核能航空发动机技术方案初探

在对核反应堆、发动机和传热系统进行概要分析的基础上,初步探讨了核能航空发动机的技术方案。经分析认为:基于目前的技术水平,采用高温气冷堆、双回路传热系统的双布雷顿循环核能涡扇发动机相对可行。     

Energy and power

Energy sources for aerospace systems include electrochemicals, mechanical rotation, solar illumination, radioisotopes, and nuclear reactors. Energy is converted to power with engines, turbines, photovoltaics, thermoelectric and thermionic devices, and electrochemical processes. Although some early spacecraft flew with battery power, for longer flights the choice has been either solar or nuclear. Manned spacecraft must have power for the total mission duration including boost into orbit, on-orbit, and subsequent re-entry. Batteries are too heavy for extended manned space missions; tradeoff study alternatives range from radioisotope heated thermionic converters to hyperbolic-fueled engines. Arrays of solar cells are the obvious choice for powering space stations and for other extended-duration missions. This article emphasizes developments for space and airplane power systems. Enabling technologies are described along with significant spin-offs and future systems     

Nonlinear target enhancement for the hostile nuclear environment

A necessary requirement of a strategic defence system is the detection of incoming nuclear warheads in an environment that may include nuclear detonations of undetected or missed target warheads. A computer model which simulates incoming warheads as distant endoatmospheric targets is described. A model of the electromagnetic noise expected in the nuclear environment is developed. Predicted atmospheric effects are also included. The ability of nonlinear image enhancement algorithms to their ability to suppress the noise and atmospheric effects of the nuclear environment is examined. These algorithms are then tested, using the combined target and noise models, and evaluated in terms of noise removal and their ability to resolve closely spaced targets     

在核爆炸冲击波环境中飞行飞机的结构动力响应分析

着重分析在核爆炸冲击波环境中飞机结构动力响应有关问题,推导了动力学基本方程,介绍了飞机在核爆炸冲击波中非定常气动载荷计算方法,给出了结构动力响应分析的思路和计算过程,提出了飞行飞机在核爆炸冲击波作用下总体结构安全边界值的估算方法,并对存在的问题进行了讨论。     

核磁共振陀螺技术发展展望

核磁共振陀螺基于原子操控技术的前沿研究进展,具有高精度、小体积、纯固态、加速度不敏感等综合优势,是未来高精度、微小型陀螺技术的主要发展方向之一。介绍了核磁共振陀螺近年来国内外取得的研究进展,从工作原理出发指出了核磁共振陀螺实现涉及的核自旋极化、核自旋进动检测、核自旋磁共振、磁屏蔽等关键技术,重点分析了核磁共振陀螺向高精度、小型化方向发展需要重点研究的关键技术及其可能的解决思路,最后对核磁共振陀螺技术的未来发展进行了展望。     

国外典型核武器内部氢气气氛分析

核武器密闭空间内部气氛中的氢气对铀材料、钚材料可靠性有长期的影响,将会引起严重的腐蚀失效,导致武器装备战技指标下降,同时也给核武器本身的安全性也带来了隐患。以基于理论模型的假想核武器为研究对象,经分析表明,核武器内部氢气主要来源于铀材料与外界渗漏气体的反应,以及有机材料的老化,这些气体在热应力条件下扩散到核武器密闭空间内部。国外有核国家目前主要采用研制生产时改进加工工艺,控制初始状态;交付后,在核武器内部放置干燥剂、吸氢剂2种措施相结合的方法控制核武器内部的氢气浓度,这些做法对我国武器装备的发展都有一定的借鉴意义。     

飞秒激光及光钟

结合飞秒激光超强、超快、超稳、宽频、广谱、相干的特点,介绍了其相应的技术应用情况：应用超快特性的微观物理、生物、化学、信息、通信等;以超强应用为对象的材料加工、制备、电子对撞加速器、受控核聚变等;以超稳特性应用为对象的光频测量、长距离测量、光钟等,并简介了光钟。     

Performance enhancement using power beaming for electric propulsionEarth orbital transporters

Power requirements for an electric propulsion Earth orbital transport vehicle (EOTV), which can effectively deliver large payloads using much less propellant than chemical transfer methods, are addressed. The power beaming concept is described. Arcjets, magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thrusters, and ion engines are covered. Power supply characteristics are discussed for nuclear, solar and power-beaming systems. Operational characteristics are given for each, as are the effects of the power supply alternative on the overall craft performance. Because of its modular nature, the power beaming can meet the power requirements of all three electric propulsion types. Commonality of approach allows different electric propulsion approaches to be powered by means of a single power supply approach. Power beaming exhibits better flexibility and performance than onboard nuclear or solar power systems     

氰乙基己二胺化合物合成及其组成分析

用丙烯晴和己二胺可合成环环氧树脂固化剂。借助核磁共振（NMR）、红外光谱（IR）、质谱（MS）分析该固化剂组成。结果表明：当己二胺（HMD）、丙烯晴（AN）按摩尔比为1：1反应时，除主要产物氰乙基己二胺外，产物中同时存在二氰乙基己二胺。     

Integration of Large Power Systems into Manned Space Stations

Essential design factors and system characteristics are explored for integration of large power systems into manned space stations. The impact of the type of power system selected upon the space station is outlined, as is the impact of the mission requirements upon the selection of power systems. Criteria for resolving the selection/application/ integration problems are provided. Comparisons between systems are based on recently defined space-station models for 90-day to five-year mission durations in the 1970' s, with four-to nine-man crews. Power systems encompass power levels from 3 to 50 kWe and include solar cell/battery. fuel cell, hybrid fuel cell/solar cell, radioisotope, and nuclear reactor systems. Thermoelectric, Brayton cycle, organic Rankine, and liquid-metal Rankine power conversion systems are considered for the nuclear energy sources. Both rigid and roll-out photovoltaic array configurations are analyzed with respect to the solar energy source.     

放射性计量在航测与核设施安全退役中的保障作用

在区域环境放射性测量中,航测具有特殊的优势,是IAEA推荐的手段.我们经过十余年的研究建立了比较完善的计量标准装置和校准方法,已具备为环境放射性航测提供计量保障的能力.在核设施退役过程中,通过航测全面掌握拟退役核设施及周围地区的放射性辐射现状,为核设施退役的放射性治理在范围和程度上提供了科学有效的数据,可以有效地支持核设施的安全退役.     

Three Mile Island? Lessons for America

The great fear of a nuclear castastrophe is the prime lesson learned from the Three Mile Island accident. This fear is real and creates a major risk to our society. Although the probability of a major release of radioactivity occurring at a given plant in a given year is low, the rapidly increasin number of plants around the world increases the probability that such a catastrophe will occur someplace in the next few years. When a major release does occur, people will demand an end to the use of energy from nuclear power. We are at grave risk in not having an alternative, in not providing a choice in time. The alternatives are clearly defined. But we need to see that the resources are made available to develop them.     

3He原子磁强计技术

~3He原子磁强计利用~3He核自旋的拉莫尔进动测量磁场,具有高精度、小体积等特点,可以满足未来网络化磁异常探测对高性能磁强计的需求。围绕~3He原子磁强计的技术特点,重点介绍了该磁强计的基本工作原理及其硬件组成,分析了其理论灵敏度,给出了该磁强计的国内外研究情况,最后对该磁强计技术的未来发展进行了展望。     

Heavy Elements and Age Determinations

The age of the universe, measured from the Big Bang to the present, is at the focus of cosmology. Its determination relies, however, on the use of stellar objects or their products. Stellar explosions, like type Ia supernovae serve as standard(izable) candles to measure the expansion of the universe. Hertzsprung––Russell diagrams of globular clusters can determine the age of such clusters and thus are lower limits of the age of the galaxy and therefore also the universe. Some nuclear isotopes with half–lives comparable to the age of galaxies (and the universe) can serve as clocks (chronometers) for the duration of nucleosynthesis. The isotopes ²³⁸U and ²³²Th with half–lives of 4.5×10⁹ and 1.4×10¹⁰ yr, decaying via alpha decay chains to Pb isotopes, are well suited to serve this purpose. They are products of the same nucleosynthesis process, the r-process. Therefore, the present paper aims at understanding the necessary environment conditions in the (stellar) production sites, the nuclear physics involved, the observational constraints for r-process nucleosynthesis, the results from nucleocosmochronology, and the remaining challenges and uncertainties which need to be overcome for a full understanding of the nature of the r-process.     

大功率空间核电推进技术研究进展

大功率空间核电推进系统是空间核电源技术和大功率电推进技术的高度融合,具有高能量密度、超高比冲、较大推力的优势,可适用于超大型航天器轨道转移任务、远距离无人深空探测任务、载人火星等大型深空探测任务,能够极大地拓展人类深空探测的能力。本文针对大功率空间核电推进技术,对其工作原理和系统组成进行了介绍,同时开展了关键技术梳理,重点归纳了国内外在技术领域的研究历程和最新进展。     

Energy sources for the world's post-petroleum era

Growth of industry and commerce during the last century have been accompanied by a significant increase in the use of natural gas and petroleum. Today's growing consumption of fuels indicates that, in the next SO years, the world's petroleum resources will be approaching exhaustion. For example, suppose that every family in China had two cars that are driven everyday as far as American family cars are driven today. Then, China would need 80 million barrels of petroleum each day. However, the world's current production of petroleum is only 74 million barrels per day. China's approach to their air-pollution and energy problems is constructing new nuclear power plants plus the 18.2 gigawatt Three Gorges hydro-power-plant. The increasing carbon dioxide content in our atmosphere, and a rising global temperature, accompany the world's growing fuel consumption. Archeological evidence relates the growth and decline of the ice ages to air temperature. Many popular techniques for reducing carbon-dioxide emissions have defects. For example, replacing nuclear power plants with wind-power plants is proposed in Germany. During no-wind conditions, hydropower would be imported from Switzerland. At night, the Swiss would pump, with nuclear power from France, water from the lake back up into the high-elevation storage reservoirs. These and other power-generation technologies are evaluated in this report.     

Power Generation?Some Tasks and Goals

Generating capacity additions planned for the 1970's and beyond include a high percentage of nuclear power plants. The light water reactor is the dominant type of commercial nuclear reactor being installed during the 1970's. Advancement to more efficient designs, such as the high-temperature gas-cooled reactor, is expected around 1980. Prospects for the breeder reactor and fusion energy systems dictate a major research and development effort. Attempts to control effluents from fossil-fired plants have resulted in a sharp increase in the use of low sulfur fuels. Research and development efforts are being intensified in an attempt to obtain a breakthrough in methods of stack emission control.     

Comparative analysis of energy storage media and techniques

Techniques for storing and converting energy from one form to another are examined. The parameters of interest are storage density (in terms of both energy and power), conversion efficiency, and number of steps in the conversion process. The techniques compared are electrostatic, magnetic, inertial, chemical, thermal, and nuclear. Each technique for storage is discussed in terms of the ease with which the energy can be converted to electricity for powering lightweight compact power systems for a variety of uses. The storage density associated with the various mechanisms spans an enormous range (~0.5 MJ/kg to ~10⁵ MJ/kg). The impact upon time-to-refuel within the context of mobile tactical army applications is discussed     

SERF陀螺仪研究进展及关键技术

SERF(Spin Exchange Relaxation Free)陀螺仪利用电子自旋在惯性空间的定轴性敏感载体转动信息,具有超高精度、小体积的特点,已成为国内外惯性技术领域的研究热点之一.本文介绍了SERF陀螺仅的基本原理,回顾了SERF陀螺仪的国内外发展历程,指出SERF陀螺仪发展需要解决原子气室抗弛豫、核自旋磁场补偿闭环和高精度的信号检测三个关键技术,并展望了SERF陀螺仪在未来潜在的应用前景.     

Third world radiation threats to satellites

The era of hardening military satellites against nuclear events, lasers, and high-power microwaves, appears to have come to an end. A case is made here for maintaining rudimentary nuclear, laser, and high-power microwave (HPM) hardening requirements in order to protect against developing third world threats. The third world nuclear threat is well known. Less appreciated is the fact that third world laser and microwave threats have changed radically in the past few years