火星表面热环境对航天器热控影响分析

火星大气对太阳辐射产生吸收和散射作用,同时还将与火星表面航天器发生对流换热.热设计时难以直接评估对流、辐射和导热三种换热对航天器的影响,从而确定主要的控温途径.在调研火星表面辐射、大气等热环境的基础上,从线性化传热系数和对流辐射比的角度对比分析了辐射、对流和导热对航天器的影响.器表辐射传热系数随光学属性和温度的变化范围...     

飞行弹丸红外特性的地面模拟试验

设计并建立了用于飞行弹丸中段飞行状态实验室模拟的试验系统,测量获得了飞行弹丸的红外辐射特性.基于传热与辐射理论,分析了相关参数对实验结果的影响,获得飞行弹丸在一定飞行状态下的辐射特性变化规律.目标的初始温度和辐照条件是影响目标辐射特性的主要因素,自旋状态影响辐射特性的空间分布.试验测量与数值仿真和理论分析结果均具有很好的一致性,证明在实验室开展飞行弹丸的红外辐射特性模拟试验具有可行性.     

碳纳米材料辐射效应研究现状

碳纳米管（CNTs）和石墨烯是碳纳米材料中新兴的两种类型,因其优异的电学、热学、机械等性能,是目前航天工程中具有很大应用前景的材料.在复杂的空间环境中,辐射效应对材料的结构和性能具有重要影响,是决定其稳定性和适应性的关键因素之一.本文对碳纳米管和石墨烯材料的电子、离子等辐射效应研究现状进行了讨论分析,对辐射过程中缺陷的产生和类型、辐射在材料制备以及功能化改性修饰方面的应用、辐射对器件性能的影响以及空间适应性进行了分析,简述了以碳纳米材料为基础的复合材料的辐射效应以及辐射缺陷对材料性能影响的作用机制,提出了目前碳纳米管和石墨烯辐射效应研究中仍需要开展的工作,并对其在空间科学中的应用进行了展望.      

LND两年月表辐射剂量测量结果

月球表面的辐射剂量是影响航天员安全和月表驻留时间的重要参数,通过对月表的粒子辐射测量可以为航天员的辐射安全防护提供重要依据.利用嫦娥四号着陆器上搭载的月表中子与辐射剂量探测仪二年的观测数据得到:月表粒子辐射在硅中的平均总吸收剂量率为12.66±0.45μGy·h-1,中性粒子吸收剂量率为2.67±0.16μGy·h-1.辐射剂量率随时间出现缓慢的下降,LET谱的变化则很小.同时观测到了2020年12月太阳活动末期由于银河宇宙线福布斯下降导致的辐射剂量率降低.      

飞行体的海空背景反射与辐射计算

研究了对近海飞行体的红外特性有重要影响的海空背景辐射的反射特性.讨论了波浪面起伏随机规律,随机起伏对海面自身辐射及对阳光反射的影响,推演了此种随机起伏波浪面的自身辐射及反射的阳光在观测点形成的辐照度的计算方法.给出的算例结果表明,海空背景对飞行体的红外特性尤其对其前半球的红外特性有重要的意义.     

环氧树脂辐射固化反应速率及速率常数的研究

研究了环氧树脂溶液的电子束辐射固化反应速率常数以及树脂特性对反应速率的影响.研究结果显示,辐射反应增长速率常数k_p和终止速率常数k_t在反应进行的不同阶段表现出不同的控制机制.环氧树脂的分子量及其分布,分子化学结构对辐射反应速率都有很大影响,反应速率大的树脂体系最终达到的反应程度也高.     

PCB电源地层腔模辐射快速算法

电路板电源总线的分析非常复杂,虽然传统腔模方法是分析电路板电源总线的一种非常有效的方法,但是该方法具有收敛速度慢,计算时间长和不能分析电源总线辐射发射的缺点.在该算法的基础上,改进二重级数和形式的电源总线辐射发射方法并提出了单一级数和形式的电源总线辐射发射表达式.在此基础上指出了单一级数腔模理论解的适用条件,并对该快速算法的收敛性进行了分析.分析表明,该方法减少了传统二重级数求和的计算工作量,提高了收敛效率并节省了计算时间,而且能够有效逼近双级数腔模辐射算法的计算结果.通过对电路板的辐射发射数值仿真验证了该算法的有效性和正确性.     

空间目标红外特征仿真模型

建立了一种基于三维场景的空间目标红外辐射特征计算模型.模型对多层介质目标进行几何建模与三维剖分,考虑目标微动时太阳和地球对目标加热的影响,计算了目标外表面的辐射散热及内腔壁面元间的辐射换热,在此基础上完成目标的三维导热计算,利用Gauss-Seidel迭代法求解微元体的温度,进而计算了中长波和长波红外波段目标自身的辐射、对外热源的反射以及总的辐射亮度图像和辐射强度曲线.研究表明,无自旋的目标在圆周方向受太阳加热不均,温差显著;自旋使目标圆周方向温差减小,温度分布趋于均匀.     

无谐波软X射线单色仪设计

能量在0.1～1keV范围的软X射线辐射在空间科学任务中具有重要应用.飞行前的辐射定标试验及地面辐射定标系统采用传统单色仪分光时,由于波长的整数倍关系带来的高次谐波污染问题非常严重.高次谐波在光束中的占比严重影响了软X射线探测仪器的定标数据精度.本文探讨了无谐波单极衍射技术在产生具有高单色性能的软X射线光束中的应用,基于单极衍射光栅技术实现软X射线无谐波单色仪设计.软X射线无谐波单色仪应用于空间辐射定标系统时能够将高次谐波占比抑制到0.3%以下,满足空间软X射线科学仪器高精度辐射定标试验对高次谐波抑制的要求.      

宇宙磁单极子的椭圆辐射

本文研究了磁单极子在宇宙空间作椭圆轨道运动的辐射问题，得到了这种辐射的谱功率公式，该公式对探测和鉴别宇宙磁单极子具有重要意义。     

Solar cosmic rays as a specific source of radiation risk during piloted space flight.

Solar cosmic rays present one of several radiation sources that are unique to space flight. Under ground conditions the exposure to individuals has a controlled form and radiation risk occurs as stochastic radiobiological effects. Existence of solar cosmic rays in space leads to a stochastic mode of radiation environment as a result of which any radiobiological consequences of exposure to solar cosmic rays during the flight will be probabilistic values. In this case, the hazard of deterministic effects should also be expressed in radiation risk values. The main deterministic effect under space conditions is radiation sickness. The best dosimetric functional for its analysis is the blood forming organs dose equivalent but not an effective dose. In addition, the repair processes in red bone marrow affect strongly on the manifestation of this pathology and they must be taken into account for radiation risk assessment. A method for taking into account the mentioned above peculiarities for the solar cosmic rays radiation risk assessment during the interplanetary flights is given in the report. It is shown that radiation risk of deterministic effects defined, as the death probability caused by radiation sickness due to acute solar cosmic rays exposure, can be comparable to risk of stochastic effects. Its value decreases strongly because of the fractional mode of exposure during the orbital movement of the spacecraft. On the contrary, during the interplanetary flight, radiation risk of deterministic effects increases significantly because of the residual component of the blood forming organs dose from previous solar proton events. The noted quality of radiation responses must be taken into account for estimating radiation hazard in space.     

On the parameterization of the biological effect in a mixed radiation field.

The exposure of astronauts and electronics to the cosmic radiation especially to the particle component pose a major risk to all space flights. Up to now it is not possible to quantify this risk within acceptable limits of accuracy. This uncertainty is not only caused by difficulties in the more or less exact prediction of the incidence of the cosmic radiation but depends also on the problem of the quantification of the radiation field and the correlation of the biological effect. Usually the biological action of a mixed radiation field is estimated as product of the measured dose with an average quality factor, the relative biological efficiency. Because of the large variation in energy and atomic number of the cosmic particles, average values of the quality factor are not precise for risk estimation. A more appropriate way to treat the biological effects of mixed radiation is the concept of particle fluence and action cross section.     

Radiation factors in space and a system for their monitoring.

The radiation environment is of special concern when the spaceship flies in deep space. The annual fluence of the galactic cosmic rays is approximately 10(8) cm-2 and the absorbed dose of the solar cosmic rays can reach 10 Gy per event behind the shielding thickness of 3-5 g cm-2 Al. For the radiation environment monitoring it is planned to place a measuring complex on the space probes "Mars" and "Spectr" flying outside the magnetosphere. This complex is to measure: cosmic rays composition, particle flux, dose equivalent, energy and LET spectra, solar X-rays spectrum. On line data transmission by the space probes permits to obtain the radiation environment data in space.     

Genetic and physiological damage induced by cosmic radiation on dry plant seeds during space flight

Total evaluation of cosmic radiation effect with or without discrimination of individualized HZE-ion effects in dry seeds flown for 10 days on STS-9, yielded significant evidence for radiation damage in space. They depend on the biological criteria tested (seed germination, morphogenesis, embryo lethality, mutation rate) which stand for early, physiological and late genetic effects. They are also related to the radiation shielding environment in the space shuttle. Proceeding from these results three direct questions can be posed for present (LDEF-1) and future (ERA-1, D-2) experiments in space: What is the influence of cosmic radiation on cytogenetic repair and ontogenetic restitution processes? Does microgravity disorder the morphogenesis (i.e. growth and cell differentiation)? Is there an interaction between the effects of cosmic radiation and microgravity in eukaryotic plant systems?     

Some radiation environment estimation data from 10–12 km altitude aircraft

The results of probing the radiation environment on board different civil aviation planes with singletype detectors (nuclear emulsions), with particular emphasis to the cosmic radiation flux measured inside aircraft, are presented. The measurement results make it possible to find the absorbed and equivalent doses induced by the cosmic radiation neutrons and charged particles.     

Cosmic ray exposure factors for Shuttle altitudes derived from calculated cut-off rigidities.

The allowed cosmic radiation flux accessible to an earth-orbiting spacecraft is a complex function of the satellite position and the geomagnetic cutoff characteristics at each zenith and azimuth angle at each position. We have determined cosmic ray exposure factors for the galactic cosmic ray spectrum for typical shuttle altitudes and inclinations up to 50 degrees. We have utilized d world grid of trajectory-derived cutoff rigidity calculations at 400 km altitude to determine geomagnetic transmission functions that permit a simple and direct calculation of the allowed cosmic ray spectrum to a 400 km satellite orbit. If the interplanetary cosmic ray spectrum is multiplied by the orbit-averaged geomagnetic transmission function the result is the allowed cosmic ray spectrum at the spacecraft.     

The local time dependence of the anisotropic solar cosmic ray flux.

The distribution of the solar cosmic radiation flux over the earth is not uniform, but the result of complex phenomena involving the interplanetary magnetic field, the geomagnetic field and latitude and longitude of locations on the earth. The latitude effect relates to the geomagnetic shield; the longitude effect relates to local time. For anisotropic solar cosmic ray events the maximum particle flux is always along the interplanetary magnetic field direction, sometimes called the Archimedean spiral path from the sun to the earth. During anisotropic solar cosmic ray event, the locations on the earth viewing "sunward" into the interplanetary magnetic field direction will observe the largest flux (when adjustments are made for the magnetic latitude effect). To relate this phenomena to aircraft routes, for anisotropic solar cosmic ray events that occur during "normal quiescent" conditions, the maximum solar cosmic ray flux (and corresponding solar particle radiation dose) will be observed in the dawn quadrant, ideally at about 06 hours local time.     

Radiation risk during long-term spaceflight.

Cosmonauts' exposure to cosmic rays during long-term spaceflight can cause unfavorable effects in health and risk for the crew members' lives. All unfavorable effects induced by exposure should be taken into consideration for the risk estimation. They should include both the acute deterministic effects and delayed effects called stochastic. On the ground the limitation of unfavorable consequences of acute exposure is achieved by means of establishing dose limits. But in space applications this approach can't be acceptable. Establishing a fixed dose limit is adequate to introducing indefinite reserve coefficient and therefore ineffective usage of spacecraft resource. The method of radiation risk calculation caused by acute and delayed effects of cosmonauts' exposure is discussed and substantiated in the report. Peculiarities of the impact of permanent radiation sources (galactic cosmic rays and trapped radiation) and the variable one (solar cosmic rays) are taken into consideration.     

Radiation environment due to galactic and solar cosmic rays during manned mission to Mars in the periods between maximum and minimum solar activity cycles.

A possibility of a manned mission to Mars without exceeding the current radiation standards is very doubtful during the periods of minimum solar activity since the dose equivalent due to galactic cosmic rays exceeds currently recommended standards even inside a radiation shelter with an equivalent of 30 g cm-2 aluminum. The radiation situation at the time of maximum solar activity is determined by the occurrence of major solar proton events which are exceedingly difficult to forecast. This paper discusses the radiation environment during a manned mission to Mars in the years between minimum and maximum solar activity when the galactic cosmic ray intensity is considerably reduced, but the solar flare activity has not yet maximized.