多级轴流压气机二维性能预测方法

为了满足多级轴流压气机性能预估需求,在一个流线曲率程序基础上开展了经验、半经验关系式研究。通过对文献中的损失模型进行校验及融合,建立了相匹配的损失计算模块,并改进了端壁损失计算方法;研究了利用S₁流面计算修正S₂正问题的方法,解决了基于传统平面叶栅试验数据的攻角、落后角模型与先进技术叶型之间不匹配的问题,继而发展出了一个高精度的S₂正问题计算方法。为了验证计算方法,利用3个不同负荷水平的、经试验验证的多级压气机进行了校验计算。对比表明,发展的程序对多级压气机具有很高的计算精度和稳定性,可用于多级轴流压气机性能分析。     

Energetic particle transport coefficients in the heliosphere

It is the purpose of this review to summarize and discuss recent research done in the field of particle propagation in the heliosphere. Several lines of approach have been followed to treat this problem. As a starting point the different forms of the transport equation are discussed. Quasi-Linear Theory (QLT) relates the power contained in fluctuations of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) to the transport coefficients of energetic particles, an outline of the basic results of this theory is presented followed by a discussion of subsequent corrections made to the original formulation with an emphasis in recent developments where the effects of wave polarization, its propagation respect to the solar wind and the dissipation of power at large frequencies have been taken into account. The numerical approach using test particle trajectory integrations to obtain transport coefficients based on in situ satellite measureents is also discussed. It is well known that the determination of the particles mean free path for solar particle events by alternative methods leads to conflicting results, corrections made to original QLT are attempts to bridge the gap. Determination of the transport parameters from different lines of approach in a comparative basis have been done recently by calculating power spectra of IMF measured at the time solar particles were detected on the same spaceprobe, and performing numerical simulations with equivalent IMF data. Some of the results of such studies point to the solution of the conflicting determinations of the mean free path which has existed for nearly 30 years. An assesment of the present situation in this respect is given. Numerical determinations of transport parameters in the outer heliosphere are also reviewed and its consequences for solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays discussed. Space Science Reviews 62: Printed in Belgium.     

Energetic particle transport coefficients in the heliosphere

It is the purpose of this review to summarize and discuss recent research done in the field of particle propagation in the heliosphere. Several lines of approach have been followed to treat this problem. As a starting point the different forms of the transport equation are discussed. Quasi-Linear Theory (QLT) relates the power contained in fluctuations of the Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) to the transport coefficients of energetic particles, an outline of the basic results of this theory is presented followed by a discussion of subsequent corrections made to the original formulation with an emphasis in recent developments where the effects of wave polarization, its propagation respect to the solar wind and the dissipation of power at large frequencies have been taken into account. The numerical approach using test particle trajectory integrations to obtain transport coefficients based on in situ satellite measureents is also discussed. It is well known that the determination of the particles mean free path for solar particle events by alternative methods leads to conflicting results, corrections made to original QLT are attempts to bridge the gap. Determination of the transport parameters from different lines of approach in a comparative basis have been done recently by calculating power spectra of IMF measured at the time solar particles were detected on the same spaceprobe, and performing numerical simulations with equivalent IMF data. Some of the results of such studies point to the solution of the conflicting determinations of the mean free path which has existed for nearly 30 years. An assesment of the present situation in this respect is given. Numerical determinations of transport parameters in the outer heliosphere are also reviewed and its consequences for solar modulation of galactic cosmic rays discussed. Space Science Reviews 62: Printed in Belgium.     

民用涡扇发动机振动因子试验试飞方法研究

振动故障是航空发动机常见且危害较大的故障,对发动机进行转子平衡是降低发动机振动的重要措施。目前先进的飞机可以利用机载设备和航线飞行记录的振动数据进行低压转子振动配平方案计算,而发动机振动因子是机载设备计算配平方案的关键要素。发动机振动因子需通过大量的试验试飞获取数据并计算得出,介绍了振动因子的计算方法、振动因子的形式,对获取振动因子计算数据的试验试飞方法进行了研究,并给出了振动因子数据处理方法。     

测量燃烧室内温度时的热辐射修正

我们在进行某一环形燃烧室扇形形试验件的试验研究时,用热电偶测量了燃烧室内的温度分布。一般来说,热电偶不能获得与热燃气同样的温度,这是因为热电偶和周围环境有着辐射能量的交换。通常是热电偶节点向冷的壁面辐射能量。在稳态时,燃气通过对流传热向热电偶节点提供能量来平衡这一损失。这就是说,热电偶节点测得的温度较燃气的真实温度要低,这一温差就是由辐射热损失造成的。下面介绍对此热辐射损失进行修正的一个简化方法。      

变系数飞行器系统气动系数辨识计算与应用

本文研究了变系数飞行器系统气动系数的辨识算法。变系数系统的辨识计算通常是非常困难的。本文依据飞行试验中实际测量,通过对飞行器变系数微分方程组中系数变化趋势的分析,转方程中变系数为一个变化规律已知的函数与未知常数的乘积,把这些未知常数当作待定系数,然后推广Newton-Ra-phson法到变系数微分方程组中,通过迭代法求这些待定系数,这样就使得复杂的变系数飞行器系统的辨识计算得以实现。为了证明这种算法的有效性,本文从飞行器的一次不稳定飞行的测量数据,计算了该飞行器的气动系数,并讨论了辨识计算所得气动系数的可信度,计算结果与实际符合较好,在改进飞行器的飞行试验中起了一定作用。     

Radiation transmission in adverse weather

A simplified practical approach to determining the effects of weather on the transmission of radiation at visible, infrared (IR), and millimetre (mm) wavelengths, with particular reference to the aircraft landing problem, is outlined. Passive landing systems are studied. Landing categories related to visibility are defined. An extinction coefficient used to relate the effect of the atmosphere on the radiation detected by the human eye (or an imaging sensor onboard the aircraft) to the landing category and the calculation of this coefficient are discussed. The approach makes use of data from openly available literature. Results have been found useful in indicating the effects of adverse weather on imaging sensor performance for an enhanced vision aircraft-mounted landing system. As an example of the technique, the method of determining the extinction coefficients in fog for infrared radiation is outlined     

A hybrid original approach for prediction of the aerodynamic coe?cients of an ATR-42 scaled wing model

A new approach for the prediction of lift, drag, and moment coefficients is presented. This approach is based on the support vector machines (SVMs) methodology and an optimization meta-heuristic algorithm called extended great deluge (EGD). The novelty of this approach is the hybridization between the SVM and the EGD algorithm. The EGD is used to optimize the SVM parameters. The training and validation of this new identification approach is realized using the aerodynamic coefficients of an ATR-42 wing model. The aerodynamic coefficients data are obtained with the XFoil software and experimental tests using the Price–Pa?doussis wind tunnel. The predicted results with our approach are compared with those from the XFoil software and experimental results for different flight cases of angles of attack and Mach numbers. The main pur-pose of this methodology is to rapidly predict aircraft aerodynamic coefficients.     

Theoretical studies of interplanetary propagation and acceleration

Studies evaluating the transport coefficients for energetic particles in interplanetary space are described in relation to particle data.In position space, the main mode of propagation is along field lines but perpendicular diffusion and drift motion is also possible. Diffusion coefficients based on interplanetary magnetic field data are either derived from quasi-linear, adiabatic theory or this theory corrected for finite scattering near 90° pitch angle or by numerical techniques. Relevant particle data includes solar proton event time profile and anisotropy measurements. In general, when Fokker-Planck transport equation solutions are fitted to particle data, the parallel diffusion coefficients obtained still appear rather larger than those given by theoretical estimates. Perpendicular diffusion is shown to be due to field line wandering and random drift motion effects. The importance of drift motion in cosmic ray modulation theory is mentioned.Although much emphasis is currently placed upon shock acceleration in CIR's, statistical acceleration in interplanetary space must be considered. Energetic particles may gain energy from longitudinal waves and cyclotron resonance interactions. Analytical and numerical estimates of the energy space diffusion coefficients are considered. Some reveal a surprising importance to this statistical acceleration and can explain a variety of data.Presented at the Fifth International Symposium on Solar-Terrestrial Physics, held at Ottawa, Canada, May 1982.     

Numerical analysis of the coefficients of temperature restitution and heat transfer in a turbulent dispersed flow

A technique is proposed and the results of the numerical investigation of the coefficients of temperature restitution and heat transfer on the surface streamlined by a turbulent dispersed flow are presented. The calculation data given involve that the coefficients of temperature restitution and heat transfer of the dispersed flow are significantly dependent on the nature of relative phase motion (with or without directional transverse particle displacement in the boundary layer), on the phase slip coefficients, and on the intensity of internal sources of heat and momentum in the boundary layer of the carrying medium.     

高速风洞试验中运输机支撑形式的选择

合理选择模型的支撑形式和解决支架干扰问题是准确获取气动力数据的关键因素。为了寻找一种合适的运输类飞机在高速风洞试验中的支撑形式,首先通过计算分析和试验验证,给出了运输类飞机高速风洞试验中30°尾支撑支架干扰问题存在的原因,然后根据0°、5°、15°以及30°不同尾支撑形式的计算分析和专项试验论证结果,提出并验证了小角度尾支撑是现阶段运输类飞机高速风洞试验中最合理、最有效的支撑形式。     

Robust and efficient computation of turbulent flows around civil transport aircraft at flight Reynolds numbers

This work aims at providing numerical methods that enable the robust and efficient simulation of turbulent flows around civil transport aircraft configurations at flight Reynolds numbers. Robustness problems related to the multigrid treatment of advanced transport equation turbulence models have been identified preventing convergence of simulations at high or flight Reynolds numbers. Therefore the application of multigrid to the turbulence equations is omitted while the multigrid treatment of the mean flow equations stays unchanged. Moreover, a fully implicit time integration scheme – a DDADI approach – is applied to the turbulence equations. The new approach raised robustness to a sufficient level to converge viscous computations at flight Reynolds numbers. Furthermore, the convergence speed of aerodynamic coefficients for three dimensional applications has also been improved significantly.     

外挂副油箱中油液惯性特性的工程处理方法

提出了外挂副油箱中油液惯性特性的工程处理方法。在不同的油箱细长比、尺度比、油液深度和振荡频率下进行了系统的试验 ,得出了比较简单的油液在不同运动状态下的当量惯性系数。用这些当量系数对某型飞机进行了机翼 -外挂副油箱的动力特性计算 ,结果与试验吻合良好     

线加速度计模型方程系数的测量不确定度

阐述了线加速度计静态数学模型方程的精密离心校准方法，利用最小二乘原理推导了实验数据处理方法，并分析了线加速度计模型方程系数的测量不确定度计算方法。     

基于雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程的表面传热系数计算

采用有限体积法数值求解控制二维绕流的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程组,计算了光滑和粗糙NACA0012翼型以及圆柱表面的局部表面传热系数.分析了近壁面网格间距、湍流模式和表面粗糙度模型对数值计算结果的影响.结果表明:切应力输运(SST)湍流模型能够区分层流和湍流边界层的对流传热特性,并能预测转捩的发生;采用Spalart-Allmaras(S-A) 扩展模型能够计算粗糙壁面的对流传热系数,但采用忽略转捩函数的S-A模型不能有效计算层流边界层的传热系数.当近壁面网格间距接近10-5量级的黏性子层时,在光滑和粗糙壁面都能得到准确的传热系数分布.结合合适的近壁面网格间距,湍流模式和表面粗糙度模型可以得到与实验数据十分接近的表面传热系数曲线.通过与求解不可压缩RANS方程得到的结果比较后发现,不可压缩RANS方程主要忽略了压缩和黏性耗散效应,这种效应可以通过绝热升温项的形式并入总体热分析.      

SST湍流模型在高超声速绕流中的改进

为模拟高超声速湍流问题,对剪切应力输运(SST)湍流模型系数进行了修正。数值格式采用改进的总变差递减(TVD)格式,并对湍流模型的负值强制项进行了隐式处理。在此基础上计算了绕平板以及具有分离、再附、激波/边界层干扰等复杂流动结构的压缩拐角的高超声速流动。计算结果与试验数据及半经验公式的对比表明:SST湍流模型引入的雷诺剪切应力与湍动能之比为常数(Bradshaw数)在高超声速绕流中并不成立。Bradshaw数修正后的SST湍流模型与原模型相比,所计算的壁面压力、摩擦阻力和壁面热流分布更接近试验结果。     

热力学函数温度系数的计算

利用热容、熵、焓与温度关系的方程 [1],采用解最小二乘联立方程组的方法,编制了计算程序。可算出各种物质热力学函数温度系数。以此经验方程求得各种温度下的函数值与标准值非常接近,偏差小,精度高于文献 [1、 2]。      

基于动态系数的涡轴发动机平衡流形模型建模方法

以涡轴发动机线性模型为基础,通过分析状态变量对不同参数的影响,建立简化的传递函数模型。将传递函数转换成状态空间形式,推导出动态系数法模型的平衡流形展开形式,确定了建模要素。然后进行离散化分析,结合平衡流形原理,获取了分别基于加减速试验和阶跃辨识试验求取动态系数的方法,根据试验数据计算出动态系数,并分析了两种方法计算结果的一致性。最后对模型精度进行验证,结果表明所采用的动态系数计算及建模方法是正确的,模型稳态误差小于1%,动态误差小于4%,能够满足工程需要。     

民机乘坐品质的概率指标及算法

 针对民用飞机在随机大气扰动下的乘坐品质问题,研究更符合实际的乘坐品质评价指标和方法。从大气紊流强度的概率特性出发,依据飞机对大气紊流响应与乘坐品质C准则之间的关系,推导了飞机乘坐品质C准则的概率指标公式。在此基础上,通过计算大气扰动的功率谱响应,给出了准则的计算方法,并以Boeing747飞机为例,具体说明了算法的实现和计算过程。所建立的乘坐品质的概率指标比传统的C指数更符合实际,计算方法简单有效,有工程实用价值。     

飞机漂浮性分析的ACN计算方法

给出了刚性和柔性两类铺砌道面下，由飞机所需的道面厚度计算ACN值的方法。对于刚性道面，给出了不同刚度的地基下计算ACN的公式和计算系数。经三种具有代表性的机型进行验算，验证了方法的准确性。对大量计算数据的分析表明，地基类型和地基强度对ACN计算方法有很大影响，若要准确计算飞机的ACN值，可对ACN计算系数进行插值扩展，得到计算系数关于地基刚度的多项式。应用方法对某型飞机的漂浮性进行评估，结果表明有一定的工程实际意义。