基于MBSE的副翼及其操纵系统研发技术及应用

飞机的设计研发是一项涉及多学科领域、多目标、多约束的复杂系统工程过程,系统耦合紧密、参与人员众多、设计信息庞杂,以文档为中心的需求管理等传统研发方法突显出一定的困难,亟需探索新的飞机设计研发方法。以副翼及其操纵系统为研究对象,对基于模型的系统工程(Model Based System Engineering,以下简称MBSE)方法进行了探索研究:采用达索MBSE方法论-MMS(Modeling Methodology for Systems,以下简称MMS),从使命、服务、功能和组件不同视角对副翼及其操纵系统研发的各个方面进行解析,进而完整定义系统;利用达索3D Experience平台,通过RFLP系统工程架构,进行了副翼及其操纵系统的需求开发、功能分析及逻辑架构设计,完成了需求、功能、逻辑架构、系统仿真、物理设计等模型的关联追溯,实现了以达索MBSE方法论为核心的研发技术的有效应用。     

民用飞机系统需求确认研究

本文从系统工程的角度和民机设计的要求出发,主要讨论了民用飞机系统开发过程中需求的确认工作.需求相关工作是系统设计的一个起点,对于后续的工作将会产生巨大的影响.为了降低风险和研发成本,在设计之初首先需要做好系统的需求确认工作,保证需求的正确性和完备性,这样才能保证设计实现的正确性,最终实现项目的成功.本文从适航性的角度出发,着重描述了系统需求确认工作的流程和相关的确认方法.希望通过这篇文章能够为高度综合、复杂的飞机系统设计研制提供必要的支持     

Continuing challenges in lithium battery development

In these days of emphasizing standardization, Acquisition Reform, Non-Developed Items (NDI) and Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) technologies, we are facing new challenges associated with these trends. Program managers are pressured to use a standard or COTS battery, while simultaneously, the new systems being developed have increasingly complex and demanding power requirements. Hardware must be developed with shorter schedules, and policies of Acquisition Reform limit the amount of control the government has over the development of a given item. In this paper, we review battery development efforts that have resulted in unexpected problems. Relevant data from both current and past test programs are presented. Recommendations are provided concerning how to best avoid duplication of effort, while ensuring that the final product will have the best chances of succeeding     

Assistant systems for aircraft guidance: cognitive man-machine cooperation

This paper presents the concept of cognitive assistant systems which represents an approach to ensure the highest degree possible of situation awareness of the flight crew as well as a satisfactory workload level. This concept offers the solution to counteract susceptibility to pilot errors typical of lack of attention or other cognitive limitations. It is founded on cognitive system engineering. This technology enables a cockpit design in order to systematically comply with the requirements of ‘Human-Centred Automation (HCA)’. The underlying approach behind the concept has become real with the development of the cockpit assistant system prototype family CASSY/CAMA as described in this paper. CASSY/CAMA has been extensively tested in a flight simulator and successfully field tested with the ATTAS (Advanced Technologies Testing Aircraft System) of the DLR. Some of the test results with CAMA will be presented in this paper.     

基于模型的载人航天器研制方法研究与实践

载人航天器具有系统规模大、技术难度高、单件小批量、无法通过多次飞行持续完善设计、可靠性要求高等特点。当前载人航天器研制中仍存在着参数化和模型化程度不高、基于模型的系统综合仿真验证不足、研制各环节缺乏数字化集成等问题，传统基于文本的系统工程方法已无法满足研制需求，亟需采用基于模型的系统工程方法。本文针对载人航天器的研制现状和应用需求，提出了面向载人航天器全生命周期的模型体系，定义了需求模型、功能模型、产品模型、工程模型、制造模型、实做模型等六类模型，提出了基于模型的研制流程，包含系统设计闭环验证、产品设计闭环验证、实做产品闭环验证3个验证环节，并深入探索了各研制环节中不同模型间的传递与关联关系。以某型号载人航天器为应用基础，系统地验证了提出的方法。     

A Digital Map Set for the Night Attack Aircraft

There has been much interest recently in applying cartographic digital data bases to advanced avionics systems as a solution to specific problems associated with night attack aircraft missions. The tremendous computer horsepower required to accomplish this task in real-time in an airborne environment is well documented. Hardware implementation of complex algorithms traditionally has produced custom devices which accomplish a specific function on a specific data structure. Historically, this has resulted in powerful but inflexible systems incapable of adapting to the changing requirements of military missions. In an age of evolving technology, these pitfalls must be avoided by incorporating expected changes into the design of digital map systems. If they are made to accommodate a variety of cartographic data bases and allow for programmable manipulation of those bases, this new class of digital map sets can be reconfigured at the software level to meet the changing requirements of aircraft missions. This paper addresses current design concepts for such a map system on a Night Attack aircraft. The focus is on issues concerning the development and handling of existing map data products to meet current system requirements. This system, called the Digital Map Set (DMS), is being designed to accomplish the classical manipulations of Defense Mapping Agency Digital Land Mass System data. Additionally, aeronautical charts, aerial reconnaissance photos, flight plan data, and other two-dimensional bit mapped graphics also are accommodated. Mission requirements relating to the cartographic data bases shall be discussed along with ground support station and airborne system design issues.     

民用飞机刹车控制系统软件构型管理研究

民用飞机刹车控制系统构型管理在系统设计开发过程和适航符合性验证过程中发挥着关键作用。为了提升民用飞机刹车控制系统软件构型管理能力,使该系统设计开发的软件满足适航要求,介绍刹车控制系统软件构型管理的概念和方法,描述如何运用系统思维和信息化流程手段将构型管理和软件设计相结合,开展软件全生命周期过程构型管理活动。结合DO-178C 的要求,提出建立以产品构型为核心的构型数据数字化管理机制,实现刹车控制系统软件研制的单一数据源。结果表明：通过和构型基线管理相结合建立一个统一的构型数据库,在构型库中严格按照阶段的状态进行准确记录,确保了状态信息的实时性、可追溯性、完整性及有效性,达到了最终构型控制目标,可以满足适航要求。     

Lessons learned using software-assisted systems engineering on large satellite development contracts

Over the years, the world's defense industries have become quite proficient at developing large, complex hardware and software systems. In recent years, the ubiquitous deployment of personal computers has changed the way we work. Additionally, took designed to facilitate systems engineering have recently matured enough to start having a major impact on many major systems development efforts. Finally, the government's faster-better-cheaper acquisition philosophy has started driving prime contractors to a concurrent engineering approach toward systems engineering. This confluence of experts is has had unexpected impacts on both the flexibility and rigor of requirements management processes. While the maturing requirements and design took hold great promise in maintaining requirements traceability throughout the design process, the widespread use of desktop computing systems has inadvertently lulled many experienced systems engineers into sloppy processes because it now appears to be a simple matter to make a requirements change in a softcopy of a requirements document. Without strong process and management support, requirements changes inevitably start being derived in a broad spectrum of incompatible took and formats. This author is currently participating in the design phase of a major classified government satellite development effort. As an integral member of an extremely experienced requirements management team (boasting over 150 years of combined experience in the defense industry), this author has had the opportunity to watch the team navigate straight into many of the systems engineering potholes created when talented engineers implement concurrent engineering using a variety of tools without a consistent process framework. This paper, therefore, specifically addresses process and implementation challenges that arose when establishing a software-assisted concurrent-engineering approach on a large satellite development contract.     

Optimum selection of error control coding using neural networks

Significant performance improvements may be obtained in digital communication systems if error control coding is properly applied. However, selection of a coding scheme for specific applications is often a complicated task. The choice is affected by a set of system design goals. Some of these goals impose case-dependent conflicting requirements. Similar scheme selection problems exist in many engineering system design processes. A knowledge-combined neural network approach is developed and applied to optimum coding selection. The proposed approach utilizes a neural network trained not only by precedent examples but also by knowledge rules to draw conclusions. It is shown that artificial neural networks (ANNs) can provide effective solutions to the problems encountered in building systems that emulate a coding specialist's expertise     

Information systems requirements analysis and design: a balancedapproach

Over the last decade information engineering has become the methodology of choice for developing information systems. There are as many definitions of information engineering as there are practitioners of the techniques. This paper addresses information engineering from a practical perspective; it discusses how information engineering techniques can be applied to the real-life problem of identifying system requirements and satisfying those requirements with a computer-based information system. The paper also shows that information engineering, rather than being a new methodology, is made up of components of existing methodologies     

ANALYSIS OF AN ELECTROSTRICTIVE STACK ACTUATOR FOR ACTIVE TRAILING EDGE FLAPS

Helicopter is a complex dynamic system withmany rotating components. The rotor blades oper-ate in a highly complex aerodynamic environment.The vibratory hub load,which is caused by cyclicvariation ofcentrifugaland aerodynamic load of therotating bladesin flight,is transmitted to the fuse-lage,resulting in serious vibration and noise of thestructure. It is one of the most important excitingsources in helicopters.There has long been a desire to reduce heli-copter vibration and to improve its per…     

System of Systems Engineering - New Challenges for the 21st Century

The concept of system of systems (SoS) and the challenges ahead to extend systems engineering (SE) to system of systems is introduced. The birth of a new engineering field may be on the horizon - system of systems engineering (SoSE). A SoS is a collection of individual, possibly heterogeneous, but functional systems integrated together to enhance the overall robustness, lower the cost of operation, and increase reliability of the overall complex (SoS) system. Having said that, the field has a large vacuum from basic definition, to theory, to management and implementation. Many key issues like architecture, modeling, simulation, identification, emergence, standards, net-centricity, control, etc., are all begging for attention. In this review, we go through all these issues briefly and bring the challenges to the attention of interested readers. We will also indicate the existence of an introduction consortium, of interested groups who are getting together to help realize these problems and try to find solutions.     

Integrated flight control systems: a new paradigm for an old art

The automatic flight control computer was a revolutionary development in the early days of flight, even in its primitive electromechanical form. It evolved into an electronic computing device, starting as an analog computer and maturing into software run on a digital, general-purpose microprocessor. The current accepted industry standard is to use a dedicated microprocessor in its own enclosure for this function that is essentially firewalled from the rest of the systems on the aircraft. This paper will explore the opportunity to integrate the flight control function into an integrated processing platform, which is a robustly partitioned platform that supports multiple functions of dissimilar design assurance levels. This approach provides all of the benefits of an integrated system, while still maintaining the separation provided by a stand-alone unit. The paper will consider both the advantages and disadvantages of this approach. The discussion will describe each of the alternatives in general and then focus specifically on autopilot and flight control functions that have potential for integration. The end goal of the paper is to impress on the reader an understanding of the different alternatives available for autopilot, flight control, and avionics modernization in general. This includes the development of a selection matrix that will assist the reader in making decisions on how best to implement these functions according to criticality and the volatility of their future requirements     

一种估算ETOPS时间限制系统时间性能的方法

ETOPS时间限制系统的时间性能要求是飞机系统设计的重要输入,是确保飞机系统设计满足最大ETOPS改航能力的前提.结合工程经验以及ETOPS运行特点,提出了一种估算ETOPS时间限制系统时间性能的方法.通过案例计算表明,航路温度和风对于确定ETOPS时间限制系统时间性能的影响是明显的.提出的计算、分析方法可用于飞机设计阶段对ETOPS时间限制系统时间性能的工程估算.     

主动控制技术(ACT)验证机工程飞行仿真系统设计

研究一种我国自行研制、开发的用于ＡＣＴ验证机的研制和试飞的多功能工程飞行仿真系统,分析了系统的设计概念、原则和功能要求,提出了面向多功能要求（全数字实时飞行仿真、电传飞控铁鸟台综合试验、飞行训练模拟和工程飞行仿真）的总体设计和总体结构,研究了ＡＣＴ验证机动力学特性的建模、仿真和提高仿真逼真度的方法。研究和开发了工程飞行仿真的实时管理软件系统和人机（用户）接口。系统应用实践和试飞飞行员的评价表明设计是成功的,是一种性能／价格比高的工程飞行仿真系统。     

飞机系统设计若干研究新进展

飞机系统设计是飞机研制的重要组成部分,它关系到飞机整体性能的提高。新一代飞机性能指标的不断提高,对各系统提出了更高的设计要求。为此,阐述了液压系统、燃油系统和环境控制系统的新发展、新要求、新方法。希望为相关的飞机系统设计研究方向提供一定的参考。     

基于系统工程的飞机系统架构设计过程

随着电子化和集成化程度越来越高,现代飞机系统架构设计中出现越来越多的综合性问题,业界提出了体系性的飞机系统架构设计要求,包括系统工程过程要求、适航条款对架构设计的约束要求、高安全性设计要求等,但缺乏规范的、可落实的飞机系统架构设计过程.针对这个问题,提出了"基于系统工程的飞机系统架构设计过程",并引入了多视角策略(功能...     

空间机械臂维修性系统设计与评价体系的构建

空间机械臂维修性系统设计与评价体系的构建对机械臂维修具有非常重要的意义。结合空间机械臂维修性需求,建立了机械臂"设计-验证-设计-评价"全周期系统性的维修性设计与评价体系,根据维修性系统设计体系进行维修性设计-验证-再设计的循环管理,再根据维修性评价体系,三类评价人员模拟在轨维修操作场景分别开展维修评价,最终根据评价指标中的不合格项进行设计迭代。以机械臂中央控制器在轨维修为例验证该评价体系。研究结果将为后续空间机械臂维修性设计与评价工作提供体系借鉴和工程指导。     

Future Directions in Automation and Robotics for Manufacturing

The current emphasis on designing flexible manufacturing systems, particularly in the electronics manufacturing industry, is bringing automation and robotics technologies to the factory at increasing rates. The rate of advance in these technologies raises serious concerns among engineers and managers about how to proceed in building modern manufacturing systems. A large portion of this uncertainty results from the difficulty of fitting technological advances into the existing models of manufacturing. What is needed is a new framework within which to perceive automation and robotics which will permit the adoption of more encompassing design strategies and principles to be followed in the practice of modernizing and maintaining advanced electronics manufacturing systems. This paper provides a framework that might be adopted to structure new strategies for incorporating automation and robotics in manufacturing. The approach is one that we at SRI have found useful in considering automation and robotics issues for the NASA Space Station and other complex systems which need to incorporate new technologies throughout long lifetimes. These same issues are becoming increasingly important in electronics manufacturing system design and development.