Lunar Ranging, Gravitomagnetism, and APOLLO

The technique of lunar laser ranging (LLR) has for many decades contributed to cutting-edge tests of the fundamental nature of gravity. These include the best tests to date of the strong equivalence principle, the time-rate-of-change of the gravitational constant, gravitomagnetism, the inverse square law, and preferred frame effects. The phenomenologies of each are briefly discussed, followed by an extended discussion of gravitomagnetism. Finally, the new APOLLO project is summarized, which achieves range precision as low as one millimeter.     

Derivation and validation of a similarity law for free-flight wind tunnel tests of parallel stage separation

Aiming at the safety problem of the stage separation of parallel reusable high-speed air vehicles, this paper studies the unsteady test method and focuses on deriving a similarity law of parallel stage separation free-flight wind tunnel tests. The new similarity law considers the influences of aerodynamic force and gravity on the motions of the two stages, as well as the influence of aerodynamic interference between the two stages on each other’s motion. From the perspective of multi-angle physical equations, the conditions to ensure that the two-stage separation trajectory of a wind tunnel test is similar to that of a real air vehicle are derived innovatively, so as to ensure the authenticity and credibility of wind tunnel test results. The similarity law is verified by an HIFiRE-5 air vehicle, and the separation trajectories of wind tunnel tests and the real air vehicle are obtained by numerical simulation. The research shows that the similarity law derived in this paper can ensure that wind tunnel free-flight tests have the ability to predict the two-stage separation characteristics of real parallel vehicles. By analyzing the separation trajectory curve of the typical state, it is found that the new method can ensure that the trajectory error of a wind tunnel test does not exceed 1%, which indicates that this method is credible. The establishment of the new method lays the foundation for subsequent wind tunnel tests and provides support for research on the safety of the stage separation of parallel reusable air vehicles.     

Hansen's Method Applied to the Inversion of the Incomplete Gamma Function, with Applications

Hansen's method for obtaining the threshold for a speciried false alarm probability following noncoherent integration after square law detection is applied to finding the inverse of the incomplete gamma function. The method is algebraic and direct, circumventing the necessity for repeated evaluation of an integral or of a finite series. The method is applied to finding any specified percentile of the chi-square distribution and to finding the required signal-to-noise ratio for a specified detection probability of a Swerling II target.     

一种适用于大气层外动能拦截器的末制导律

 针对大气层外动能拦截器拦截问题,设计了一种简单有效的末制导律。推导出计算零控脱靶量一种新的解析表达式,由于在推导过程中考虑了两飞行器间重力差影响,得出的表达式相对于将两飞行器重力差简化为零重力模型得到的解析式具有更高的精度;根据平行接近法原理利用此表达式推导出一种简单的末制导律;详细介绍了脉宽调制(PWM)式实现变推力控制的方案,仿真中在考虑发动机工程约束的情况下,利用PWM技术对提出的制导律进行验证。对机动目标进行拦截仿真显示,提出的制导律在取得良好拦截精度的同时表现出较强的鲁棒性。     

常重力及微重力下液氢膜态沸腾换热预测

以液氢膜态沸腾换热为对象,收集并分析文献中涉及液氢膜态沸腾换热的实验数据。通过充分的对比研究,考核3种典型关系式针对液氢膜态沸腾换热预测的适用性与预测精度,建立可预测微重力下液氢膜态沸腾换热热流密度的数学关系式。研究发现:在地面重力下,加热面几何结构、朝向似乎不会对沸腾换热热流密度产生明显影响,均可采用Breen & Westwater公式预测其传热系数;而重力水平会对膜态沸腾换热产生较大影响,且不同重力下换热热流密度之比与重力比之间满足幂指数的关系;依据该关系式可以求解微重力下液氢的膜态沸腾换热热流密度,预测误差控制在15%以内。      

基于过失速机动动力学的控制方法

为设计过失速大机动飞行控制律，按飞行的逆稳态模型考虑非线性因素的影响，同时对于陀螺、 惯性耦合效应及重力影响进行补偿，并直接根据飞行品质要求按隐式模型跟踪法设计反馈控制器。初步设计实例证明，这种方法适用于过失速机动动力学特点，能够获得发挥飞机操纵潜能、较好地控制飞机实现过失速机动、具有满意飞行品质的控制解，并且控制结构易于工程实现。算例还表明，即使不加装先进的过失速操纵装置，通过对飞行控制律的改进可以进一步发挥飞机本身的气动潜力，使之在一定的过失速迎角不正常工作。     

Novel minimum time trajectory planning in terrain following flights

A new methodology has been proposed to enhance inverse dynamics applications in the process of trajectory planning and optimization in terrain following flights (TFFs). The new approach uses a least square scheme to solve a general two-dimensional (2-D) TFF in a vertical plane. In the mathematical process, Chebyshev polynomials are used to model the geographical data of the terrain in a given route in a manner suitable for the aircraft at hand. The aircraft then follows the modeled terrain with sufficient clearance. In this approach the terrain following (TF) problem is effectively converted to an optimal tracking problem. Results show that this method provides a flexible approach to solve the TFF problem especially in conditions where the existing terrain to be flown over is not mathematically well behaved     

Needs and Tools for Future Gravity Measuring Missions

This paper compares the requirements that can be expected of gravity measuring missions with respect to the status of the instrumentation and satellite technologies. The error sources of gravity gradiometry and satellite-to-satellite tracking are analysed and the elements limiting the accuracy are identified. Proposed and approved future missions that will fly technologies of interest for gravity sensing are recalled. Areas of technical development of interest are reviewed. The article finishes with two possible conceptual missions presented as examples and with a chapter of conclusions. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Initial virtual flight test for a dynamically similar aircraft model with control augmentation system

To satisfy the validation requirements of flight control law for advanced aircraft,a wind tunnel based virtual flight testing has been implemented in a low speed wind tunnel.A 3-degree-offreedom gimbal,ventrally installed in the model,was used in conjunction with an actively controlled dynamically similar model of aircraft,which was equipped with the inertial measurement unit,attitude and heading reference system,embedded computer and servo-actuators.The model,which could be rotated around its center of gravity freely by the aerodynamic moments,together with the flow field,operator and real time control system made up the closed-loop testing circuit.The model is statically unstable in longitudinal direction,and it can fly stably in wind tunnel with the function of control augmentation of the flight control laws.The experimental results indicate that the model responds well to the operator's instructions.The response of the model in the tests shows reasonable agreement with the simulation results.The difference of response of angle of attack is less than 0.5°.The effect of stability augmentation and attitude control law was validated in the test,meanwhile the feasibility of virtual flight test technique treated as preliminary evaluation tool for advanced flight vehicle configuration research was also verified.     

冲压发动机尾喷管实验新方法

阐述冲压发动机尾喷管地面模拟实验的新方法。采用双爆轰技术产生稳定的高焓燃气模拟高马赫数飞行条件下冲压发动机的燃烧气体;利用皮托管测量尾喷管推力,并对测量误差进行了分析;为研究催化复合效应增大推力提供实验基础。     

影响螺旋桨式无人机安全发射的诸因素

根据无人机的零长发射原理,通过多个型号的发射仿真计算和发射试验分析,详细探讨了影响无人机安全发射的固有参数和外部参数,总结出影响螺桨式无人机安全发射的主要因素有：单发螺旋桨的反扭矩,火箭推力线相对重心的位置,火箭安装角,机体发射角,舵机死区及发射环境等。最后,以发射安全高度、速度、过载为约束条件,给出了火箭总冲、推力线位置、火箭安装角、机体发射角、发射风向和风速等参数的确定方法,该方法对保证无人机     

二维机翼非定常气动力学反命题的变分理论

非定常流动的反命题迄今在世界文献中尚属空白。本文首次对它进行探讨，就二维振荡机翼的非定常气动力学反命的适当提法及其数学模型作了较深的研究，利用变域变分工具成功地建立了相应的变分原理及广义变分原理，为非定常机翼设计及有限元解的应用提供完整周密的理论基础。     

六分力台架设计与矢量推力定位

从螺旋理论出发,给出六分力台架上测力单元的基本设计准则,并证明由逆静力映射矩阵乘以传感器所受反力来计算矢量推力在数学上是不适定的,只能获得矢量推力的3个分力和3个力矩,无法求得该矢量推力的作用点。为了克服上述缺点,提出了确定矢量推力作用点的环向偏转法,并用数值算例验证了该方法的可行性。算例结果表明:发动机和动架的重力会对矢量推力的作用点确定产生严重干扰,因此使用环向偏转法确定力心时必须事先消除重力的影响。      

量子重力梯度仪研究进展

重力梯度是重力位的二阶微分,对地球密度扰动具有更高的分辨率,能够更加精细、全面地反映重力位在空间上的变化.高精度重力梯度测量在地质调查、地球重力场测绘、惯性导航以及基础科学研究等方面发挥着重要作用.量子重力梯度仪是近年来快速发展的一种基于激光操控原子技术的新型高精度重力梯度测量设备,具有测量精度高、长期稳定性好等特点,...     

基于改进Gappy POD方法的压气机叶栅气动外形反设计方法

针对压气机叶栅气动高效反设计,建立了基于Gappy proper orthogonal demcomposition(Gappy POD)的气动外形反设计框架.通过Kriging代理模型优化获得某型压气机叶栅的气动优化结果,并以此作为反设计目标基础.为进一步提高基本Gappy POD反设计的效率及精度,发展了基于自适应...     

基于改进型滑模观测器的永磁同步电机分数阶微积分滑模控制

为了提高永磁同步电机调速系统的控制性能,结合滑模控制与分数阶微积分理论,设计了分数阶积分滑模转速控制器和改进型滑模观测器。针对转速控制器,采用基于反双曲正弦函数的新型趋近律削弱系统抖振,同时分数阶控制为系统提供了更多的控制余度,可以增强系统鲁棒性并进一步减小系统抖振。针对观测器,设计了采用新型趋近律fal函数的滑模观测器来获取反电动势估计值,利用分数阶锁相环技术提取反电动势中的转速和位置信息,有效提高了转子速度和位置的估计精度。通过仿真验证了所提出方法的可行性与有效性。     

Impact of Geoid Improvement on Ocean Mass and Heat Transport Estimates

One long-standing difficulty in estimating the large-scale ocean circulation is the inability to observe absolute current velocities. Both conventional hydrographic measurements and altimetric measurements provide observations of currents relative to an unknown velocity at a reference depth in the case of hydrographic data, and relative to mean currents calculated over some averaging period in the case of altimetric data. Space gravity missions together with altimetric observations have the potential to overcome this difficulty by providing absolute estimates of the velocity of surface oceanic currents. The absolute surface velocity estimates will in turn provide the reference level velocities that are necessary to compute absolute velocities at any depth level from hydrographic data. Several studies have been carried out to quantify the improvements expected from ongoing and future space gravity missions. The results of these studies in terms of volume flux estimates (transport of water masses) and heat flux estimates (transport of heat by the ocean) are reviewed in this paper. The studies are based on ocean inverse modeling techniques that derive impact estimates solely from the geoid error budgets of forthcoming space gravity missions. Despite some differences in the assumptions made, the inverse modeling calculations all point to significant improvements in estimates of oceanic fluxes. These improvements, measured in terms of reductions of uncertainties, are expected to be as large as a factor of 2. New developments in autonomous ocean observing systems will complement the developments expected from space gravity missions. The synergies of in situ and satellite observing systems are considered in the conclusion of this paper. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

无人机机动轨迹跟踪系统设计

对无人机机动飞行轨迹跟踪系统的内环姿态控制律和外环轨迹跟踪控制律两部分分别进行了设计。利用非线性动态逆方法设计了内环姿态控制律。外环轨迹跟踪控制律采用逆动力学前馈加模糊反馈的控制结构,提高系统对飞行条件及期望轨迹剧烈变化时的跟踪精度。仿真结果表明,所设计的系统能够控制无人机精确跟踪指定的机动轨迹,且相对于固定增益系统具有更好的鲁棒性。     

基于案例学习的Lanchester方程在海战中的应用

分析了传统的Lanchester方程在分析作战动态过程中,求取兵力损耗率系数时有一定的局限性。介绍了以Lanchester平方律的作战过程为研究对象,通过作战序列引理的介绍,建立了基于案例学习的Lanchester方程定理,提出的一种新的兵力损耗率系数的求解理论与方法,实例证明该算法是有效的。     

基于逆动力学的柔性连杆机械臂的混合模糊控制

利用假设模态法建立了柔性连杆机械臂的逆动力学方程,提出了一种并行于常规开环逆动力学控制的混合模糊控制方法对其进行末端轨迹跟踪。设计的控制器由两部分组成,一部分为根据结构的逆动力学以及机械臂末端所需跟踪的轨迹计算出控制力;另一部分为通过末端位置的实测与给定轨迹的偏差,利用一个辅助模糊控制对控制量进行调整,构成输出反馈部分。通过数字仿真,并与常规模糊控制结果的比较,表明借助于结构逆动力学,可以降低模糊控制器对知识库的需求,获得较好的控制稳态性能。