Analysis of conventional and asymmetric aircraft configurations using CEASIOM

One of the main drivers behind the SimSAC project and the CEASIOM software is to bring stability analysis and control system design earlier into the aircraft conceptual design process. Within this paper two very different aircraft are considered, a conventional T-tail based on the existing EA500 Very Light Jet and the second, a novel Z-wing configuration known as the GAV or general aviation vehicle. The first aircraft serves as a baseline comparison for the second, and the cruise case is considered as a benchmark for identifying potential drag reductions and aircraft stability characteristics. CEASIOM, the Computerised Environment for Aircraft Synthesis and Integrated Optimisation Methods, is used to generate aerodynamic data sets for both aircraft, create trim conditions and the associated linear models for classical stability analysis. The open-loop Z-wing configuration is shown to display both highly unstable and coupled modes before a multivariable Stability Augmentation System (SAS) is applied both to decouple and stabilise the aircraft. Within this paper, these two aircraft provide a test case with which to demonstrate the capabilities of the CEASIOM environment and the tools which have been developed during the SimSAC project. This new software suite is shown to allow conceptual development of unconventional novel configurations from mass properties through adaptive-fidelity aerodynamics to linear analysis and control system design.     

Design of a canard configured TransCruiser using CEASIOM

CEASIOM is a multidisciplinary software environment for aircraft design that has been developed as part of the European Framework 6 SimSAC project. It closely integrates discipline-specific tools such as those used for CAD, grid generation, CFD, stability analysis and control system design. The environment allows the user to take an initial design from geometry definition and aerodynamics generation through to full six degrees of freedom simulation and analysis. Key capabilities include variable fidelity aerodynamics tools and aeroelasticity modules. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the potential of CEASIOM by presenting the results of a Design, Simulate and Evaluate (DSE) exercise applied to a novel, project specific, transonic cruiser configuration called the TCR. The baseline TCR configuration is first defined using conventional methods, which is then refined and improved within the CEASIOM software environment. A wind tunnel model of this final configuration was then constructed, tested and used to verify the results generated using CEASIOM.     

From geometry to CFD grids—An automated approach for conceptual design

The CEASIOM software developed in the EU-funded collaborative research project SimSAC generates stability and control data for preliminary aircraft design using different methods of varying fidelity. In order to obtain the aerodynamic derivatives by CFD, the aircraft geometry must be defined, computational meshes generated, and numerical parameters set for the flow solvers. An approach to automation of the process is discussed, involving geometry generation and mesh generation for inviscid as well as RANS flow models.     

Stability analysis using SDSA tool

The SDSA (Simulation and Dynamic Stability Analysis) application is presented as a tool for analysing the dynamic characteristics of the aircraft just in the conceptual design stage. SDSA is part of the CEASIOM (Computerized Environment for Aircraft Synthesis and Integrated Optimization Methods) software environment which was developed within the SimSAC (Simulating Aircraft Stability And Control Characteristics for Use in Conceptual Design) project, funded by the European Commission 6th Framework Program. SDSA can also be used as stand alone software, and integrated with other design and optimisation systems using software wrappers. This paper focuses on the main functionalities of SDSA and presents both computational and free flight experimental results to compare and validate the presented software. Two aircraft are considered, the EADS Ranger 2000 and the Warsaw University designed PW-6 glider. For the two cases considered here the SDSA software is shown to be an excellent tool for predicting dynamic characteristics of an aircraft.     

Modeling and simulating aircraft stability and control—The SimSAC project

This paper overviews the SimSAC Project, Simulating Aircraft Stability And Control Characteristics for Use in Conceptual Design. It reports on the three major tasks: development of design software, validating the software on benchmark tests and applying the software to design exercises. CEASIOM, the Computerized Environment for Aircraft Synthesis and Integrated Optimization Methods, is a framework tool that integrates discipline-specific tools for conceptual design. At this early stage of the design it is very useful to be able to predict the flying and handling qualities of this design. In order to do this, the aerodynamic database needs to be computed for the configuration being studied, which then has to be coupled to the stability and control tools to carry out the analysis. The benchmarks for validation are the F12 windtunnel model of a generic long-range airliner and the TCR windtunnel model of a sonic-cruise passenger transport concept. The design, simulate and evaluate (DSE) exercise demonstrates how the software works as a design tool. The exercise begins with a design specification and uses conventional design methods to prescribe a baseline configuration. Then CEASIOM improves upon this baseline by analyzing its flying and handling qualities. Six such exercises are presented.     

Validation of numerical prediction of dynamic derivatives: The DLR-F12 and the Transcruiser test cases

The dynamic derivatives are widely used in linear aerodynamic models in order to determine the flying qualities of an aircraft: the ability to predict them reliably, quickly and sufficiently early in the design process is vital in order to avoid late and costly component redesigns. This paper describes experimental and computational research dealing with the determination of dynamic derivatives carried out within the FP6 European project SimSAC. Numerical and experimental results are compared for two aircraft configurations: a generic civil transport aircraft, wing-fuselage-tail configuration called the DLR-F12 and a generic Transonic CRuiser, which is a canard configuration. Static and dynamic wind tunnel tests have been carried out for both configurations and are briefly described within this paper. The data generated for both the DLR-F12 and TCR configurations include force and pressure coefficients obtained during small amplitude pitch, roll and yaw oscillations while the data for the TCR configuration also include large amplitude oscillations, in order to investigate the dynamic effects on nonlinear aerodynamic characteristics. In addition, dynamic derivatives have been determined for both configurations with a large panel of tools, from linear aerodynamic (Vortex Lattice Methods) to CFD. This work confirms that an increase in fidelity level enables the dynamic derivatives to be calculated more accurately. Linear aerodynamics tools are shown to give satisfactory results but are very sensitive to the geometry/mesh input data. Although all the quasi-steady CFD approaches give comparable results (robustness) for steady dynamic derivatives, they do not allow the prediction of unsteady components for the dynamic derivatives (angular derivatives with respect to time): this can be done with either a fully unsteady approach i.e. with a time-marching scheme or with frequency domain solvers, both of which provide comparable results for the DLR-F12 test case. As far as the canard configuration is concerned, strong limitations for the linear aerodynamic tools are observed. A key aspect of this work are the acceleration techniques developed for CFD methods, which allow the computational time to be dramatically reduced while providing comparable results.     

分布式非线性气动力模型弹性飞机动力学研究

建立了线性与非线性两种分布式气动力模型,在弹性飞机模型上添加所建立的气动力模型,验证了整个系统的有效性。对所建立的模型进行着陆及突风扰动动力学仿真,对比线性及非线性气动力模型的飞机动力学响应的差异,结果表明非线性气动力模型能够更合理地计算飞机大迎角状态下的气动载荷及动力学响应。     

基于总体布局参数的飞机静稳定性研究

基于飞机初步设计阶段所得到的总体布局参数,建立飞机气动导数数值模型,对亚声速静稳定性进行估算。最后对所建立的数值模型进行算例分析,并与计算流体动力学(CFD)方法所求的气动导数、实际飞行试验数据进行对比,结果表明,基于总体布局参数计算的气动导数方法快速、合理。     

飞机大攻角空间机动气动力建模研究

 准确的气动力模型是大攻角机动仿真与控制等飞行动力学问题研究的基础。针对纵向运动建立的非线性非定常气动力微分方程模型扩展应用于一般空间运动形式,在分析大攻角非定常流动机理和试验数据的基础上,发展了一种多自由度非线性非定常气动力数学模型,并探讨了模型辨识和参数估计问题。用全机构形的大攻角动态风洞试验数据对模型进行的验证表明所发展的气动力模型能够描述大攻角气动力主要的非线性和非定常特性。     

飞机大迎角机动非线性气动力模型的辨识

给出一种基于最大似然辨识的方法,用以分析飞机模型的大迎角大幅强迫简谐振动获得的气动力和力矩数据,在泛函分析和非定常气动力线性理论的基础上,通过合理的简化建立了能够包括气动力动态失速和涡流破裂及显著气动迟滞效应的大线性气动力模型表达式,并应用飞机模型的试验数据验证了该方法的计算结果,实际计算结果表明该非线性气动力模型能够较为精确地计算飞机模型大幅度迎角简谐振动产生的气动力响应。     

面向复杂构型飞机的非定常气动力建模与辨识

不论是现代高机动隐身战斗机的设计需求还是常规布局飞机的飞行动力学分析,深入研究大迎角飞行时的非线性非定常气动力模型都极其重要。基于纵向运动小振幅及大振幅强迫振荡试验数据,分析了常规稳定导数模型的准确性,并从导数模型出发发展了简化涡流和分离流时间迟滞效应的非定常气动力线性模型和非线性模型,最后应用风洞典型机动历程模拟试验验证了模型的有效性。结果表明：对于复杂构型高机动飞机模型,发展并改进的非线性微分方程模型可以准确预测飞机不同机动下的非定常气动力特性,具有较强的工程可行性。     

模型辨识在飞行模拟逼真度方面的应用

介绍了模拟器气动力模型的辨识方法，首先对试飞数据进行预处理，然后采用逐步回归法对气动力模型结构进行了辨识，并对模型的参数进行了优化。某型飞机纵向倍脉冲平尾和横向倍脉冲副翼响应的优化算例结果表明，所提出的方法是可行的。     

FDI飞机舵面损伤故障全局检测的非线性数学模型

阐述了飞机在单舵面损伤故障下 ,建立故障状态下的数学模型 ,以及同样输入条件下飞机正常运动时的数学模型 ,得到飞机在相同飞行条件下损伤时的气动系数和无损伤正常时的气动系数 ,最终得到气动系数的残差。这将为以后飞机过载残差和角加速度残差奠定基础。论文中结合一定的算例给予证实推论的正确性。     

平尾积冰对飞机纵向气动参数的影响

建立飞机纵向动力学模型,基于最大似然参数估计原理,设计用于辨识飞机纵向气动参数的辨识系统,并对辨识系统的正确性和精确度进行了验证.以DHC-6飞机飞行试验数据为依据,对未积冰飞机和两种平尾积冰冰型的飞机进行纵向气动参数辨识,通过对比3种情况下飞机纵向气动参数的辨识结果,定量分析了平尾积冰对飞机纵向气动参数的影响.结果表明:平尾积冰将导致飞机纵向气动特性恶化,俯仰阻尼可减小15％,升降舵效率可降低20％,对飞行稳定性、操纵性以及飞行安全构成一定的威胁.     

三轴式无人旋翼飞行器及自适应飞行控制系统设计

设计了一种操控简便的三轴式无人旋翼飞行器,由三组共轴双旋翼组成,各旋翼由直流电机直接驱动,只需调节各电机转速就能控制旋翼飞行器运动姿态和轨迹。为使三轴式无人旋翼飞行器飞行控制系统设计得到有效验证,研究了旋翼飞行器的飞行动力学非线性建模,运用叶素动量理论建立了共轴双旋翼变转速旋翼载荷计算方法,分析了旋翼入流分布对共轴双旋翼气动载荷模型的影响,通过试验验证了共轴双旋翼气动载荷计算模型的正确性。由于旋翼飞行器飞行动力学模型的非线性及未建模动力学的影响,难于建立非常精确的数学模型,给飞行控制系统设计带来了挑战。本文根据旋翼飞行器飞行动力学非线性模型推导出了旋转动力学模型逆和平移动力学模型逆控制器,利用神经网络在线自适应修正模型逆误差,采用线性PD或PI控制器调节指令跟踪误差,应用由向心回转和垂直上升组合的机动科目进行了仿真验证,给出了具有外界阵风干扰模拟的仿真结果,表明所设计的飞行控制系统具有自适应性和鲁棒性,能实现精确的轨迹跟踪控制。     

颤振边界高效精确预测分析

高效精确地确定多种飞机构型的颤振边界在飞机设计过程中具有重要意义。为了提高计算效率和计算结果的准确性,针对亚声速和跨声速两种马赫数区域,提出分别采用线性和非线性方法进行非定常气动力分析。非线性分析在引入精确的定常气动力的基础上,采用高效率跨声速小扰动方程进行求解;颤振求解统一采用g 法。对大型飞机的梁架—减缩刚度组合模型的空机及三种典型燃油构型进行涵盖飞行包线的全马赫数变高度颤振分析,结果表明：四种构型的颤振边界与颤振试飞边界一致,与其他分析方法相比,效率有明显提高,尤其是对多种飞机构型能够高效地获得准确的颤振边界,即说明本文采用的方法是目前适用于工程上的一种高效精确的预测大型飞机颤振边界的方法。     

CFD-FASTRAN气动热计算模型及网格效应分析

介绍了CFD-FASTRAN软件五种湍流模型。通过B-L湍流模型不同网格气动热计算结果的对比分析,说明近壁面第一层网格间距须保证y＋值处于所选湍流模型要求值范围的1/3左右,才能保证计算结果的准确性。进一步通过直二次圆锥形不同湍流模型计算与试验的对比结果,说明CFD-FASTRAN软件的k-ε及B-L两种模型求解高超声速气动热问题能达到较好的准确性,且B-L模型计算速度快、使用方便,更适宜于整机大型数值计算。     

弧翼飞行器柔性飞行动力学研究

以一种弧翼布局飞行器为背景,介绍了飞行器的特性;建立了线性分布式气动力模型,添加到全机的三维有限元柔性模型上,进行飞行动力学的仿真分析。研究了分布式气动力模型对弧翼布局飞行器的柔性飞行动力学特性造成的影响。通过对不同响应情况下的飞行状态的仿真计算与分析,总结出了采用分布式气动力建模的大展弦比弧翼飞行器的柔性飞行动力学的变化规律。     

基于在高原机场降落的喷气运输机QAR数据的飞行特性分析(英文)

Flight data of a twin-jet transport aircraft in revenue flight are analyzed for potential safety problems.Data from the quick access recorder (QAR) are first filtered through the kinematic compatibilit...