Exploration and implementation of commonality valuation method in commercial aircraft family design

Commercial aircraft family design can reduce development costs, shorten development cycles, and expand the market coverage of aircraft. Commercial aircraft family development has become one of the most important features of modern aircraft design. This paper explores the effects of commonality on different aircraft models in a commercial aircraft family. The existing product commonality indexes are summarized and their limitations in the application to aircraft design are discussed. Then a new component commonality index is proposed based on the component decomposition structure. A model for calculating the aircraft program value is established,which considers development costs, manufacturing costs, sale price, operation costs and residual costs. The effects of aircraft commonality on time and economic costs of both development and manufacturing, and on sale price, are analyzed and quantified. The commonality evaluation strategy is obtained, which features comprehensive consideration of the aircraft program value and time costs. The break-even analysis of aircraft is proceeded on the basis of costs and price data. By using a real option method, the strategy considers the uncertainty of the aircraft program and the flexibility of the manufacturer. This strategy proves to be rational and applicable to aircraft design based on the calculation of three examples and the analysis of parameter sensitivity.     

飞机生存力评估与综合权衡方法研究

分析了飞机生存力的影响因素,基于每个因素对生存力的影响重要程度提出了评估飞机生存力的权重系数法和综合评估法;并考虑到飞机生存力的提高必须以费用作为代价,提出了一种飞机生存力/寿命周期费用综合权衡方法。飞机生存力评估方法和飞机生存力/寿命周期费用综合权衡方法的提出,将对飞机生存力提高和生存力设计产生积极的影响。     

民用飞机地面漂浮性分析研究及应用

民用飞机地面漂浮性是评估飞机-机场相容性的一个重要指标,其直接影响到飞机设计参数选择以及地面适应性的优劣。在总体概念设计阶段就必须对飞机的漂浮性能进行分析评估,从而选择恰当的飞机参数。对民用飞机在刚性道面和柔性道面上漂浮性分析方法做了简要说明,并针对国际民用航空组织所推广使用的ACN/PCN(飞机分类号/机场分类号)方法进行了详细分析研究,在此基础上,开发出了飞机地面漂浮性分析软件。通过直接输入飞机相关参数可以快速准确地计算出飞机分类号ACN值。可以有效地对飞机地面漂浮性进行评估和优化,从而解决了用手工方式评估飞机地面漂浮性时的繁琐及不准确,并降低了对从事飞机地面漂浮性计算的人员要求。     

Stability characteristics and airworthiness requirements of blended wing body aircraft with podded engines

Blended-Wing-Body(BWB) aircraft have a relatively short fuselage and no horizontal tail, and they usually adopt podded engines and a V tail instead of a vertical tail. Generally,BWB aircraft have decreased longitudinal and directional static stability and damping. In this paper, the three-axis static and dynamic stability characteristics of an example BWB aircraft with podded engines are studied. According to the differences in flight characteristics of BWB aircraft and conventional aircraft, th...     

On the stability of flexible aircraft

The problem of aircraft stability has been a subject of concern since the beginnings of flight. Traditionally, aircraft stability has been treated within the confines of two separate disciplines, namely, flight dynamics and aeroelasticity. Based on some recent developments in the dynamics and control of flexible aircraft, this investigation uses the system concept to provide a broader approach to aircraft stability in an attempt to bridge the gap between stability as understood in flight dynamics and stability as envisioned in aeroelasticity. To this end, stability is studied in the following four cases: 1) dynamics of whole flexible aircraft using the unified formulation, 2) flight dynamics of quasi-rigid aircraft (aircraft treated as rigid), 3) aeroelasticity of flexible components, such as cantilever wing, cantilever horizontal stabilizer, etc., and 4) aeroelasticity of restrained flexible aircraft (aircraft fixed to a point, hence, having no rigid body degrees of freedom). The paper also presents a method to address the stability of flexible aircraft when the compressibility correction factor is known only at some discrete Mach numbers.     

舰载机全机落震试验方法

舰载机全机落震试验是在实验室环境下测试舰载机着舰时结构动态载荷、动态响应以及机载设备冲击环境下功能可靠性的重要试验手段。本文提出了舰载机全机落震试验的试验方法,并对试验过程中机翼升力模拟、试验件下沉速度控制、试验件航向速度模拟及机体动态载荷测试等试验过程中的关键技术问题提出了解决方案,并通过试验对技术方案进行了验证。最后通过全机落震试验系统验证了试验方法的可行性及有效性,为舰载机着舰动态载荷及响应的测试提供了可行的试验方法,并为舰载机研制提供可靠的试验数据。     

面向过程知识重用的飞机设计过程ProA_K模型

针对飞机设计过程的复杂性特点,引入设计过程ProA建模方法,将飞机设计过程知识集成到过程ProA模型中,提出了飞机设计过程ProA_K模型,该模型利用PorA过程模型的遗传性和继承性等特点,实现设计过程知识的重用,提高飞机设计效率。     

平尾积冰对飞机纵向气动参数的影响

建立飞机纵向动力学模型,基于最大似然参数估计原理,设计用于辨识飞机纵向气动参数的辨识系统,并对辨识系统的正确性和精确度进行了验证.以DHC-6飞机飞行试验数据为依据,对未积冰飞机和两种平尾积冰冰型的飞机进行纵向气动参数辨识,通过对比3种情况下飞机纵向气动参数的辨识结果,定量分析了平尾积冰对飞机纵向气动参数的影响.结果表明:平尾积冰将导致飞机纵向气动特性恶化,俯仰阻尼可减小15％,升降舵效率可降低20％,对飞行稳定性、操纵性以及飞行安全构成一定的威胁.     

基于可达集方法的结冰飞机着陆阶段安全风险评估

飞机在着陆过程中极易发生结冰的现象,结冰对飞行安全造成的危害极为严重。结冰导致飞机发生危险的原因是由于机翼或尾翼被冰层覆盖后空气动力学行为发生改变,飞机受力异常难以控制。为分析结冰后飞机的稳定性以保证飞行安全,以飞机纵向动力学系统为分析对象,将飞机结冰后状态的描述以可达集的形式进行,直观地判断飞机状态是否可控,以此确定飞机是否处于安全状态。以求解所得的可达集为基础,利用极值定理分析结冰飞机的风险概率模型,由模型计算不同情况下飞机的风险概率,最终得到飞机着陆阶段的安全风险评估结果,并由评估结果指导驾驶员操纵,从而保证飞机的安全飞行。     

飞机盘旋/转弯机动研究

利用飞机体轴系下的质点系动力学平衡方程和航迹轴系下的质点动力学平衡方程,将飞机的操纵性、定常性与机动性相结合,给出了飞机水平盘旋/转弯机动的分析方法。对某型飞机的分析结果表明,该方法在飞机设计中具有较高的使用价值。     

风雨对飞机飞行安全性的影响

风雨严重影响飞机的飞行安全。基于动量定理建立了一种根据降雨条件、风场特性、飞机特征和飞行状态计算雨滴对飞机产生的撞击力和力矩的方法,研究了风雨对飞机气动特性的影响,进而建立了飞机在风雨中飞行的运动方程。通过引入驾驶员的操纵模型,对飞机在风雨中飞行的运动特性进行了数值仿真研究。仿真结果表明:降雨会使飞机的升力减小,阻力增大,平衡迎角增加,不利于飞机的飞行安全;当降雨过程中伴随有风时,风会改变飞机的飞行迎角,使得飞机更容易出现因失速而造成的飞行事故;降雨时飞机的抗风能力降低。     

飞机维护信息产生逻辑的解析

目前飞机故障诊断领域的研究多从飞机故障数据起始,对飞机故障如何产生和处理少有涉及。若缺乏对源头数据的分析,很难将故障诊断模型与机载故障触发逻辑有效匹配。为此,提出要采取飞机故障诊断模型和机载系统设计思路相吻合的故障诊断模型设计方法,对机载系统的故障产生逻辑和处理方法进行了解析,为下一步故障诊断奠定基础。     

翼身融合布局飞机机体-发动机气动干扰效应

翼身融合（BWB）布局飞机是一种相对较新的飞行器概念,具有商业运输飞机的潜在用途。研究表明,翼身融合布局客机可获得比常规布局客机更好的性能。但是,由于各方面限制,BWB飞机不宜使用传统的机翼安装或机身安装的发动机布局,发动机背部安装成为首选布局。然而,背部安装发动机容易产生激波、分离、进气畸变等空气动力干扰问题,发动机与机身一体化的气动设计已成为BWB飞机发展的关键技术。针对BWB布局飞机的机体和发动机之间的气动干扰进行了数值研究,结果表明,背部安装发动机对BWB布局飞机的全机气动特性和发动机本身的推力性能都会产生较为明显的影响。     

作战飞机的空-地攻击效能评估

用概率方法建立了描述单一飞机在威胁环境中攻击一个地面被动目标的数学模型,导出飞机对地攻击作战的任务成功率、目标被击毁率和飞机损失率等效能的表达式,给出用于效能评估的有关事件发生概率的计算公式,通过计算实例讨论了作战飞机空－地攻击效能的各种度量。     

Structural mass prediction in conceptual design of blended-wing-body aircraft

The Blended-Wing-Body (BWB) is an unconventional configuration of aircraft and considered as a potential configuration for future commercial aircraft. One of the difficulties in conceptual design of a BWB aircraft is structural mass prediction due to its unique structural feature. This paper presents a structural mass prediction method for conceptual design of BWB aircraft using a structure analysis and optimization method combined with empirical calibrations. The total BWB structural mass is divided into the ideal load-carrying structural mass, non-ideal mass, and secondary structural mass. Structural finite element analysis and optimization are used to predict the ideal primary structural mass, while the non-ideal mass and secondary structural mass are estimated by empirical methods. A BWB commercial aircraft is used to demonstrate the procedure of the BWB structural mass prediction method. The predicted mass of structural components of the BWB aircraft is presented, and the ratios of the structural component mass to the Maximum TakeOff Mass (MTOM) are discussed. It is found that the ratio of the fuselage mass to the MTOM for the BWB aircraft is much higher than that for a conventional commercial aircraft, and the ratio of the wing mass to the MTOM for the BWB aircraft is slightly lower than that for a conventional aircraft.     

基于出动方式的舰载机航空保障调度模型

为了有效解决舰载机航空保障调度问题,分析了舰载机的出动方式;根据不同出动方式下舰载机所需航空保障组织实施方式的不同,在合理假设、适当简化的基础上,建立了两种出动方式下舰载机的航空保障调度模型,为深入研究舰载机航空保障调度问题奠定了基础。     

Broadcasting of a Digitally Coded List of Transponder Equipped Aircraft Scanned by FAA Ground Radars as a Means of Collision Avoidance, Navigation, Air Traffic Structuring, and Airfield Approach

An air traffic control system is proposed in which 1) all aircraft are equipped wit transponders, 2) FAA radar sites broadcast a digitally coded list of the identity, altitude, and coordinates of aircraft scanned, 3) each aircraft on receiving this list converts it into a PPI display with the blip of that aircraft branded and blips of off-altitude aircraft blanked, and 4) superimposed on this display are projected maps of airways appropriate to the particular radar and the aircraft altitude. This system could provide a fairly complete capability for air traffic control, structuring, navigation, and collision avoidance at a cost of about 3000 dollars per aircraft. It would replace most navigational and communication equipment now in use and could be operational in several years.     

基于DATCOM的飞机初步设计

为减少飞机设计过程中的不必要的硬件更改，提出了飞机初步设计阶段基于模型的设计思路。通过一个1/4风笛手J-3幼兽无人机的实例，说明如何通过DATCOM优化一个飞机结构设计、计算出气动特性，并提前分析所选择特定结构外形的飞机起飞着陆等性能，以提前预估所设计的飞机是否能够满足或基本满足设计要求。分析表明，基于模型的设计过程能够在一种快速可重复的模式下进行，能够很好控制飞机设计过程中的成本。     

喷气客机重量、性能和经济性综合评估方法研究

利用现役喷气客机的技术和价格数据,建立了飞机客座数和设计航程要求与飞机最大起飞重量、使用空重、任务用油、飞机售价和直接运行成本之间的函数关系。通过对典型窄体机A320的分析,表明该计算模型具有较高的计算精度,适用于喷气客机初步设计阶段的技术经济方案的快速评估和竞争分析。     

电动通用飞机复合材料结构设计及验证技术

为了设计和制造出重量轻、工艺简单且经济实惠的电动通用飞机,提出了一种新型的复合材料结构设计和验证方法。对飞机的载荷传递进行了理论分析,采用CATIA对飞机结构进行建模,并使用PATRAN/NASTRAN进行了强度计算,根据计算结果,优化了复合材料铺层设计,采用二维图纸的形式快速完成发图。对所采用复合材料的组件和整机进行了一系列的力学试验验证,形成了一套适合轻型飞机的结构快速试验验证方法。根据不同类型零部件的特点采用不同的制造工艺,使生产成本和周期得到有效控制。设计结果、试验数据的有效性和工艺质量的可靠性已经在锐翔RX1E电动双座飞机上得到了证实,该飞机的各项性能满足设计指标要求。