On the Limitations of Random Sensor Placement for Distributed Signal Detection

We consider the design of a sensor network for detecting an emitter which if present is known to be located in an interval but whose exact position is unknown. We seek to minimize the total system power consumption subject to detection performance constrains by carefully choosing the thresholds and positions of the sensors. Toward this goal, we propose an iterative algorithm for the optimization problem. Numerical results are given to provide insights into the design of such networks. We show that random sensor placement can perform poorly, in contrast to what many currently believe.     

基于小波变换的雷达测量数据的随机误差分析

小波变换是各领域科学研究必备的有力工具。本文介绍了小波变换的理论知识,具体讨论它在雷达测量数据随机误差分析中的应用,包括小波变换去噪的原理和过程,使用改进MAD方法计算随机误差方差。仿真结果表明,小波变换简单有效,在实践中具有应用价值。     

Distributed Array Radar

Distributed array radar (DAR) is a concept for efficiently accomplishing surveillance and tracking using coherently internetted mini-radars. They form a long baseline, very thinned array and are capable of very accurate location of targets. This paper describes the DAR concept. Factors involving two-way effective gain patterns for deterministic and random DAR arrays are analyzed and discussed. An analysis of factors affecting signal-to-noise ratio is presented and key technical and performance issues are briefly summarized.     

Lens-Effect Loss for Distributed Targets

The atmosphere, acting like a lens, causes a small loss in radarsignal strength [1]. Unlike atmospheric absorption [2], the lenseffect loss is different for distributed targets versus point targets.For a distributed target uniformly filling the radar beam, the lens effect loss (in decibels) is one-half the lens-effect loss for point targets.     

Estimation of Velocity Moments of Radar Targets

The Doppler-velocity spectrum of a coherent burst of radar pulses after reflection from the wake of a reentry body is considered. Time-domain estimators of the mean-wake velocity and velocity spread in a particular range cell are given in terms of the echo of a coherent N-pulse burst. These formulas yield values equivalent to common frequency-domain estimators, but, for short bursts (N < 50), are computationally faster than their frequency-domain counterparts.     

Radar Detection of Correlated Targets in Clutter

This paper provides general models of radar echoes from a target. The rationale of the approach is to consider the echoes as the output of a linear dynamic system driven by white Gaussian noise (WGN). Two models can be conceived to generate N target returns: samples generated as a batch, or sequentially generated one by one. The models allow the accommodation of any correlation between pulses and nonstationary behavior of the target. The problem of deriving the optimum receiver structure is next considered. The theory of "estimator-correlator" receiver is applied to the case of a Gaussian-distributed time-correlated target embedded in clutter and thermal noise. Two equivalent detection schemes are obtained (i. e., the batch detector and the recursive detector) which are related to the above mentioned procedures of generating radar echoes. A combined analytic-numeric method has been conceived to obtain a set of original detection curves related to operational cases of interest. Finally, an adaptive implementation of the proposed processor is suggested, especially with reference to the problem of on-line estimation of the clutter covariance matrix and of the CFAR threshold. In both cases detection loss due to adaptation has been evaluated by means of a Monte Carlo simulation approach. In summary, the original contributions of the paper lie in the mathematical formulation of a powerful model for radar echoes and in the derivation of a large set of detection curves.     

Track Initiation of Occasionally Unresolved Radar Targets

In a dense detection environment track-while-scan algorithms will introduce many false tracks when processing is performed on a scan-by-scan basis. The maximum likelihood solution involving all detections on all scans is formulated and evaluated for the initiation problem consisting of false alarms, missed detections, and unresolved detections. A comparison is made between the maximum likelihood solutions including and not including the resolution likelihood and it is shown that the resolution likelihood must be included if the data contain unresolved detections. While the maximum likelihood method (with unresolved detections) does not appear to be implementable in real time without very high speed integrated circuit (VHSIC) technology, it can be used as a standard to which more implementable methods can be compared.     

Frequency-Agile Radar Signal Processing

Modern radars may incorporate pulse-to-pulse carrier frequency modulation to increase probability of detection, to reduce Vulnerability to jamming, and to reduce probability of interception. However, if coherent processing is used for clutter rejection, the frequency of N consecutive pulses must be held constant for N-pulse clutter cancellation or Doppler filtering. If M pulses are transmitted during the time the antenna illuminates a target, there are M/N coherently integrated echoes available for noncoherent integration in the computer or the operator's display to further improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, analytical and simulation methods are employed to determine the balance between coherent and noncoherent integration that yields the greatest SNR improvement. Attention is focused upon a model using peak selection of fast Fourier transform (FFT) Doppler channels and is compared to a reference model involving only a single Doppler channel. Curves of detectable SNR as a function of M and N are presented for both models.     

Synthetic Aperture Imaging Radar and Moving Targets

This paper considers the effects of slowly moving targets as they appear in the output of an airborne coherent side-looking synthetic aperture imaging radar. The image of a moving reflector is described, and two approaches to airborne moving target indication (AMTI) are summarized. It is shown that the effects of target movement are decreased as the radar scan rate is increased, and are increased as the (Doppler processed) compression ratio is increased.     

Maximum-Likelihood Detection of Unresolved Radar Targets and Multipath

Interference in the form of multipath or uncooperative targets can seriously degrade the angle-of-arrival estimation accuracy of mutiplebeam processors. In this paper, the generalized likelihood ratio test is used to derive a test to detect the presence of interference for multiple beam processors. The detector performance is then analyzed in detail with respect to its dependence on signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), signal-to-interference ration (SIR), and on the relative phase between the target and interfering signals. It is shown that good detection performance can be obtained unless the phase difference between the target and interference signals is either in or out of phase.     

Angular Tracking of Two Closely Spaced Radar Targets

Bounds on the accuracy of unbiased estimates of the angular coordinates of a target, in the presence of a nearby interfering target, have previously been determined. These bounds allow for the angular resolution of two CW targets to an extent limited only by the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). An SNR of 40 dB will allow two targets to be resolved at less than one-fifth beamwidth (?/2 X) separation, for most values of target relative phase angles. The maximum-likelihood estimator for this problem, based on the outputs of a plane circular array of receiving elements, is found and simplified. An analog realization of the two-target maximum-likeli-hood processor is presented. This realization has the simple form of two single-target trackers each tracking one of the targets, linked by a decoupling network which accounts for the interference produced in each by the presence of a second target, when the targets are separated by less than a beamwidth. Results of an analog-computer simulation of the system are given and discussed. Finally an application to the finite-size single-target problem is given.     

Detection Statistics for Laser Radar in Atmospheric Turbulence with Fluctuating Targets

The probability of detection and false-alarm rates are developed for laser radar systems perturbed by background radiation, fluctuating targets, and atmospheric turbulence. In particular, some results on the decibel loss due to atmospheric turbulence are presented.     

一种带随机偏差的分布式信息融合滤波算法

在通信、计算机、信号处理、自动控制中,对于带有未知的干扰和偏差的随机系统的状态估计已经广泛出现。在现实环境中,不同的传感器可能受到不同的干扰影响。研究随机系统的状态估计问题在实际应用中具有重要的意义。对带有随机偏差的线性随机系统,将系统转换为多模型结构的特殊情况。利用最小方差的最优加权融合估计算法,获得了分布式信息融合滤波算法。通过仿真可以看出,分布式信息融合算法要比局部估计算法具有更高的精度,算法具有分布式结构,这使其具有更好的鲁棒性和可靠性。     

Probability Density of the Maximum Likelihood Elevation Estimate of Radar Targets

The probability density of the maximum likelihood estimate of elevation angle of a radar target in the presence of multipath is calculated. For detectable signals that have low signal-to-noise ratios, the density is a mixture of a Gaussian density and a delta function at the horizon.     

MIMO雷达的信号处理方法研究

在对多输入多输出（MIMO）雷达原理分析的基础上,研究了MIMO雷达的信号处理方法,并给出了两种信号处理实现方法。理论分析和公式推导表明,这两种信号处理实现方法具有相同的输出结果,计算机仿真结果也表明了结论的正确性。另外还对这两种实现方法的运算量进行了分析和比较。     

Quantization and Saturation Noise Due to Analog-to-Digital Conversion of Radar Returns from Targets with Log-Normal Radar Cross-Section Distributions

An analysis of the saturation and quantization noise generated by analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion of radar returns from targets with log-normal radar cross sections is presented. The results of the analysis show that the high-cross-section tails of the log-normal distribution require higher saturation levels to be set in the A/D converter. The setting of the higher saturation level in the converter results in an increase in quantization noise. Thus the minimum achievable distortion in the output of the A/D converter signal is considerably higher than that for radar targets if their radar cross section had an exponential power distribution.     

Measurement of Closely Spaced Point Targets

An algorithm for the measurement of closely spaced point targets is developed. The underlying concept is the method of moment estimation, in both the time and frequency domains. It is shown that Baum's algorithm is a special case of the results presented. The estimation techniques described herein do not assume that the separation of the point targets is greater than the waveform resolution. As a result, the distance between the point targets could be measured well below the Rayleigh limit. Since the results presented are based on the use of a single-pulse record, the outlined methodology is particularly suitable for real-time signal processing. Digital simulation is performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the working models.     

Tracking Performance of a Monopulse Radar in the Presence of Multiple Targets

The equations derived by A. J. Rainal for the probability density function of the angle error output of a monopulse radar excited by a Gaussian signal and Gaussian thermal noise are generalized to include the presence of multiple targets. The examples given demonstrate the radar's behavior for various combinations of target and noise parameters.