International cooperation and competition in civilian space activities

This article considers how the USA can best maintain its commercial and governmental competitiveness in space, while facilitating private investment and international marketing, and at the same time keeping up significant cooperation with other nations. The current state of US civilian space activities in each of these areas is summarized, and several alternative solutions are presented. The article concludes that strengthening US competition with other space-capable nations, and improving US ability to cooperate effectively, will require careful coordination of the activities of federal agencies with each other and with the private sector.     

国际空间法中的限制性义务及其他规则概要

国际空间法是指调整国家、国际组织之间开展外空探索、利用、开发活动中权利义务规则的总称。狭义的国际空间法仅指以联合国外空五大公约为核心的国际条约体系,对于缔约国是具有强制的法律约束力的;广义的国际空间法还包括联合国大会决议和联合国外空委大会文件在内的不具有法律约束力、但具有很强的政治约束力的外空国际活动规则。中国1983年加入《外空条约》,1988年加入《营救协定》、《责任公约》和《登记公约》,没有加入《月球协定》。文章分析前4个公约以及《遥感原则》、《防止在外空部署武器条约草案》、\"外空透明与建立信任措施\"联大决议、《外空活动长期可持续准则草案》等不具有法律约束力的文件,简要分析其对中国航天活动可能产生的限制和影响,并提出对策、建议。     

International cooperation in assuring continuity of environmental satellite data

In the 25 years since the launch of the first weather satellite, meteorological observations from space have become an essential part of weather forecasting and global environmental monitoring. Beginning in the 1970s, constrained national budgets and the need for a coordinated approach to global satellite observing have caused satellite operators to pursue international cooperation to assure the continuity and compatibility of these systems. This article reviews current bilateral and multilateral cooperation and technical coordination in environmental satellite activities. It also explores the potential for alternative institutional arrangements for maintaining the continuity of environmental satellite data in the decades to come.     

临近空间立法问题研究及对技术发展的影响

当前学界关于临近空间的争议焦点主要集中在临近空间是否应当成为法律概念,以及临近空间是否应当成为法律上的独立空间两方面。随着在临近空间的利益冲突愈演愈烈,临近空间应上升成为独立的法律概念。在当前空天划界问题悬而未决的特殊背景下,宜认定其从属于空气空间,赋予领空主权。鉴于当前临近空间国际法规则尚处于空白阶段,应积极引领和推动临近空间国际法规则的制定,倡导设立临近空间的无害通过制度,同时加快发展临近空间技术,不断增强技术实力,为后续临近空间国际法规则制定增加博弈砝码。     

Arms control and disarmament in space: the rough road to Vienna 1984: Part I

This article examines the international legal and diplomatic questions relating to arms control and disarmament, focusing on space-based activities. These relate importantly to the development of anti-satellite satellites (ASATs) and ballistic missile defence systems (BMDs). Part I of the article examines the goal of ‘peaceful uses’ of outer space as elaborated in national policies and in international fora, the debate that has has taken place at the international level over the meaning and definition of peaceful purposes, legal manoeuvres, particularly in the UN, and US responses, and recent Soviet initiatives relating to space militarization. Part II will appear in the next issue, and will consider the US Presidential-Congressional dialogue on these questions and recent Presidential initiatives.     

Arms control and disarmament in space: the rough road to Vienna 1984 : Part II

This article continues a detailed examination of the international legal and diplomatic questions relating to arms control and disarmament, focusing on space-based activities. These are importantly concerned with the development of anti-satellite (ASAT) systems and ballistic missile defence (BMD). This part of the article considers the US Presidential-Congressional dialogue - particularly the ASAT testing issue - and Presidential initiatives vis-à-vis the USSR. An epilogue to the original paper considers the diplomatic moves and policy shifts which contributed to the January 1985 US-Soviet meeting and the agreement to begin bilateral negotiations to consider space and nuclear arms.     

International space programmes and policies : N. Jasentuliyana and Ralph Chipman, eds North Holland, Amsterdam and New York, 1984, 552 pp, $65.00

The Second United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space ( 82) identified crucial problems and made recommendations on strategies for developing countries to bridge the gap with advanced nations in the area of space technology. This article addresses some issues which, although implicit in the Report, are not discussed in detail therein. The role of space science and related scientific research is particularly emphasized. Close attention is paid to the role of human factors, such as the motivation to conduct research, the motivation to engage in international cooperation, and the motivation to utilize and exploit space. Possible opportunities for space research for developing countries, as well as relevant issues concerning management of space, are briefly discussed.     

The participation of developing countries in space research

The Second United Nations Conference on the Exploration and Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (Unispace 82) identified crucial problems and made recommendations on strategies for developing countries to bridge the gap with advanced nations in the area of space technology. This article addresses some issues which, although implicit in the Unispace Report, are not discussed in detail therein. The role of space science and related scientific research is particularly emphasized. Close attention is paid to the role of human factors, such as the motivation to conduct research, the motivation to engage in international cooperation, and the motivation to utilize and exploit space. Possible opportunities for space research for developing countries, as well as relevant issues concerning management of space, are briefly discussed.     

基于多相机的空间机械臂视觉系统

视觉系统是空间机械臂的重要组成部分,空间机械臂除开环控制外的所有工作模式都不能离开视觉系统的引导和辅助而独立实现。文章以建立满足空间机械臂实际应用需求的视觉系统为目标,提出通过分布在不同空间位置的多个相机的协同工作扩展并增强视觉系统的监视和测量能力,并从系统组成、工作模式、测量方式等多方面完成空间机械臂视觉系统方案设计。仿真试验结果表明,目标三维位姿的测量误差与视觉标记点检测结果的误差近似成线性关系,视觉标记点检测的准确性对目标位姿测量的精度具有重要影响。室内环境试验结果表明,在视觉系统的引导下机械臂能够自主完成对目标的定位和捕获,视觉系统满足空间机械臂大范围运动和精准操作任务的应用需求。     

国外深空探测态势特点与启示（上）

通过对国外主要航天大国在深空探测领域发展过程的梳理,重点分析了各国在无人深空探测技术、载人深空探测技术和地面测控通信技术三个方面的技术发展特点,并从总体角度对其主要技术特征和关键技术进行了深入剖析,从中提炼出对我国深空探测活动的启示,以期对我国深空探测的开展有所借鉴和推动。     

国外深空探测态势特点与启示（下）

通过对国外主要航天大国在深空探测领域发展过程的梳理,重点分析了各国在无人深空探测技术、载人深空探测技术和地面测控通信技术三个方面的技术发展特点,并从总体角度对其主要技术特征和关键技术进行了深入剖析,从中提炼出对我国深空探测活动的启示,以期对我国深空探测的开展有所借鉴和推动。     

空间碎片国际机制发展趋势分析

文章通过对空间碎片国际机制(多边谈判机制)的分析,指出其发展趋势,从而为中国参加相关谈判工作提供参考。空间碎片国际机制的发展已呈现出明显的政策化、法律化和制度化的趋势。无论是从外空利益争夺、外空战略实现,还是从中国航天事业可持续发展、中国航天立法体系完善的角度来讲,积极参加空间碎片技术合作与规则制定的国际谈判都具有重要意义。从国内建设上来看,中国应尽快制定“技术—政策(战略)—法律”三位一体的解决思路和具体方案;从国际层面看,可以借鉴美国一直坚持和贯彻的“技术—政策—国内规则—国际软法—国际法”外空策略,来开展空间碎片减缓和清除等方面的技术与规则制定的合作。     

German SIMBOX on Chinese mission Shenzhou-8: Europe's first bilateral cooperation utilizing China's Shenzhou programme

On November 1, 2011, at 05:58 local time, the Chinese spaceship Shenzhou-8 was launched for a 17-day mission with a Long March rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in the Mongolia desert. On board was the German SIMBOX (Science in Microgravity Box) experimental facility containing 17 bio-medical experiments, which were conducted by German researchers together with their Chinese colleagues. It was the first time that China cooperated with a European nation in the scientific utilization of Shenzhou – the core element of China's human spaceflight programme.     

Cutting the bread

Why the draft Treaty on the Prevention of the Placement of Weapons in Outer Space, the Threat or Use of Force Against Outer Space Objects (PPWT) will not work - whereas the Code of Conduct for Outer Space Activities may.     

时间代价启发式多月基装备协同任务规划方法

针对月球科研站构建中优化整体任务用时的需求,提出时间代价启发式多月基装备协同任务规划方法。面向月球科研站构建过程中的原位和路径任务,构建双类型任务关系图,并提出多位置转移时间代价启发式策略引导此图的搜索方向,使规划器沿局部最短耗时任务路径逐个处理任务,降低装备路径转移的时间代价;提出时间代价启发式装备选择策略,从而均衡月基装备任务负载,缩短装备工作时长。最后,以包含资源开采、物料运输、设施建设等任务的月球科研站构建场景为例,对规划算法进行仿真验证。结果表明,此算法能够生成满足复杂约束的多装备协同规划序列。与传统规划方法相比,本文方法得到的月基装备任务序列冗余路径少、任务用时短,可实现多装备在多任务中的高效分时复用。     

载人空间站空间科学应用研究

对苏/俄“礼炮号”系列空间实验室/空间站、和平号空间站、美国天空实验室、欧洲空间实验室和国际空间站上开展的空间科学应用情况进行了论述和分析,并重点对空间科学应用实验设备所需的安装空间资源进行了详细分析。同时结合我国科学发展需求,借鉴国外空间站空间科学应用开展情况,提出了将来我国空间站开展空间科学应用应优先发展的方向和需要解决的问题,并给出了我国空间站实验支持结构设计的建议。     

相变材料深空控温技术研究

随着航天电子产品向小型化、集成化方向发展,产品热流密度迅速增长,其抗热冲击散热问题成为制约产品设计的瓶颈问题之一.使用相变控温技术可以很好地解决该问题,且相变控温属于被动控温,可靠性很高,符合航天产品要求.以某VPX标准机箱扩热板结构为研究对象,提出相变材料与载荷产品结构复合一体化的相变控温装置设计方法.通过设计试验进...     

“国际空间站”建造十年经验初探

就＂国际空间站＂边建造、边应用十年来所获得的经验与教训,从系统设备、居住环境、物资补给、作息制度、健康保障、人的作用、出舱活动及国际合作8个方面进行了简要的论述,对后来的空间站建设及未来的长期载人航天飞行具有重要的参考价值。