复杂环境下翼伞系统的组合式航迹规划

传统翼伞系统的航迹规划主要考虑落点精度及逆风着陆等指标,而当空投区域环境较为复杂,在翼伞系统归航路径上存在障碍时,如何规避这些障碍也成为翼伞系统航迹规划所必须要考虑的因素。针对翼伞空投过程有可能遇到高山或者高大建筑物阻碍的问题,提出了一种复杂环境下翼伞系统的组合式航迹规划策略。该方法将翼伞空投的区域分为障碍区和着陆区,在障碍区中采用快速搜索随机树（RRT）算法进行可行路径搜索,考虑到RRT算法生成的轨迹包含棱角,导致路径不够平滑的问题,结合翼伞系统质点模型的运动特性,对其进行了适用性改进,以使规划的航迹满足实际翼伞空投需求。为了解决RRT算法搜索方向随机,难以满足逆风着陆的问题,当翼伞系统进入着陆区后采用分段归航的方式设计航迹,并借助遗传算法（GA）求解目标参数,实现翼伞系统能量控制及逆风着陆。提出的复杂环境下翼伞系统的组合式航迹规划策略求解速度较快,能够同时满足翼伞系统避障、能量控制及逆风着陆要求,得到的参考航迹较为平滑。     

Space robotics in the '90s

This article describes the use of robots to perform work in space. In particular, telerobotics, which uses human operators to control the movement and operation of the robots, are explored. The relationship between the human operator and the robot is very complex but these systems are being used to explore planetary surfaces and will also be used in the construction of the space station. Research being conducted at NASA facilities is described, providing a picture of the future of space robotics.     

Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO): Observations for Lunar Exploration and Science

The Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) was implemented to facilitate scientific and engineering-driven mapping of the lunar surface at new spatial scales and with new remote sensing methods, identify safe landing sites, search for in situ resources, and measure the space radiation environment. After its successful launch on June 18, 2009, the LRO spacecraft and instruments were activated and calibrated in an eccentric polar lunar orbit until September 15, when LRO was moved to a circular polar orbit with a mean altitude of 50 km. LRO will operate for at least one year to support the goals of NASA’s Exploration Systems Mission Directorate (ESMD), and for at least two years of extended operations for additional lunar science measurements supported by NASA’s Science Mission Directorate (SMD). LRO carries six instruments with associated science and exploration investigations, and a telecommunications/radar technology demonstration. The LRO instruments are: Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER), Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment (DLRE), Lyman-Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP), Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND), Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter (LOLA), and Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera (LROC). The technology demonstration is a compact, dual-frequency, hybrid polarity synthetic aperture radar instrument (Mini-RF). LRO observations also support the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS), the lunar impact mission that was co-manifested with LRO on the Atlas V (401) launch vehicle. This paper describes the LRO objectives and measurements that support exploration of the Moon and that address the science objectives outlined by the National Academy of Science’s report on the Scientific Context for Exploration of the Moon (SCEM). We also describe data accessibility by the science and exploration community.     

飞机起落架扭力臂变行程疲劳试验技术研究与实施

阐述了起落架扭力臂变行程疲劳试验的必要性,提出了扭力臂变行程疲劳试验的实施方法,设计了加载装置。通过某型飞机起落架扭力臂变行程疲劳试验的实施,使外场故障再现,证明了该试验实施方法合理可行。     

Accessing NASA technology with the World Wide Web

NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) began using the World Wide Web (WWW) in the summer of 1993, becoming the first NASA installation to provide a center-wide home page. This coincided with a reorganization of LaRC to provide a more concentrated focus on technology transfer to both aerospace and non-aerospace industry. Use of WWW and NCSA Mosaic not only provides automated information dissemination, but also allows for the implementation, evolution and integration of many technology transfer and technology awareness applications. This paper describes several of these innovative applications, including the on-line presentation of the entire Technology Opportunities Showcase (TOPS), an industrial partnering showcase that exists on the Web long after the actual 3-day event ended. The NASA Technical Report Server (NTRS) provides uniform access to many logically similar, yet physically distributed NASA report servers. WWW is also the foundation of the Langley Software Server (LSS), an experimental software distribution system which will distribute LaRC-developed software. In addition to the more formal technology distribution projects, WWW has been successful in connecting people with technologies and people with other people     

垂直起降固定翼无人机技术发展及趋势分析

垂直起降固定翼无人机具有对起降场地要求低、机动性好、巡航速度高、航时长等优势,是目前航空领域研究热点。本文阐述了国内外现有垂直起降固定翼无人机研究现状和基本特征,详细分析了不同类型垂直起降固定翼无人机的技术特点,提出更高的飞行速度、更长的续航时间、更强的任务载荷能力将是未来垂直起降固定翼无人机技术的主要发展方向和必然趋...     

Microwave Landing System

The National Microwave Landing Systems (MLS) program is a joint DOT/DOD/NASA effort to implement a common civil/military precision landing system to replace the current Instrument Landing System (ILS). The MLS will be capable of providing precision landing guidance down to Category III minimum while allowing for complex approach paths in both the horizontal and vertical planes. The system is based on the Time Reference Scanning Beam (TRSB) technique which was selected by the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) in April 1978 as the new international landing system standard. MLS is less susceptible to interference from the surrounding area and provides a greater signal coverage area than ILS.     

机器人镗孔加工系统稳定性分析

为了解决大型飞机装配现场主起落架交点孔的镗孔精加工问题,提出了采用六自由度工业机器人及专用末端执行器组合的创新解决方案。压脚是抑制机器人镗孔加工系统颤振的核心环节。通过对施加压脚前后的机器人镗孔加工系统进行动力学建模,对系统的稳定性进行分析,得出压脚装置对加工系统稳定性叶瓣图的影响。最后通过实际镗孔加工实验验证了机器人镗孔系统在不同压脚压力下的加工稳定性,表明合理的压脚压力可提高稳定切深,拓展加工稳定区域,有效避免加工颤振。     

飞机进近着陆系统电磁环境建模与仿真

针对现代导航着陆系统附近电磁环境复杂及机场可用空间的日益缩小的现状,提出了用电磁环境建模和仿真的方法来预测和分析电磁散射对着陆系统影响.根据这一方法可以计算出飞机在进近路径上各点的导航参量的变化.实验结果表明,其仿真结果在实际的应用中具有一定的借鉴作用.     

The All-Electric Aircraft: A Systems View and Proposed NASA Research Programs

The previous papers have offered the distant vision of an all-electric aircraft?one which fully exploits the intrinsic features of electric power and electronic controls. This paper examines the path to that vision and the barriers along the way?some of which appear relatively easy to overcome while others are more formidable. It is interesting to conjecture what an all-electric aircraft will look like. The all-electric technologies may offer many design options and this paper suggests some tantalizing possibilities. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has sponsored or conducted a number of activities to foster the development of an all-electric airplane. The results of these activities are presented. Finally, in a look to the future, two NASA new initiatives are briefly discussed.     

Conversations: with Carl Pilcher [interview by Johan Benson

An interview with Carl Pilcher, science program director for solar system exploration at NASA, examines NASA's past, present, and planned missions to explore the solar system. Specific questions relate to the status of current and planned missions, science results of the Pathfinder mission to Mars, cooperation with the Japanese space agency, the status of the search for extraterrestrial life in solar system meteoroids and asteroids, mission size for more in-depth exploration, reports of water on the moon, and the exploration of near-Earth objects.     

基于遗传算法的多机器人系统集中协调式路径规划

根据多机器人系统无碰撞运动的需要,对其工作空间进行了分解,确定了机器人运行路线上的各个可能路径点,从而得到了规划空间的多路径点链接图描述。基于这种对规划空间的链接图建模描述,开发了一种混合遗传算法用于寻找多个机器人的无碰撞协调运动路线。仿真结果表明,这种方法可有效地解决复杂规划空间下的多机器人路径规划问题。     

一种检测机场跑道辅助飞机着陆的系统设计

跑道作为机场的关键设施,是飞机着陆和减速滑行的区域,通过视觉定位方法计算飞机相对跑道的位置,可以作为辅助飞机快速平稳着陆的一种思路。视觉传感器所需成本较低,对安装环境要求不高,本文旨在设计一个仅靠视觉传感器对飞机进行定位的辅助着陆系统,运用目标检测和视觉定位两个模型,计算飞机相对跑道的位置。首先搭建出等比例微缩的机场跑道模型,视觉传感器产生运动模拟飞机飞行路径,目标检测模型通过机载视觉传感器获取的图像识别出跑道区域,随后视觉定位模型提取图像中跑道区域特征点,计算飞机相对跑道的位置。分别对目标检测和视觉定位两部分的实现原理及难点进行阐述,尝试将目标检测和视觉定位结合起来实现飞机降落时的定位,描述辅助着陆系统设计的整体思路。     

Analysis of Local Slopes at the InSight Landing Site on Mars

To evaluate the topography of the surface within the InSight candidate landing ellipses, we generated Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) at lander scales and those appropriate for entry, descent, and landing simulations, along with orthoimages of both images in each stereopair, and adirectional slope images. These products were used to assess the distribution of slopes for each candidate ellipse and terrain type in the landing site region, paying particular attention to how these slopes impact InSight landing and engineering safety, and results are reported here. Overall, this region has extremely low slopes at 1-meter baseline scales and meets the safety constraints of the InSight lander. The majority of the landing ellipse has a mean slope at 1-meter baselines of 3.2°. In addition, a mosaic of HRSC, CTX, and HiRISE DTMs within the final landing ellipse (ellipse 9) was generated to support entry, descent, and landing simulations and evaluations. Several methods were tested to generate this mosaic and the NASA Ames Stereo Pipeline program dem_mosaic produced the best results. For the HRSC-CTX-HiRISE DTM mosaic, more than 99 % of the mosaic has slopes less than 15°, and the introduction of artificially high slopes along image seams was minimized.     

Three R's of radar: recollections, remonstrances, and ruminations

The author describes his experiences in the early days in radar, working on a radar landing system called ground control approach (GCA). He discusses for the disparity between the short time from conception to worldwide deployment of that system and today's 10- to 15-year cycle, as well as GCA's high (100%) availability, and identifies the factors responsible. The author goes on to argue that the radar community has a history of overselling what radar can do. He forecasts future trends and concludes with a few things he has learned over the years     

飞机起落架全方位移动装配机器人设计与研究

起落架作为支撑飞机重量、吸收撞击能量的重要部件,在装配和试验过程中面临着装配空间狭小、装配精度高等特殊要求,急需研制一款具备可移动、多自由度调节功能的柔性装配平台。通过对起落架装配需求进行分析,设计出基于Mecanum轮的全方位移动和基于3–RPS的并联机构组成的6自由度装配机器人,详细介绍了装配机器人的结构组成、控制方法,对机器人运动学特性进行分析获得运动学模型,并进行运动学参数设置及精度分析。通过对起落架装配机器人精度测试以及实物装配,验证该机器人的功能和性能满足使用要求。     

先进舰载战斗机强度设计技术发展与实践

舰载战斗机是航空母舰上的主要武器,为满足舰面起飞、着舰和停放等要求,舰载机需围绕起落架系统、拦阻钩系统和翼面折叠系统等"特征结构"进行设计。先进舰载战斗机着舰冲击能量是陆基飞机的6倍以上、拦阻带来的水平载荷超过陆基飞机的15倍,因此特征结构的高载荷对强度设计提出了更高的要求。围绕舰载机"特征结构"及"特征载荷",开展了主要的设计工作,包括："特征载荷"计算,即起落架载荷、拦阻载荷和折叠载荷计算;"特征结构"的强度设计及试验验证,包括起落架系统、拦阻系统、翼面折叠系统的动力学仿真计算、静/疲强度分析、折叠翼面的非线性颤振分析以及综合试验验证;"特征载荷"对其他机体结构强度的影响分析,包括着舰载荷对起落架支撑结构强度的影响、拦阻载荷对后机身支撑结构强度的影响、拦阻着舰的全机动力学响应以及着舰载荷与拦阻载荷的共同作用对全机结构强度的影响;体现舰载机"特征结构"强度特点的试验验证方法等。上述研究成果已成功应用于先进舰载战斗机设计中。     

Mars Science Laboratory Mission and Science Investigation

Scheduled to land in August of 2012, the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mission was initiated to explore the habitability of Mars. This includes both modern environments as well as ancient environments recorded by the stratigraphic rock record preserved at the Gale crater landing site. The Curiosity rover has a designed lifetime of at least one Mars year (～23?months), and drive capability of at least 20?km. Curiosity’s science payload was specifically assembled to assess habitability and includes a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer and gas analyzer that will search for organic carbon in rocks, regolith fines, and the atmosphere (SAM instrument); an x-ray diffractometer that will determine mineralogical diversity (CheMin instrument); focusable cameras that can image landscapes and rock/regolith textures in natural color (MAHLI, MARDI, and Mastcam instruments); an alpha-particle x-ray spectrometer for in situ determination of rock and soil chemistry (APXS instrument); a?laser-induced breakdown spectrometer to remotely sense the chemical composition of rocks and minerals (ChemCam instrument); an active neutron spectrometer designed to search for water in rocks/regolith (DAN instrument); a weather station to measure modern-day environmental variables (REMS instrument); and a sensor designed for continuous monitoring of background solar and cosmic radiation (RAD instrument). The various payload elements will work together to detect and study potential sampling targets with remote and in situ measurements; to acquire samples of rock, soil, and atmosphere and analyze them in onboard analytical instruments; and to observe the environment around the rover. The 155-km diameter Gale crater was chosen as Curiosity’s field site based on several attributes: an interior mountain of ancient flat-lying strata extending almost 5?km above the elevation of the landing site; the lower few hundred meters of the mountain show a progression with relative age from clay-bearing to sulfate-bearing strata, separated by an unconformity from overlying likely anhydrous strata; the landing ellipse is characterized by a mixture of alluvial fan and high thermal inertia/high albedo stratified deposits; and a number of stratigraphically/geomorphically distinct fluvial features. Samples of the crater wall and rim rock, and more recent to currently active surface materials also may be studied. Gale has a well-defined regional context and strong evidence for a progression through multiple potentially habitable environments. These environments are represented by a stratigraphic record of extraordinary extent, and insure preservation of a rich record of the environmental history of early Mars. The interior mountain of Gale Crater has been informally designated at Mount Sharp, in honor of the pioneering planetary scientist Robert Sharp. The major subsystems of the MSL Project consist of a single rover (with science payload), a Multi-Mission Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator, an Earth-Mars cruise stage, an entry, descent, and landing system, a launch vehicle, and the mission operations and ground data systems. The primary communication path for downlink is relay through the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. The primary path for uplink to the rover is Direct-from-Earth. The secondary paths for downlink are Direct-to-Earth and relay through the Mars Odyssey orbiter. Curiosity is a scaled version of the 6-wheel drive, 4-wheel steering, rocker bogie system from the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) Spirit and Opportunity and the Mars Pathfinder Sojourner. Like Spirit and Opportunity, Curiosity offers three primary modes of navigation: blind-drive, visual odometry, and visual odometry with hazard avoidance. Creation of terrain maps based on HiRISE (High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment) and other remote sensing data were used to conduct simulated driving with Curiosity in these various modes, and allowed selection of the Gale crater landing site which requires climbing the base of a mountain to achieve its primary science goals. The Sample Acquisition, Processing, and Handling (SA/SPaH) subsystem is responsible for the acquisition of rock and soil samples from the Martian surface and the processing of these samples into fine particles that are then distributed to the analytical science instruments. The SA/SPaH subsystem is also responsible for the placement of the two contact instruments (APXS, MAHLI) on rock and soil targets. SA/SPaH consists of a robotic arm and turret-mounted devices on the end of the arm, which include a drill, brush, soil scoop, sample processing device, and the mechanical and electrical interfaces to the two contact science instruments. SA/SPaH also includes drill bit boxes, the organic check material, and an observation tray, which are all mounted on the front of the rover, and inlet cover mechanisms that are placed over the SAM and CheMin solid sample inlet tubes on the rover top deck.     

起落架结构系统失效分析方法研究

讨论结构系统失效分析方法。以某机起落架结构系统为例进行可靠性分析,给出了:可靠度函数R(t)、失效概率函数F(t)、失效概率密度函数f(t)和失效率λ(t)曲线,并计算寿命期内的可靠度。     

飞机自动进近和自动着陆的分析研究

本文首先概述了当前民航客机的自动导航、进近、着陆的全过程。随着重点分析了波音737飞机利用SP-77自动飞行控制系统与仪表着陆系然的航向信标仪和下滑仪及机载无线电高度表等设备实现向跑道自动进近和自动着陆的工作过程,并系统介绍了在实现上述过程中,SP-77自动飞行控制系统的自动驾驶仪横滚通道和俯仰通道控制逻辑的建立,系统工作电路的转换,系统的控制规律和工作特点。