proximate nutrient content among the three pressure treatments. However, glucosinolate content in the root and nitrate concentration in the leaf declined as the atmospheric pressure decreased, suggesting perturbation to some nitrogen-related metabolism.     

Response of photosynthetic systems to salinity stress in the desert cyanobacterium Scytonema javanicum

The present study investigated the physiological and biochemical characteristics of Scytonema javanicum, a pioneer species isolated from desert biological crusts, under salinity stress. Pigment analysis showed that salinity decreased chlorophyll a and phycocyanin content, while low salinity increased carotenoid concentration and high salinity decreased carotenoid concentration. Salinity also inhibited CO₂ assimilation rate and photosynthetic oxygen evolution in this cyanobacterium. Chlorophyll a fluorescence transient parameters (φPo, φEo, ψO, RC/ABS, RC/CS, PI_ABS, and PI_CS) were decreased under salt stress, while dVo/dto(Mo), Vj and φDo were increased. The decrease of ETRmax and Yield and the change of chlorophyll a fluorescence transients showed that salt stress had an important influence on photosynthesis. These results indicated that the effects of salinity stress on photosynthesis in S. javanicum may depend on the inhibition of electron transport and the inactivation of the reaction centers, but this inhibition may occur in the electron transport pathway at the PSII donor and acceptor sites.     

短波长紫外辐射变化与臭氧含量涨落之间的关系

位于低纬地区的印度同时测量了短波紫外辐射与臭氧含量,表明臭氧含量下降3%,短波紫外辐射通量(290nm)上升35%.但这个数值大于以往理论预期的数值.本文给出一个简单公式,这个公式描述了臭氧含量的变化与相应的紫外辐射变化之间的关系,用此公式计算得出的结果与印度测得的结果相符,很好地解释了低纬地区的印度测量的臭氧涨落与其相应的短波长紫外辐射变化之间的关系.      

Characterization of a halotolerant-psychroloterant bacterium from dry valley Antarctic soil.

The saline soils of the ice free dry valleys of Victoria Land, Antarctica may provide the closest analog on Earth to Martian conditions. We have initiated a study aimed at examining microbial adaptations to the harsh environment of these dry valley soils. In this report we describe the characterization of one bacterium, strain A4a, isolated from Taylor Valley soil. Strain A4a was an obligately aerobic, orange-pigmented, Gram-positive coccus that grew over wide ranges of both temperature (0 degrees C-40 degrees C) and sodium chloride concentration (0-2.0M). The optimal temperature for growth at all NaCl concentrations was 25 degrees C. Phospholipid composition and guanine plus cytosine content of the DNA of the isolate indicate a close relation to the genus Planococcus.