高超声速锥模型及其尾迹电磁散射实验研究

介绍了利用X、Ka波段雷达系统在中国空气动力研究与发展中心超高速所弹道靶上开展了金属锥模型和开槽锥模型及其尾迹的电磁散射截面积（RCS）实验研究,模型底部直径12mm、半锥角和头部半径分别为12.5°和1.0金属锥模型速度大于6km/s,飞行环境压力为6.8kPa;开槽锥模型速度5.4km/s,飞行环境压力7.5kPa,雷达测量方式为X波段单站,Ka波段单站。实验结果表明：在等离子体绕流场包覆模型时,获得的锥模型单站X波段RCS、单站Ka波段RCS的实验结果与数值计算结果较为吻合;锥模型的单站后向电磁散射主要集中在模型头身部区域,尾迹散射相对较小。     

球面收敛调节片喷管RCS数值模拟研究

结合物理光学迭代法(IPO)和等效棱边电磁流法(EEC),自主开发了电大尺寸腔体电磁散射特性计算程序,并通过对某试验模型雷达散射截面积(RCS)进行计算,完成了程序的可靠性验证。利用该程序对带有电磁信号遮挡板且采用3种不同尾缘修形技术的球面收敛调节片矢量喷管(SCFN)进行了RCS数值模拟研究。结果表明:随着入射方位角的增大,喷管的RCS整体上有减小的趋势;喷管尾缘的修形只有在雷达波以较大方位角入射时对减小RCS效果明显;电磁信号遮挡板的存在很大程度上减弱了喷管的电磁信号特征。     

湍流等离子体尾迹雷达散射截面的计算及其影响因素分析

针对一阶畸变波Born近似模型,深入分析了湍流内外尺度和电子数密度脉动值对雷达散射截面的影响,并且给出了关于湍流外尺度的一个经验的,能被工程上较好使用的公式.在以上分析的基础上,计算了几种高程条件下再入小钝头锥体等离子尾迹的雷达散射截面,与已有实验结果进行了对比分析.分析和计算结果表明,湍流的外尺度和局部电子数密度值对雷达散射截面值影响较大;湍流内尺度变化的影响不大.     

底部形状对钝锥体模型气动与电磁散射性能的影响

开展了飞行器气动与隐身综合特性数值研究。分别利用时域有限差分法和数值求解N—S方程的方法对飞行器的电磁散射与气动特性进行了数值模拟,研究了钝锥体模型底部形状对其雷达散射截面（RCS）和零升阻力的影响。由数值计算结果可知：合理地改变钝锥体模型底部形状,可以降低模型的RCS。并且,随着椭球体轴的长度或锥体高度的增加,模型的RCS逐渐减小。当飞行马赫数为5．0,高度为20km时,底部形状为椭球体或锥体的模型,随着椭球体轴的长度或锥体高度的增加,模型的零升阻力略有下降。     

新型等离子体激励器的数值模拟

为了对新型多电极对等离子体激励器进行可靠的数值模拟,通过求解带有体积力源项的Navier—Stokes方程,模拟单电极对等离子体激励器在二维不可压流中对周围流场的影响,计算结果表明所使用唯象模型的参数基本正确。在此基础上,改进原有模型,对新型双极性等离子体激励器诱导流动进行计算。通过与实验结果的对比,发现改进后的模型能较好地模拟新型双极性等离子体激励器的控制作用,可为今后新型等离子体激励器的应用提供可靠的数值模拟方法。     

受DBD等离子体控制的低速流动数值模拟方法研究

基于正离子、电子和氧负离子的三组分空气DBD等离子体动力学模型和流体动力学方程,利用有限体积方法处理控制方程空间项,采用双时间步方法模拟非定常过程,对DBD空气等离子体动力学模型方程和流体动力学方程松耦合求解,数值模拟了高压交流电源激励的低速空气等离子体流动过程。仔细研究了一个周期中真实时间步长对模拟DBD等离子体形成过程的影响,给出了等离子体的形成历程以及等离子体对低速翼型边界层流动的影响,结果在定性上是合理的。     

再入弹头非平衡尾迹的回波特性分析

本文利用文[1]方法计算了纯空气非平衡再入弹头尾迹流场,分析了尾迹等离子体场对雷达波的频响效应,并进一步估算了几种高程条件下的雷达散射截面,说明影响截面大小和分布的几个重要因素。分析和计算表明,以物体底部直径和环境参数表征的雷诺数达到转捩值以后,在完全湍流尾迹中可能出现散射截面的突增现象。     

翼面隐身结构电磁散射特性的数值模拟

隐身结构是指由蒙皮和多种内部材料组成的、能满足承载要求、并能明显降低雷达散射截面的结构。针对某无人侦察机隐身性能的要求,设计出两种低成本的翼面隐身结构方案。但由于隐身结构由多种媒质构成,其雷达散射截面(RCS)的计算和分析是个难题。应用时域有限差分法(FD-TD法)建立隐身结构电磁散射的数值模型,对两种低成本的翼面隐身结构方案的RCS进行了计算和比较分析。数值模拟结果表明,两种翼面隐身结构方案能有效降低翼面的RCS,并且翼面前、后缘和梁腹板之间填充的含有石墨的发泡聚苯乙烯对RCS值有很大影响。这一结论对隐身结构的优化设计具有指导意义。     

舰艇雷达散射截面的计算公式

通过引入雷达散射截面的概念,采用物理光学积分、几何建模等电磁散射方法,给出舰艇目标有效散射截面的精确计算模型;介绍了舰艇有效散射截面的经验估算公式并提出了修正方法;基于实际测量数据与理论计算结果的比较分析,对算法的可信度和工程应用价值给出了评价。     

等离子体对GPS信号载噪比的影响

飞行器再入过程产生等离子体,等离子体中电子密度的变化对电磁波信号造成幅度衰减和相位偏移,严重时导致通信中断。理论分析了等离子体对GPS信号载噪比的影响;利用实验室环境下的等离子体模拟装置,设计了GPS二键相控(BPSK)调制信号透过等离子体的地面模拟方案,进行了等离子体对GPS接收机性能影响的实验研究,获得了不同电子密度下的衰减和导航信号载噪比的数据。实验结果与理论分析一致,不仅证明了等离子体下衰减与导航信号载噪比的变化是一致的结论,而且验证了实验方法的有效性。     

介质涂覆位置对球面收敛喷管电磁散射特性影响

外形设计和隐身材料使用是缩减目标雷达散射截面积(RCS)的两种常用方法。为了研究雷达吸波材料(RAM)对于球面收敛矢量喷管(SCFN)的RCS减缩效果,采用引入阻抗边界条件后的迭代物理光学(IPO)法,研究了球面收敛二元喷管及8种吸波材料涂覆方案的电磁散射特性,并获得了X波段下9种模型的后向RCS随探测角度的变化规律。研究结果表明:吸波材料涂覆可以有效地缩减球面收敛喷管的RCS;合理的涂覆方案可以在保证RCS缩减效果的基础上,降低吸波材料的使用量;相比全涂覆方案,仅在喷管出口和球面段进行涂覆,可以在吸波材料减少30%使用量的情况下,达到全涂覆方案80%的缩减效果。     

导体与非导体介质翼型的缩比模型RCS数值计算分析

应用二维电磁散射有限元算法理论考虑了几组导体和非导体介质翼型的缩比计算模型,计算出缩比模型的RCS并与1:1模型进行对比.结果显示,导体翼型的缩比模型RCS计算结果与推及的二维导体外形缩比模型测量定律完全符合;非导体翼型的缩比模型在等效阻抗增大时,按缩比测量定律计算的RCS与1:1模型间的相对误差越来越大,但在等效阻抗小于0.5时缩比定律是有效的.     

Distributions of Radar Angels

A foremost characteristic of large dot radar angels is the wide variation of basic parameter values which they exhibit. This variation is traceable to the nature of the underlying phenomena, i.e., birds and flocks of birds. In this paper, statistical distribution models for the mean radar cross section (RCS) and density of radar angels are obtained, based on a combination of radar and direct ornithological data. The radar cross-section distribution model has been derived from a dimensionless RCS versus wavelength model for individual birds, obtained from measured RCS data which have been scaled to a dimensionless form. This model is applied to ornithological data on populations of birds. The density distribution model is based on statistical reduction of migratory bird data obtained by Lowery's moon watching experiment, and observed seasonal and diurnal variations of radar angel activity. Both resulting distribution models are closely appproximated by the log-normal distribution. The model parameters for these distributions are given.     

基于部件分解法的运载火箭RCS仿真计算方法

为估算运载火箭的RCS（Radar Cross Section,雷达散射截面积）,采用部件分解法对运载火箭进行电磁散射几何建模,根据飞行过程中运载火箭和雷达的几何关系建立雷达照射目标视线角的计算模型,并运用高频散射理论提出运载火箭RCS的仿真计算方法;最后,对运载火箭的静态RCS和动态RCS进行仿真计算与分析.结果表明：对运载火箭电磁散射几何建模合理可行,提出的火箭RCS计算方法可以满足工程应用需要.采用该方法仅修改几何建模中的模型结构和部分尺寸参数即可方便计算不同型号运载火箭的RCS特性,可以为航天测控雷达系统设计和布站优化提供依据.     

有限姿控能力的低RCS微小卫星姿态实时规划

 为提高在轨微小卫星使用效能及生存能力,提出一种受姿控能源消耗及驱动能力约束的低雷达散射截面（RCS）微小卫星姿态实时规划算法。算法应用曲面像素法、时域有限差分法及假设检验,在三维空间内对微小卫星的RCS及雷达探测水平进行建模,并结合雷达分布模型构建了相应的威胁评估函数及规划代价评估函数。同时,为提高算法的实时性能,采用了粒子群优化(PSO)算法以降低计算复杂度。仿真结果表明,在有限计算量的基础上,算法能够以较小规划代价有效降低卫星威胁方向的RCS及雷达探测概率,满足对微小卫星飞行姿态实时规划的需要。     

Multi-frequency RCS Reduction Characteristics of Shape Stealth with MLFMA with Improved MMN

Three new control factors are presented for calculating the multipole mode number (MMN) efficiently and precisely. The effects of these control factors on the number of integral samples and the precision of multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) are investigated. A new approach based on control factors which is proven to be able to improve the computational efficiency and reduce the needed memory significantly as well as ensuring the proper precision. For three aircraft models, the improved MLFMA is employed to analyze their multi-frequency scattering characteristics. It is found that aircraft shape can influence radar cross section (RCS) in different frequency zones. Both the multi-frequency RCS reduction characteristics of shape stealth aircraft and the conventional aircraft with stealth design taken into account are investigated, and the results show that shape stealth exhibits significant RCS reduction in the resonance and high-frequency zones, and with a weaker influence in the Rayleigh zone. Compared with radar absorbing material (RAM), shape stealth yields a wider multi-frequency RCS reduction. The above-mentioned results can be applied to stealth design for multiple frequencies or even for all frequencies.     

Comparison of Two Target Classification Techniques

It has been shown that radar returns in the resonance region carry information regarding the overall dimensions and shape of targets. Two radar target classification techniques developed to utilize such returns are discussed. Both of these techniques utilize resonance region backscatter measurements of the radar cross section (RCS) and the intrinsic target backscattered phase. A target catalog used for testing the techniques was generated from measurements of the RCS of scale models of modern aircraft and naval ships using a radar range at The Ohio State University. To test the classification technique, targets had their RCS and phase taken from the data base and corrupted by errors to simulate full-scale propagation path and processing distortion. Several classification methods were then used to determine how well the corrupted measurements fit the measurement target signatures in the catalog. The first technique uses nearest neighbor (NN) algorithms on the RCS magnitude and (range corrected) phase at a number (e.g., 2, 4, or 8) of operating frequencies. The second technique uses an inverse Fourier transformation of the complex multifrequency radar returns to the time domain followed by cross correlation. Comparisons are made of the performance of the two techniques as a function of signal-to-error noise power ratio for various processing options.     

A Real-Time Statistical Radar Target Model

Radar glint arises from the spatial phase perturbations of the radar signal echoed from a complex target. The glint phenomenon is closely related to the target radar cross section (RCS). This relationship plays a significant part in modern missile seeker signal processing. We present a statistical glint/RCS target model for realtime simulation of target signatures. Particular emphasis is placed upon the modeling and simulation of the appropriate glint/RCS statistical dependency. The fundamental approximation of locating uniformly distributed scatterers around the instantaneous radar centroid employed in the Delano-Gubonin [1, 2, 3] model is removed. A key result which follows from this representation is that the mean glint estimator is unbiased. This enables the estimation of model parameters from the first-order glint and RCS statistics which can easily be computed from measured data. A method of estimating model parameters is presented, and the results are applied to data from a typical combat aircraft target. It is shown that the Delano-Gubonin results are a special case of the results presented here. The 14.6 percent probability of glint falling beyond the target extent as derived by Delano [1] is not true in general. It is further shown that glint and RCS are uncorrelated but are statistically dependent. A Monte-Carlo simulation is performed to verify the assumptions made and to demonstrate the feasibility of the working models.     

低RCS飞行器表面弱散射源研究

飞行器表面不同宽度缝隙、不同高度台阶、不同结构形式对缝（主要包括横向对缝、锯齿对缝两种）等弱散射源对前方雷达截面（RCS）有着比较重要的影响,为了说明控制弱散射源的重要性,介绍了常规飞行器表面结构的缝隙、台阶等弱散射源的分布情况及特点,采用理论方法分析了缝隙的雷达后向散射强度,设计了低RCS载体和实验模型,开展了不同宽度缝隙、不同高度台阶、不同结构形式对缝的RCS实验。结果表明：减小缝隙宽度、台阶高度,采用锯齿缝隙代替直缝隙等方法,是控制隐身飞行器表面电磁缺陷的有效技术途径。