Design of a canard configured TransCruiser using CEASIOM

CEASIOM is a multidisciplinary software environment for aircraft design that has been developed as part of the European Framework 6 SimSAC project. It closely integrates discipline-specific tools such as those used for CAD, grid generation, CFD, stability analysis and control system design. The environment allows the user to take an initial design from geometry definition and aerodynamics generation through to full six degrees of freedom simulation and analysis. Key capabilities include variable fidelity aerodynamics tools and aeroelasticity modules. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the potential of CEASIOM by presenting the results of a Design, Simulate and Evaluate (DSE) exercise applied to a novel, project specific, transonic cruiser configuration called the TCR. The baseline TCR configuration is first defined using conventional methods, which is then refined and improved within the CEASIOM software environment. A wind tunnel model of this final configuration was then constructed, tested and used to verify the results generated using CEASIOM.     

Analysis of conventional and asymmetric aircraft configurations using CEASIOM

One of the main drivers behind the SimSAC project and the CEASIOM software is to bring stability analysis and control system design earlier into the aircraft conceptual design process. Within this paper two very different aircraft are considered, a conventional T-tail based on the existing EA500 Very Light Jet and the second, a novel Z-wing configuration known as the GAV or general aviation vehicle. The first aircraft serves as a baseline comparison for the second, and the cruise case is considered as a benchmark for identifying potential drag reductions and aircraft stability characteristics. CEASIOM, the Computerised Environment for Aircraft Synthesis and Integrated Optimisation Methods, is used to generate aerodynamic data sets for both aircraft, create trim conditions and the associated linear models for classical stability analysis. The open-loop Z-wing configuration is shown to display both highly unstable and coupled modes before a multivariable Stability Augmentation System (SAS) is applied both to decouple and stabilise the aircraft. Within this paper, these two aircraft provide a test case with which to demonstrate the capabilities of the CEASIOM environment and the tools which have been developed during the SimSAC project. This new software suite is shown to allow conceptual development of unconventional novel configurations from mass properties through adaptive-fidelity aerodynamics to linear analysis and control system design.     

Analysis of the Boeing 747-100 using CEASIOM

One of the requirements for the SimSAC project was to use existing aircraft to act as benchmarks for comparison with CEASIOM generated models. Within this paper, results are given for one of these examples, the Boeing 747-100. This aircraft was selected because a complete dataset exists in the open domain, which can be used to validate SimSAC generated data. The purpose of this paper is to both give confidence in, and to demonstrate the capabilities of, the CEASIOM environment when used for preliminary aircraft and control system design. CEASIOM is the result of the integration of a set of sophisticated tools by the European Union funded, Framework 6 SimSAC program. The first part of this paper presents a comparison of the aerodynamic results for each of the solvers available within CEASIOM together with data from the 747-100 model published by NASA. The resulting nonlinear model is then trimmed and analysed using the Flight Control System Designer Toolkit (FCSDT) module. In the final section of the paper a state-feedback controller is designed within CEASIOM in order to modify the longitudinal dynamics of the aircraft. The open and closed loop models are subsequently evaluated with selected failed aerodynamic surfaces and for the case of a single failed engine. Through these results, the CEASIOM software suite is shown to be able to generate excellent quality adaptive-fidelity aerodynamic data. This data is contained within a full nonlinear aircraft model to which linear analysis and control system design can be easily applied.     

Stability analysis using SDSA tool

The SDSA (Simulation and Dynamic Stability Analysis) application is presented as a tool for analysing the dynamic characteristics of the aircraft just in the conceptual design stage. SDSA is part of the CEASIOM (Computerized Environment for Aircraft Synthesis and Integrated Optimization Methods) software environment which was developed within the SimSAC (Simulating Aircraft Stability And Control Characteristics for Use in Conceptual Design) project, funded by the European Commission 6th Framework Program. SDSA can also be used as stand alone software, and integrated with other design and optimisation systems using software wrappers. This paper focuses on the main functionalities of SDSA and presents both computational and free flight experimental results to compare and validate the presented software. Two aircraft are considered, the EADS Ranger 2000 and the Warsaw University designed PW-6 glider. For the two cases considered here the SDSA software is shown to be an excellent tool for predicting dynamic characteristics of an aircraft.     

基于任务的硬式加油伸缩管操纵品质研究

操纵品质是评价和设计硬式空中加油伸缩管的重要指标,但目前尚未有系统性的评价伸缩管操纵品质的方法和结论。为了解决现有投入使用的伸缩管型号较少即用于品质研究的样本不足的问题,在对伸缩管本体特性进行分析之后,引入了可以通过改变参考模型参数而获得不同闭环响应特性的控制系统。结合伸缩管的任务特性,设计了在空中加油模拟器上完成的操纵品质试验,并采用主观以及客观两方面的评定手段对具有不同闭环响应特性的评定样本进行了操纵品质评定,从而建立了基于任务的伸缩管操纵品质评定方法。最后,利用低阶等效拟配方法获得了伸缩管的低阶等效参数,通过对多个样本的低阶等效参数与任务评定结果进行统计分析得到了伸缩管俯仰轴和偏航轴的操纵品质等级边界,从而完成伸缩管操纵品质要求的研究。建立的评定方法和操纵品质要求可以作为指导伸缩管设计与评定的理论依据。     

飞行力学和飞行控制试飞技术

为了适应高增益,全权限数字电传操纵系统飞行试验的需要,利用已研制成功的多台地面飞行模拟器和ＢＷ－１纵向,ＩＦＳＴＡ三自由度空中飞行模拟试验机,模型自由飞研究以及具有现代先进水平的机载数据采集记录和地面实时监控系统等设备和技术手段,进行了电传飞机的飞行品质和飞控稳定性等问题的研究,包括试飞输入设计,电传飞机飞行品质,电传飞控系统稳定裕度等。最后,提出了对下一代飞机飞行力学和飞行控制方面需要研究的试飞     

短周期运动飞行品质的几种判据

飞机纵向短周期运动是影响其飞行品质的关键因素，根据国外近年来所进行的研究，综合，发纳出六种适用于小迎角飞行的短周期飞行品质标准，基于等效系统的控制期望参数（ＣＡＰ）等准则依然适用，并作了增补；对于不能用低阶系统等效的飞机提出了诸发带宽准则等相应判据，这六种准则各有其侧重点和适用范围，较全面地反映了飞机短周期运动特性，共同完成对飞行品质的评判和预估。     

小展弦比飞翼布局作战飞机偏航轴飞行品质评定

依据MIL—STD—1797A飞行品质规范,对小展弦比飞翼布局作战飞机的偏航轴飞行品质进行了评定研究。评定结果表明：由于构型的原因,飞翼布局飞机本体的稳定特性和阻尼特性都较差,因此飞行控制系统对其动态响应特性的调节作用更加明显。稳态配平特性主要受构型的影响,飞翼布局飞机一般不能完全满足飞行品质的要求。由于可控性的设计要求需采用多操纵面的组合操纵,控制分配技术导致某些现有的品质准则需要修改。小展弦比飞翼布局飞机取消了垂尾（方向舵）并采用了新型操纵面（ICE）,在某些情形下对偏航轴操纵效能的需求与常规飞机相比存在较大的差异。总之,在飞翼布局作战飞机的构型设计、飞控系统设计以及飞行品质评定条款的制定、实施中,均需考虑这些新的飞行品质特性。     

盒式机翼布局大型飞机横航向飞行品质研究

经计算并和常规布局大型飞机对比分析,给出了盒式机翼布局大型飞机的气动特点;然后研究了盒式机翼布局大型飞机本体横航向飞行品质;针对盒式机翼布局本体飞机横航向飞行品质较差的问题,研究了提高盒式机翼布局飞机横航向飞行品质的有效方法.研究结果表明:盒式机翼布局大型飞机具有良好的升阻特性和特殊的横航向气动特性;修改布局参数对提高...     

纵列式直升机悬停飞行品质研究

以适合于飞行品质评价的纵列式直升机非线性飞行动力学模型为基础,根据有人驾驶垂直/短距起落飞机军用品质规范(MIL-F-83300)以及军用旋翼飞行器驾驶品质要求(ADS-33E-PRF),对纵列式直升机悬停开环状态下的飞行品质进行了计算分析.按照两种规范的要求,对纵列式直升机的动态响应特性与带宽、操纵特性与姿态敏捷性、轴间耦合以及横向突风扰动影响进行了分析,最后给出了一些有意义的结论.      

IFSTAG软件系统的设计与调试

叙述了空中飞行模拟试验机地面工程模拟器软件系统的总体设计。该软件系统采用自顶向下的结构化设计技术，能够根据用户的要求，灵活地对模块进行裁剪并装配成新的应用程序，以满足用户在软件系统的开发及模拟器运行维护中各个阶段的不同需要。简要介绍了该软件系统在调试过程中出现的主要问题，以及时这些问题的分析和处理。对于从事飞行模拟器软件系统研制的技术人员，具有一定的参考价值。     

飞翼布局运输机气动设计方法研究

由于飞翼布局的运输机具有结构强度、气动效率、总体装载以及RCS隐身等方面的优良特性,它成为未来大型运输机的气动布局方案中最引人关注的一种布局形式.以0.85马赫为巡航设计点,设计了一架起飞总重在250吨左右,最大载重量在50吨,最大航程在8000公里以上的飞翼布局运输机.通过采用Euler方程数值解法进行气动特性评估,在初始设计方案的基础上进行进一步的改进设计,有效地提高了初始方案的升阻特性和力矩特性.最终设计结果表明提出的设计思路具有一定的可行性和适用性.     

俯仰轴飞行品质中频域准则的计算与模拟

简要介绍了军用飞机飞行品质MIL—STD—1797A中有关俯仰轴频域难则的要求和原由。提出了对这些难则的理论计算和模拟试验方法。并以某飞机为例，利用所提出的方法，对其飞行品质进行了计算和模拟。结果表明，所提出的计算和模拟方法是合理的。最后，讨论了驾驶员模型形式对俯仰轴飞行品质的影响。     

250座级翼身融合无尾布局客机操稳特性设计研究

 翼身融合(BWB)飞翼布局是未来新一代客机的热点方案之一,然而由于没有常规尾翼,面临着稳定性和操纵性方面的困难。为此,在一架250座级BWB客机布局设计研究基础上,根据平衡、增稳和机动等要求,设计了操纵面配置方案;根据适航要求和电传飞机飞行品质要求设定增稳目标,并将其直接纳入特征结构配置要求中,通过前向通道修正响应类型,保证获得与飞行阶段相适应的响应特征和满意的飞行品质参数;为了提高安全性,在增稳控制设计基础上,在指令回路增设了姿态保护和限制模块。研究结果表明, 该设计方案能够提供较合适的稳定性和操纵性,控制增稳后具有满意的飞行品质,保护模块可达到预期效果。     

直升机总体参数对稳定性的影响研究

采用筛选试验设计方法研究直升机总体参数对稳定性的影响.根据直升机线性飞行动力学方程,建立了适合直升机总体设计的稳定性分析模型,以UH-60A为样机,研究影响直升机稳定性的总体和布局参数,同时对参数进行了敏感性分析,为在直升机总体设计中考虑稳定性设计要求,选择合适的总体和布局参数提供参考.     

Aircraft maneuverability improvement by direct lift control system application

The handling qualities of an aircraft will be improved if the Direct Lift Control (DLC) system is applied. In this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the influence of DLC-type system parameters on the aircraft's maneuverability and to determine the desired values of these parameters for the purpose of obtaining required values of the handling maneuverability criteria. Published papers which deal with direct lift control do not list requirements for evaluating handling qualities and maneuverability of aircraft equipped with DLC system. In this paper, three new criteria permitting the evaluation of results of employing DLC have been defined. Analysis of influence of DLC system parameters on selected known handling qualities criteria (for example CAP, C^*), as well as new DLC efficiency coefficients, have been illustrated with a numeric example of A4D “Skyhawk” fighter aircraft and PZL M-18 “Dromader” agricultural airplane control system modification.     

Flight testing of a rate saturation compensation scheme on the ATTAS aircraft

This paper presents the application of a rate saturation compensation scheme to the DLR Advanced Technologies Testing Aircraft (ATTAS) and the results of the subsequent flight tests. Details of the design philosophy and the flight tests, termed SAIFE (Saturation Alleviation In-Flight Experiment), which employed the HQDT (Handling Qualities During Tracking) test technique, are presented, as well as pilot flight test reports (PFRs). The rate saturation compensators were designed based on the anti-windup (AW) control philosophy, with the aim to reduce the deleterious effects of rate saturation on the piloted aircraft dynamics, and hence provide an increased flight envelope (operating envelope) for acceptable aircraft handling qualities and reduced PIO (Pilot-in-the-Loop/Pilot-involved Oscillation) tendencies. The achievement of this goal was primarily determined by subjective pilot handling qualities ratings and PIO ratings, and secondly by supporting flight test data. The results show that the compensation scheme greatly reduced the level of rate saturation in all instances (flight conditions), making the aircraft less PIO prone in almost all investigated cases, while exhibiting either unchanged or improved handling qualities. Most notably, the flight tests demonstrated the definite potential for well designed AW compensators to improve the safety and handling qualities of aircraft during rate saturation, with some flight conditions exhibiting dramatic improvements.     

电传系统起飞着陆控制律设计

主要讨论了起飞着陆控制律构型选择的原则，提出了在飞行品质评定时，应采用以等效拟配系统为基础，同时用其它一些参考准则，进行评估和迭代设计，使带电传飞行控制系统飞机在着陆期间具有满意的飞行品质。最后，给出了一个简化的某数字电传系统起飞着陆控制律设计的例子。     

应用轨迹优化策略的直升机任务科目基元仿真

任务科目基元的飞行试验是ADS-33E-PRF对直升机飞行品质的判定标准。针对直升机设计过程中飞行品质难以事先评定的特点,提出了一种基于轨迹优化策略的直升机任务科目基元数值仿真方法。该方法将飞行品质规范对直升机位置、姿态和速度的限制处理为状态量的边界约束,以完成任务科目基元的时间为目标函数,结合直升机自身的性能和安全性约束,建立了针对任务科目基元的直升机轨迹优化模型。求解该模型得到直升机完成相应任务科目基元所用的时间,便可定性判断直升机飞行品质是否满足ADS-33E-PRF对这一任务科目基元的要求,从而在设计之初对优化直升机总体设计参数提供参考。对某型直升机悬停转弯机动科目进行仿真计算,验证了该方法的正确性和有效性。