二维扰动对下游圆盘压力分布的影响

通过测量阻力和表面压力,研究了干扰圆柱尾迹产生的二维扰动对下游圆盘气动特性的影响,得到圆盘迎风面压力分布的变化规律,并结合以往流场结构的研究,对其机理进行了分析.结果表明在圆盘与干扰圆柱间距比L/D较小时,圆盘迎风面低压区宽度随间距增大迅速增加;当L/D>0.7时,对于同一直径的干扰圆柱,圆盘迎风面低压区宽度基本保持不变;对于不同直径的干扰圆柱,在圆盘前产生低压区的宽度随圆柱直径的增加而变大.此外,利用这种干扰方法,可以降低圆盘阻力,实验得到圆盘阻力可减少约9%,相应的圆柱/圆盘系统的阻力可减小4%.      

上游双扰动对圆柱气动特性影响的数值模拟

通过用商用计算流体力学软件FLUENT 6.0中的SIMPLE方法求解二维非定常层流模型,对雷诺数Re=200时上游双扰动体对下游圆柱气动特性影响进行了数值模拟研究.计算结果表明当双扰动体相隔较近(H/d=1.1,1.33)时,其后形成单一的Karman涡街,它们对下游圆柱的干扰作用类似于单扰动体时的情况,但是流动结构发生变化的临界间距Lcri较之有效宽度相同的单扰动体的要大,因此可以推断出在该种布置下双扰动体和圆柱绕流会出现2种流动模式.在空穴流动模式下面,下游圆柱的阻力和升力脉动最多减小94%和79%,系统阻力(包括圆柱和扰动体)也能减小33%.而当双扰动体尾流为双Karman涡街时(双扰动体相隔较远H/d=3.33,5.0),圆柱迎风面部分区域仍受到来流的冲击作用,气动力减小有限.     

基于大涡模拟的平流层浮空器气动特性分析

为研究不同球体间距对“球形囊体型”平流层浮空器(SLV)气动特性的影响,采用有限体格式、结构网格和大涡模拟(LES)计算方法求解不可压缩的Navier-Stokes(N-S)方程,对超临界雷诺数“球形囊体型”平流层浮空器绕流进行数值模拟,并对不同球体间距下的数值计算结果进行详细的分析比较.通过对比试验数据,单球体数值模拟的阻力系数时均值与Achenbach的试验数据一致,验证了计算方法分析超临界雷诺数球体绕流问题的准确性.研究不同间距的双球体阻力变化规律以及振动频谱特性,随上下游球体间距G的增加,合阻力先增大后减小,上游球体的阻力占优振动频率逐渐减小;G=1.5D(D为球体直径)和G=2D时,上下游球体有相同的占优振动频率.随间距G的增加,两球体相互作用与上游球体对下游球体的尾涡结构影响逐渐减弱.      

附属小圆柱对主圆柱绕流影响的数值模拟

从小马赫数下的可压缩Navier-Stokes方程出发,采用覆盖网格分区算法,对在主圆柱尾流场的适当位置放置附属小圆柱时的流动特性及其对主圆柱绕流问题的影响进行了详细的数值模拟研究.根据模拟结果,主要探讨在小雷诺数范围内,附属小圆柱位置、个数、大小以及雷诺数变化等因素对主圆柱绕流的流场结构及其非定常演化过程的影响.计算结果表明,在小雷诺数范围内,无论附属小圆柱的个数如何,都存在最佳抑制区域.当附属小圆柱放在这个区域时,涡街被完全抑制,整个流场达到准定常状态;同时,阻力系数也显著下降.在一定程度上,随着小圆柱直径的增加,主圆柱涡脱落更易被抑制.另外,相对于单个附加小圆柱而言,使用两个附加小圆柱能使主圆柱涡脱落的抑制提高到更高的雷诺数.      

超声速场中的反向喷流数值模拟

采用了高分辨率的N-S(Navier-Stockes) 方程数值模拟方法,对钝头体头部反向喷流进行研究.计算并分析了头部反向喷流现象中喷流马赫数、来流马赫数、攻角等因素对流场细致结构的影响,并对反向喷流减少阻力和减少气动加热的原理进行了深入分析和探讨.研究分析表明这些因素通过决定弓形激波、马赫盘的强度和位置,来影响回流区的大小和位置,从而使有反向喷流时阻力系数所受到的影响比无喷流时更大.      

前掠翼气动布局中鸭翼高度影响的实验

基于前掠翼-鸭式前翼布局的风洞测力实验,分析了距离主机翼较远的鸭翼相对于主机翼的高度对布局纵向气动性能的影响.基于主机翼根弦长的雷诺数约为1.44×10⁵.实验结果表明,较大的主机翼前掠角与较低的鸭翼配合,产生的升力系数增量比较显著.低于主机翼的鸭翼将加强前掠翼布局的缓失速特性.鸭翼增大升力的同时也增大了阻力;大攻角时,鸭翼带来的阻力增量较大.高于主机翼的鸭翼对最大升阻比的改善较多,但也不宜过高.主机翼前掠角较小时,鸭翼改善和提高升阻比的效果比较明显.     

激波风洞7°尖锥边界层转捩实验研究

高超声速边界层转捩对摩阻、传热等有重要影响,飞行器的研制迫切希望能精确预测和控制边界层转捩。在JF8A激波风洞中开展了7°半锥角的高超声速尖锥边界层转捩实验研究,利用响应频率达到1 MHz量级的高频压力传感器对尖锥壁面脉动压力进行了测量,并结合热流测量结果,研究了高超声速尖锥边界层中扰动波的发展过程。实验结果表明:JF8A激波风洞在雷诺数为6.4×106/m状态下核心流的自由流噪声为2.8%;高频脉动压力测量技术能清晰地捕捉转捩过程中的第二模态波及其发展历程,试验状态下模型的第二模态波频率范围为165~206 kHz。当前研究结果能够为高超声速数值方法验证提供数据支撑。      

基于能量观点的混合层流优化设计

为了合理地在混合层流设计中减小阻力,降低能量消耗,利用吸气控制功率消耗与阻力、吸气速度的关系式,建立了考虑以吸气功率最小为优化目标的优化设计方法。该优化设计方法采用了自由变形（FFD）参数化方法,紧支型的径向基函数（RBF）动网格技术,改进的微分进化（DE）算法,以及耦合基于eN转捩预测的RANS流场高精度求解器。针对25°后掠角的跨声速无限展长后掠翼,进行了以阻力最小为优化目标的均匀吸气和以功率消耗最小为优化目标的分布式吸气的混合层流优化设计。优化结果表明,基于能量观点的优化结果在雷诺数10×106下可以达到均匀吸气的阻力收益,相比初始构型,阻力降低了29.1%,上下翼面转捩位置分别推迟了18%和15%弦长,功耗降低了1.7%;而在雷诺数20×106状态下,相比初始构型,阻力减小了41.3%,比均匀吸气阻力优化结果提高了4.5%,上下翼面转捩位置分别推迟了52%和14%弦长,功耗降低了8.14%。优化结果表明,建立的基于能量观点的混合层流优化方法是可行的。      

前置隔板对圆柱绕流影响的实验分析

对经典的圆柱绕流模型,运用前置隔板对流场进行控制。利用粒子图像测速(PIV)方法在自循环水槽中研究了雷诺数为1 800时,柔性和刚性2种不同刚度的前置隔板对圆柱绕流的影响。研究发现:柔性隔板自由端的弯曲增加了对流场的额外扰动,并且柔性隔板弯曲变形会诱导产生脱落涡,导致尾迹流场的主频发生变化。在圆柱下游流场,无隔板工况与柔性隔板工况的回流区长度相当,刚性隔板工况的回流区相较之下则更长。结果显示:前置隔板还能在一定程度上减小圆柱绕流的阻力。      

Modeling satellite drag coefficients with response surfaces

Satellite drag coefficients are a major source of uncertainty in predicting the drag force on satellites in low Earth orbit. Among other things, accurately predicting the orbit requires detailed knowledge of the satellite drag coefficient. Computational methods are an important tool in computing the drag coefficient but are too intensive for real-time and predictive applications. Therefore, analytic or empirical models that can accurately predict drag coefficients are desired. This work uses response surfaces to model drag coefficients. The response surface methodology is validated by developing a response surface model for the drag coefficient of a sphere where the closed-form solution is known. The response surface model performs well in predicting the drag coefficient of a sphere with a root mean square percentage error less than 0.3% over the entire parameter space. For more complex geometries, such as the GRACE satellite, the Hubble Space Telescope, and the International Space Station, the model errors are only slightly larger at about 0.9%, 0.6%, and 1.0%, respectively.     

Analysis of the orbit lifetime of CubeSats in low Earth orbits including periodic variation in drag due to attitude motion

It is estimated that more than 22,300 human-made objects are in orbit around the Earth, with a total mass above 8,400,000 kg. Around 89% of these objects are non-operational and without control, which makes them to be considered orbital debris. These numbers consider only objects with dimensions larger than 10 cm. Besides those numbers, there are also about 2000 operational satellites in orbit nowadays. The space debris represents a hazard to operational satellites and to the space operations. A major concern is that this number is growing, due to new launches and particles generated by collisions. Another important point is that the development of CubeSats has increased exponentially in the last years, increasing the number of objects in space, mainly in the Low Earth Orbits (LEO). Due to the short operational time, CubeSats boost the debris population. One of the requirements for space debris mitigation in LEO is the limitation of the orbital lifetime of the satellites, which needs to be lower than 25 years. However, there are space debris with longer estimated decay time. In LEÓs, the influence of the atmospheric drag is the main orbital perturbation, and is used in maneuvers to increment the losses in the satellite orbital energy, to locate satellites in constellations and to accelerate the decay.The goal of the present research is to study the influence of aerodynamic rotational maneuver in the CubeSat?s orbital lifetime. The rotational axis is orthogonal to the orbital plane of the CubeSat, which generates variations in the ballistic coefficient along the trajectory. The maneuver is proposed to accelerate the decay and to mitigate orbital debris generated by non-operational CubeSats. The panel method is selected to determine the drag coefficient as a function of the flow incident angle and the spinning rate. The pressure distribution is integrated from the satellite faces at hypersonic rarefied flow to calculate the drag coefficient. The mathematical model considers the gravitational potential of the Earth and the deceleration due to drag. To analyze the effects of the rotation during the decay, multiple trajectories were propagated, comparing the results obtained assuming a constant drag coefficient with trajectories where the drag coefficient changes periodically. The initial perigees selected were lower than 400 km of altitude with eccentricities ranging from 0.00 to 0.02. Six values for the angular velocity were applied in the maneuver. The technique of rotating the spacecraft is an interesting solution to increase the orbit decay of a CubeSat without implementing additional de-orbit devices. Significant changes in the decay time are presented due to the increase of the mean drag coefficient calculated by the panel method, when the maneuver is applied, reducing the orbital lifetime, however the results are independent of the angular velocity of the satellite.     

对称面圆周角对轴对称降落伞流场特性的影响

根据降落伞的特点,通过3点假设(伞衣薄膜、伞的轴对称和流场定常),将三维复杂流动问题转化成二维轴对称问题,以节约计算时间.定义对称面圆周角,保持伞衣幅底部直径和顶孔直径不变,选取对称面圆周角在80°~140°范围内变化,建立一系列轴对称降落伞的计算模型.利用数值模拟手段,求解RNG (Renormalization Group)k-epsilon湍流模型下的N-S方程组,获得与有关单位试验相吻合的计算结果.分析发现对称面圆周角和伞衣幅高度对降落伞阻力影响很小.算例中阻力随对称面圆周角的变化在±0.28%以内.对称面圆周角的变化对轴对称降落伞尾流区流场的拓扑结构没有影响.对称轴上存在2个鞍点,随着对称面圆周角的增大,第1个鞍点的位置几乎不变,第2个鞍点的位置向尾流方向推移.      

Refining DORIS atmospheric drag estimation in preparation of ITRF2008

In preparation of ITRF2008, all geodetic technique services (VLBI, SLR, GPS and DORIS) are generating new solutions based on combination of individual analysis centers solutions. These data reprocessing are based on a selection of models, parameterization and estimation strategy unique to each analysis center and to each technique. While a good agreement can be found for models between groups, thanks to the existence of the IERS conventions, a great diversity still exist for parameter estimation, allowing possible future improvements in this direction. The goal of this study is to focus on the atmospheric drag estimation used to generate the new DORIS/IGN ignwd08 time series prepared for ITRF2008. We develop here a method to inter-compare different processing strategies. In a first step, by analyzing single-satellite solutions for a few weeks of data but for a large number of possible analysis strategies, we demonstrate that estimating drag coefficient more frequently (typically every 1–2 h instead of previously every 4–8 h) for the lowest DORIS satellites (SPOTs and Envisat) provides better geodetic results for station coordinates and polar motion. This new processing strategy also solved earlier problem found when processing DORIS data during intense geomagnetic events, such as geomagnetic storms. Differences between drag estimation strategies can mostly be found during these few specific periods of extreme geomagnetic activity (few days per year). In such a case, when drag coefficient is only estimated every 6 h or less often for single-satellite solution, a significant degradation in station coordinate accuracy can be observed (120 mm vs. 20 mm) and significant biases arose in polar motion estimation (5 mas vs. 0.3 mas). In a second step, we reprocessed a full year of DORIS data (2003) in a standard multi-satellite mode. We were able to provide statistics on a more reliable data set and to strengthen these conclusions. Our proposed DORIS analysis is easy to implement in all software packages and is now already used by several analysis centers of the International DORIS Service (IDS) when submitting reprocessed solutions for ITRF2008.     

尾翼对民机后体流动特性的影响

在1.5 m低速风洞中采用表面油流、烟线/激光片光显示和部件测力等实验方法对2种民机布局后体的绕流流型和气动特性进行了研究.实验的风速为40 m/s,雷诺数为1.191×105,迎角范围为-10°~20°.实验结果表明:随着迎角由负到正的变化,2种布局模型后体绕流都经历了上分离—无分离—下分离流型的变化,分离流型属开式分离并由尾部起始向机身发展;小迎角下2种布局模型后体阻力的差别主要由尾翼的摩擦阻力引起,而较大迎角下尾翼绕流分离引起的压差阻力起主要作用;垂尾分离随迎角增加而不断减弱,从而导致正常式布局后体阻力随迎角变化表现为非对称.      

机翼后缘连续变弯度对客机气动特性影响

后缘连续变弯度机翼在提高民用客机气动特性方面有较大的潜力,近年来被广泛关注。基于建立的全局优化设计系统,研究了机翼后缘连续变弯度对宽体客机翼身组合体气动特性的影响。首先,采用自由型面变形(FFD)技术建立了后缘连续变弯度的参数化方法。然后,采用RANS方程作为流场评估方法,针对翼身组合体构型设计点附近升力系数开展了机翼后缘连续变弯度气动减阻优化设计。最后,探索了仅外翼段后缘连续变弯度和内外翼后缘均连续变弯度优化设计结果的异同。优化结果表明,升力系数小于设计升力系数时,在只考虑外翼段后缘连续变弯度的设计中,不易实现激波阻力和诱导阻力同时降低,考虑内翼段后缘连续变弯度后,减阻量较前者更为明显;升力系数大于设计升力系数时,外翼段和内外翼的后缘偏转均可实现诱导阻力和激波阻力的同时降低,且减阻量相差不大。     

圆柱体减阻技术及其机理初步研究

利用氢气泡显示技术观测空心圆柱体在开有不同数目的细缝以及细缝在不同的攻角情况下的流态,对此类空心圆柱体的减阻机理进行了初步探讨.细缝是否改变了圆柱体的尾迹流场是其能否减阻的主要判据,据此得到细缝的攻角 α满足|α|≤60°时可以降低圆柱体的阻力,且当|α|=20°时,效果最佳.此时位于下游的细缝将产生明显的二维射流,极大地影响尾迹的流态.而当细缝的攻角满足70°≤|α|≤90°时,细缝对阻力几乎没有影响.      

流向磁场作用下二维磁流体槽道湍流直接模拟

对低磁雷诺数近似下流向磁场作用的二维磁流体槽道湍流进行了直接数值模拟(DNS,Direct Numerical Simulation),给出了 Re=10 000时不同磁相互作用数下二维磁流体槽道湍流的近壁速度分布、湍流脉动速度均方根、雷诺应力等统计量的变化,并与中性流体二维槽道湍流进行了比较.结果表明:流向磁场作用会导致对数区上移;雷诺应力最大值随磁相互作用数呈线性变化;随着磁相互作用数的增大,下壁面平均涡量的时间演化由拟周期性向周期性转变,且脉动周期逐渐增大并当流动层流化后下壁面平均涡量成为常值.      

返回式航天器轨道周期变率确定及预报的数值方法

对返回式航天器进行变轨控制计算时要用到平均轨道周期变率,而数值法定轨通常求解的是大气阻力系数,无法直接得到平均轨道周期变率。文章通过建立航天器精密动力学模型、数值积分器、瞬时轨道根数到平均轨道根数的转换算法和平均周期序列多项式拟合算法,提出了一种基于数值法精密轨道确定和预报计算平均轨道周期变率的数值方法。     

Estimation of ballistic coefficients of low altitude debris objects from historical two line elements

This paper presents a new method for estimating ballistic coefficients (BCs) of low perigee debris objects from their historical two line elements (TLEs). The method uses the drag perturbation equation of the semi-major axis of the orbit. For an object with perigee altitude below 700 km, the variation in the mean semi-major axis derived from the TLE is mainly caused by the atmospheric drag effect, and therefore is used as the source in the estimation of the ballistic coefficient. The method is tested using the GRACE satellites, and a number of debris objects with external ballistic coefficient values, and agreements of about 10% are achieved.     

轴向通流旋转盘腔流动换热稳态实验与数值模拟

通过开展稳态实验及数值模拟探究了轴向通流旋转盘腔的流动结构与换热特性。通过改变流量系数、旋转雷诺数等参数,探究不同工况下旋转盘两侧及盘罩内侧壁面温度和努塞尔数的径向分布规律。结果表明:在轮缘加热的状态下,旋转盘两侧温度径向分布均呈凹函数形态,且旋转盘迎风面换热强度普遍高于背风面;后轴颈盘罩向两端旋转盘导热,其壁面温度径向分布呈"中间高、两侧低"的状态;随着轴向流量系数的增大,盘腔内部气体对流加剧,径向臂及涡对结构更加明显,旋转盘及轴颈表面换热效果增强;旋转盘腔内的流动换热特性受强迫对流和类Rayleigh-Benard对流2种机理的共同影响。