卫星电源系统在轨故障分析及对策

卫星电源系统的在轨高可靠、安全运行已经成为当前卫星研制中关注的重点。文章针对国外卫星电源系统在轨故障案例进行收集和整理,并对故障机理及对策进行了总结,以有助于指导电源系统设计,提高我国卫星电源系统在轨运行的可靠性和安全性。     

星用活动部件在轨故障分析与启示

简要介绍了某卫星型号活动部件可靠性保证工作,重点对卫星在轨出现的活动部件故障进行了分析,并就薄弱环节改进进行了初步阐述。     

地面长期贮存卫星电源单机工作寿命可靠性建模与预计

卫星电源分系统电子单机可靠性预计通常采用元器件计数分析法或元器件应力分析法计算电子设备长期工作期间失效率,然后进行设备的可靠性预计.针对一些装备型号要求卫星在出厂测试完毕后,要在地面贮存一段时间然后择机发射需求,在卫星设计阶段开展地面贮存对电子设备在轨工作可靠性的影响进行分析,建立电子设备地面存储后的在轨使用可靠性模型.采用元器件计数分析法对电源控制器设备地面贮存工作状态失效率和发射入轨工作状态失效率进行计算,利用电子设备地面存储后的在轨使用可靠性模型对某卫星电源单机贮存后再使用可靠度进行了估计分析.并分析得出结论地面贮存时间大于1年,则地面贮存对电源设备可靠性的影响就不能忽略.该可靠性分析模型可以综合地面存储和在轨使用对电源设备的可靠性的综合影响,有效解决了地面长期贮存电源设备可靠性的分析难题.     

卫星太阳电池阵在轨故障统计及分析

文章针对2000年1月至2012年9月期间79颗在轨卫星发生的114次太阳电池阵故障事件进行了分类统计分析,并利用Kaplan-Meier估计量分析方法对这些在轨故障进行了可靠性分析。结果表明:太阳电池阵的故障多发生在卫星在轨第一年,其中电子类故障发生率较高;不同卫星平台的系统缺陷或设计共性问题也与太阳电池阵故障紧密相关。最后,结合我国卫星太阳电池阵设计及制造工艺技术,提出了加强出厂前的测试和试验验证、加强仿真建模、加强冗余设计等建议。     

一种基于历史遥测数据的在轨卫星故障预警系统

对在轨卫星遥测数据的变化规律进行了分类,研究了数种主流的数据预测理论并分析了其适应性,由此提出了一种基于历史遥测数据的在轨卫星故障预警系统构架,并定义了其中各模块的功能以及接口关系,给出了实际应用的效果。这个系统对及早发现故障、维持在轨卫星的安全稳定运行具有重要价值。     

卫星在轨失效统计分析

从故障影响的设备、范围、时间特性等方面,对20世纪70年代以来国内外卫星272次典型在轨故障进行了分析。研究发现,发生故障的设备和发生故障的时间等都存在明显的规律性。对这些故障特性的深入研究可以制定针对性的故障防护措施,以降低卫星故障的发生率,并有助于在故障发生后采取及时正确的措施以避免灾难性后果。基于上述研究,文章给出了卫星设计过程中有效规避故障的一些建议,以提高卫星的在轨存活率。     

基于在轨运行状态的卫星稳定性与可靠性研究

为解决卫星在轨运行故障率较高的问题,文章分析了卫星在轨运行的特点,定义了卫星在轨工作状态及其与系统稳定性变化的关系。研究表明:对在轨运行安全稳定状态进行控制,能使状态保持或向高级跃迁,可提升卫星稳态及可靠性。文章最后提出了提高卫星在轨运行稳定性与可靠性的在轨运行策略与技术方向。     

卫星导航系统星座可用性分析

星座可用性指标是在用户层面上反映星座工作状态的重要指标.随着卫星在轨运行时间的增加,卫星的可靠性会不断降低,星座可用性也会随之下降.在考虑卫星故障概率的条件下,本文提出综合运用贝叶斯网和马尔科夫链进行星座可用性分析的方法,剖析了导航星座中卫星故障与导航应用服务中断之间的相互关系,简化了星座可用性的建模过程.结合中断分析数据,量化评估了星座可用性,并利用灵敏度分析找出星座薄弱环节.该方法可为导航星座设计方案优化权衡提供量化依据.     

GEO卫星在轨故障条件下测控应急措施

地球静止轨道卫星在轨故障时,完成卫星故障现象的排查与确认,实施其后的处理工作,对保证星地测控链路通畅至关重要。根据地球静止轨道卫星的工作特点,描述了保证卫星能源供应、保证测控链路通畅等4项卫星在轨故障处理原则。简要介绍了地球静止轨道卫星平台测控分系统的主要技术状态,进行了测控链路分析;根据测控链路余量,从卫星、地面测控站两个方面,提出卫星在轨故障时测控上行、下行链路的处理措施。这些措施均经过卫星的飞行验证,证明行之有效。     

空间辐射环境引起在轨卫星故障分析与加固对策

文章对卫星由于空间辐射环境导致的在轨故障进行了统计;对某卫星数传综合处理器在轨单粒子翻转故障的现象、机理和措施等进行了分析;根据在轨故障案例、实际工程经验和仿真分析,从硬件和软件两方面提出了具体的降低单粒子效应的多种抗辐射加固设计方法,以延长卫星在轨工作寿命。     

国外空间大型网状天线在轨展开故障与对策

空间大型网状天线在轨可靠展开是确保航天任务取得成功的关键。对国外自1974—2011年间发射的部分科学、商业和军用航天器携带的大型网状天线在轨展开故障情况进行了统计,介绍了各天线展开故障的机理,并对天线展开故障应急处理方法和设计改进措施进行了总结。根据空间大型天线展开的特点,提出了加强天线抗冲击能力、充分开展天线机构实验验证和展开故障应急处理预案研究等建议。     

Space solar array reliability: A study and recommendations

Providing reliable power over the anticipated mission life is critical to all satellites; therefore solar arrays are one of the most vital links to satellite mission success. Furthermore, solar arrays are exposed to the harshest environment of virtually any satellite component. In the past 10 years 117 satellite solar array anomalies have been recorded with 12 resulting in total satellite failure. Through an in-depth analysis of satellite anomalies listed in the Airclaim's Ascend SpaceTrak database, it is clear that solar array reliability is a serious, industry-wide issue. Solar array reliability directly affects the cost of future satellites through increased insurance premiums and a lack of confidence by investors. Recommendations for improving reliability through careful ground testing, standardization of testing procedures such as the emerging AIAA standards, and data sharing across the industry will be discussed. The benefits of creating a certified module and array testing facility that would certify in-space reliability will also be briefly examined. Solar array reliability is an issue that must be addressed to both reduce costs and ensure continued viability of the commercial and government assets on orbit.     

Space solar array reliability: A study and recommendations

Providing reliable power over the anticipated mission life is critical to all satellites; therefore solar arrays are one of the most vital links to satellite mission success. Furthermore, solar arrays are exposed to the harshest environment of virtually any satellite component. In the past 10 years 117 satellite solar array anomalies have been recorded with 12 resulting in total satellite failure. Through an in-depth analysis of satellite anomalies listed in the Airclaim's Ascend SpaceTrak database, it is clear that solar array reliability is a serious, industry-wide issue. Solar array reliability directly affects the cost of future satellites through increased insurance premiums and a lack of confidence by investors. Recommendations for improving reliability through careful ground testing, standardization of testing procedures such as the emerging AIAA standards, and data sharing across the industry will be discussed. The benefits of creating a certified module and array testing facility that would certify in-space reliability will also be briefly examined. Solar array reliability is an issue that must be addressed to both reduce costs and ensure continued viability of the commercial and government assets on orbit.     

Health scorecard of spacecraft platforms: Track record of on-orbit anomalies and failures and preliminary comparative analysis

Choosing the “right” satellite platform for a given market and mission requirements is a major investment decision for a satellite operator. With a variety of platforms available on the market from different manufacturers, and multiple offerings from the same manufacturer, the down-selection process can be quite involved. In addition, because data for on-obit failures and anomalies per platform is unavailable, incomplete, or fragmented, it is difficult to compare options and make an informed choice with respect to the critical attribute of field reliability of different platforms. In this work, we first survey a large number of geosynchronous satellite platforms by the major satellite manufacturers, and we provide a brief overview of their technical characteristics, timeline of introduction, and number of units launched. We then analyze an extensive database of satellite failures and anomalies, and develop for each platform a “health scorecard” that includes all the minor and major anomalies, and complete failures—that is failure events of different severities—observed on-orbit for each platform. We identify the subsystems that drive these failure events and how much each subsystem contributes to these events for each platform. In addition, we provide the percentage of units in each platform which have experienced failure events, and, after calculating the total number of years logged on-orbit by each platform, we compute its corresponding average failure and anomaly rate. We conclude this work with a preliminary comparative analysis of the health scorecards of different platforms.The concept of a “health scorecard” here introduced provides a useful snapshot of the failure and anomaly track record of a spacecraft platform on orbit. As such, it constitutes a useful and transparent benchmark that can be used by satellite operators to inform their acquisition choices (“inform” not “base” as other considerations are factored in when comparing different spacecraft platforms), and by satellite manufacturers to guide their testing and reliability improvement programs. Finally, it is important to keep in mind that these health scorecards should be considered dynamic documents to be updated on a regular basis if they are to remain accurate and relevant for comparative analysis purposes, as new information will impact their content.     

Emergency end of life operations for CNES remote sensing satellites—Management and operational process

The French Space Agency (CNES) is currently operating thirteen satellites among which five remote sensing satellites. This fleet is composed of two civilian (SPOT) and three military (HELIOS) satellites and it has been recently completed by the first PLEIADES satellite which is devoted to both civil and military purposes. The CNES operation board decided to appoint a Working Group (WG) in order to anticipate and tackle issues related to the emergency End Of Life (EOL) operations due to unexpected on-board events affecting the satellite. This is of particular interest in the context of the French Law on Space Operations (LSO), entered in force on Dec. 2010, which states that any satellite operator must demonstrate its capability to control the space vehicle whatever the mission phase from the launch up to the EOL. Indeed, after several years in orbit the satellites may be affected by on-board anomalies which could damage the implementation of EOL operations, i.e. orbital manoeuvres or platform disposal. Even if automatic recovery actions ensure autonomous reconfigurations on redundant equipment, i.e. setting for instance the satellite into a safe mode, it is crucial to anticipate the consequences of failures of every equipment and functions necessary for the EOL operations. For this purpose, the WG has focused on each potential anomaly by analysing: its emergency level, as well as the EOL operations potentially inhibited by the failure and the needs of on-board software workarounds… The main contribution of the WG consisted in identifying a particular satellite configuration called “minimal Withdrawal From Service (WFS) configuration”. This configuration corresponds to an operational status which involves a redundancy necessary for the EOL operations. Therefore as soon as a satellite reaches this state, a dedicated steering committee is activated and decides of the future of the satellite with respect to three options: a/. the satellite is considered safe and can continue its mission using the redundancy, b/. the EOL operations must be planned within a mid-term period, or c/. the EOL operations must be implemented as soon as possible by the operational teams. The paper describes this management and operational process illustrated with study cases of failures on SPOT and PLEIADES satellites corresponding to various emergency situations.     

小卫星故障诊断与处理技术

介绍一种简单有效的故障诊断及处理技术，它将小卫星的故障分为分系统级，系统级和系统外部级三种，并由星务管理软件处理系统级故障，在每个循环周期都对遥测参数进行采集和监测，故障发生时，根据故障的优先级，选择并恢复具有最高优先级的故障。该技术在某小卫星中应用，能有效满足系统控制周期的限制和系统可靠性要求。     

微小卫星星务计算机系统的容错控制策略研究

微小卫星系统是一个可靠性要求很高的系统,需要由具有容错能力的星载计算机来控制。针对微小卫星重量、体积、功耗的限制,提出了一种微小卫星的星务计算机系统的可靠性设计方案,设计中采用双模冗余方案搭建系统的容错结构,并根据卫星的运行要求提出了适用于微小卫星的温备份方式容错控制策略,介绍了一些用于支持温备份方式容错控制策略的关键技术。通过分析在微小卫星设计中的适用情况,温备份策略从硬件开销和时间开销两个方面都有利于卫星的设计。在立体测绘微小卫星“试验卫星一号”的星务计算机系统中的应用表明,提出的可靠性设计方案能够提高小卫星的可靠性、安全性以及实时性。     

Outline of 500kg-class small satellite system study

On 1992 we started the study of 500kg-class satellite mainly for technology demonstration mission which contributes to mitigate the project risk. It goes without saying that this class of satellite is characterized by low cost and fast turn-around-time, but are different from the same class satellites which we'd developed in the '80s.

In this paper, we present the outline of this class of satellites, and focusing to Space Environments and Effects Observation Satellite(SEES) under pre-phase A. A lot of failures which have happened on orbit are caused by space environments. So it is necessary to understand in detail the behavior, and to develop technology to endure them.