国外空中加油技术的发展和展望

在简要地回顾了空中加油技术产生的背景和发展过程之后，较详细地介绍了其在空战中的实际应用和海湾战争时期各参战国的加油机装备情况，然后着重叙述目前世界上使用的两种空中加油系统（伸缩套管式加油设备和插头锥管式加油设备）；空中加油飞行技术和曾经进行的主要试验项目，未来空中加油机的发展趋势及尚待解决的问题。     

外国的空中加油程序

本文叙述了外国的空中加不同油程序，即相对插头－锥管式空中加油系统和伸缩套管式空中加油系统，当受油机与加油机会合之后直到合油完毕各阶段的操纵要求，飞行方法和注意事项。在空中加油期间，加油机必须像空中平台一样保持稳定平飞，受油机微量整油门，柔和操纵飞机，按照加油员的指令完成中对接，加油飞行，在加油机受油机允许的飞行范围内，双机飞油员密切配合，协调一致克服大气紊流，双机相距过近，空中加油系统和机载设备使     

视觉辅助的无人机自主空中加油建模与仿真

为准确获得插头锥套式空中加油过程中无人机与锥套的相对位姿信息,提出了机器视觉辅助的插头锥套式无人机自主空中加油仿真方案,开发了基于Open CV,Simulink及Vega Prime视景仿真技术的闭环仿真系统。研究了机器视觉识别跟踪锥套的图像处理算法,利用Kalman滤波算法估计无人机与锥套的相对位姿。仿真结果表明,机器视觉算法可以准确识别跟踪锥套,滤波器状态估计的收敛速度较快,无人机姿态角变化范围较小,保证了插头锥套式无人机自主空中加油的平稳安全对接。     

视觉辅助的无人机自主空中加油建模与仿真

为准确获得插头锥套式空中加油过程中无人机与锥套的相对位姿信息,提出了机器视觉辅助的插头锥套式无人机自主空中加油仿真方案,开发了基于Open CV,Simulink及Vega Prime视景仿真技术的闭环仿真系统.研究了机器视觉识别跟踪锥套的图像处理算法,利用Kalman滤波算法估计无人机与锥套的相对位姿.仿真结果表明,机器视觉算法可以准确识别跟踪锥套,滤波器状态估计的收敛速度较快,无人机姿态角变化范围较小,保证了插头锥套式无人机自主空中加油的平稳安全对接.     

空中加油对接过程的动力学建模与仿真

空中加油的成功与否主要依赖于加油锥套与受油插头的顺利对接,对对接过程中产生的动力学行为的研究是实现顺利对接的前提。利用多刚体系统动力学建立对接过程的动力学模型,求解出加油锥套与受油装置间的广义速度;并依据建立的接触动力学模型,得到局部接触点间的相对速度。基于非线性连续碰撞理论,提出对接过程中碰撞力的计算方法,并在机械系统动力学仿真软件ADAMS的环境下,构建加油锥套和受油装置的对接虚拟样机。通过对虚拟样机的动力学仿真,得到了对接过程中的碰撞力及速度响应曲线,同时,得出能够实现成功对接时各参数的具体范围。结果表明,制约对接成功的主要参数是初始相对速度、加油锥套的俯仰角和相对偏距。该研究对空中加油的对接和受油机的导航控制具有重要的意义。     

插头锥管式受油机纵向飞行控制研究

分析了空中加油对接过程中受油机受到的各种扰动,阐述了插头锥管加油方式受油机的纵向飞行控制原理。在此基础上,采用μ方法设计了受油机的纵向鲁棒飞行控制律。受油机俯仰角指令的响应结果表明,系统具有较好的跟踪能力和干扰抑制能力。     

CamShift在加油锥套识别跟踪中的应用

针对插头锥套式自主空中加油过程中加油锥套的识别跟踪问题,提出了一种基于Cam Shift的视觉识别跟踪算法。选取加油锥套跟踪视觉特征,将RGB空间图像转换到HSV色彩空间,并采用自适应阈值算法分割图像。运用最小二乘椭圆拟合算法解算锥套在图像中的中心点坐标;根据目标像素位置变换速度,对Mean Shift算法的目标搜索窗宽进行自适应修正;定义基于巴氏系数的阈值函数,处理锥套被遮挡的情况;将VC与Open CV相结合,设计了加油锥套视觉跟踪软件,对锥套位置进行实时解算和显示。试验结果表明,该算法可达到毫米级精度,满足自主空中加油视觉导航的技术要求。     

空中加油对接过程软管-锥套动态特性

建立了加油软管-锥套系统的动态数学模型,并利用该模型进行空中加油对接过程模拟.在加油机尾流场中,根据牛顿运动定律,推导定长度软管-锥套系统的运动学方程和动力学方程;建立了变长度的软管-锥套模型来控制对接过程软管-锥套的稳定性,对软管-锥套动态特性进行了分析.在Matlab/Simulink仿真平台下搭建模型,在不同的飞行条件下对模型进行数字仿真验证.仿真结果与国内外公开试飞数据相吻合,验证了模型的正确性.所建模型可用于有人机空中加油训练模拟和无人机自主空中加油仿真等.     

无人机自主空中加油技术探究

作为提高无人机作战效能的有效手段,无人机自主空中加油技术近年来已成为了无人机研究领域的重要发展方向.本文在总结国外无人机自主空中加油技术发展的基础上,指出了基于"插头-锥管"的无人机自主空中加油的关键技术和发展方向,对于研究无人机空中加油技术具有一定的借鉴意义.     

美军“插头—锥管”式空中加油系统规范的简介与浅析

本文概要介绍了美军“插头—锥管”式空中加油系统军用规范;着重介绍与分析了MIL-A-19736《空中加油系统通用规范》;最后,对我国今后制订有关空中加油方面的标准,提出了几点看法。     

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.