自主卫星系统基于Agent的建模与仿真研究

为满足越来越高的航天任务要求,卫星系统必须具有一定程度自主性;但自主卫星系统是复杂系统,研究困难,仿真往往成为唯一的有效手段.本文提出使用基于agent的建模与仿真(ABMS)方法研究自主卫星系统的策略.首先分析了3个有代表性的自主航天任务系统,然后详细讨论了卫星系统的自主性,最后介绍了作者独立开发的支持自主卫星系统ABMS的模型体系结构和软件平台--ABSSA和absimlib,为仿真研究自主卫星系统提供了理论和实践支持.     

KM6太阳模拟器冷却系统

太阳模拟器是在冷黑和真空环境中模拟太阳辐照的一种重要设备,其冷却系统主要用于太阳模拟器氙灯的冷却和光学组件的冷却。冷却系统主要由高压水冷却、低压水冷却、低压氮气冷却、氟里昂制冷和去离子水等5部分组成,文章分别介绍了它们的流程和特点。文章参考了ESTEC冷却系统的经验,对KM6太阳模拟器冷却系统进行了优化设计,特别采用了去离子水、密闭循环、模块化机组、PCL控制系统等多种技术,提高了系统的可靠性。此系统设计方法可以应用到其他类似太阳模拟器冷却系统和大型常温冷却系统的设计。     

SRAM单粒子效应检测方法研究

采用中国科学院近代物理研究所的回旋加速器HIRFL产生不同LET值的重离子,以模拟空间辐射环境,检测了两种国产SRAM器件抗单粒子翻转和单粒子锁定的能力。试验中采用了两套单粒子效应检测系统,结合试验检测过程和最终结果,讨论了两套检测系统各自的优缺点,总结了试验中需要注意的其他问题。本研究为今后构建其他器件的单粒子效应检测系统提供了参考。     

Review on Shaker Systems in Launch Vehicle and Spacecraft Development

In the history of human space exploration, many failures of launch vehicles and spacecraft tare caused by vibration. At first, the periods in which the space products are in a vibration environment are discussed and the need for vibration testing is then introduced. As the main content of this paper, the current situation of shaker systems is elaborated in detail. In this part, electrodynamic shakers, as the most widely used vibration generators, are illustrated in detail including structures, principles and performances. Special inventions worldwide in the development of electrodynamic shakers such as induction ring shakers, high force shakers, multi-axial vibration testing systems and combined environmental testing systems are presented. At last, the recent progress and outlook of shaker systems are summarized.     

Generating requirements for complex embedded systems using State Analysis

It has become clear that spacecraft system complexity is reaching a threshold where customary methods of control are no longer affordable or sufficiently reliable. At the heart of this problem are the conventional approaches to systems and software engineering based on subsystem-level functional decomposition, which fail to scale in the tangled web of interactions typically encountered in complex spacecraft designs. Furthermore, there is a fundamental gap between the requirements on software specified by systems engineers and the implementation of these requirements by software engineers. Software engineers must perform the translation of requirements into software code, hoping to accurately capture the systems engineer's understanding of the system behavior, which is not always explicitly specified. This gap opens up the possibility for misinterpretation of the systems engineer's intent, potentially leading to software errors. This problem is addressed by a systems engineering methodology called State Analysis, which provides a process for capturing system and software requirements in the form of explicit models. This paper describes how requirements for complex aerospace systems can be developed using State Analysis, using representative spacecraft examples.     

Enhancing ground communication of distributed space systems

The functionality of a distributed system can be significantly enhanced by exploring non-traditional approaches that leverage on inherent aspects of distributed systems in space. Till now, the benefit of distributed systems in space has been limited to enhancing coverage, multipoint sensing, creating virtual baselines (e.g. interferometry) or to enhance redundancy. The list of benefits can be further expanded by understanding the nature of distributed systems and by productively incorporating it into mission and spacecraft design. For example, prior knowledge of the spatial evolution of such systems can lead to innovative communication architectures for these distributed systems. In this paper, different communication scenarios are investigated that can enhance the communication link between the distributed system and ground.The increasing trend towards highly miniaturized spacecraft (nano- to femto-satellites) and proposals to launch hundreds or even thousands of them in massively distributed space missions have expanded the interest in distributed systems with miniature spacecraft. It is important to understand how and which, functionalities and systems, scale with size and number. Scalable systems are defined and addressed at a basic level and the utility of scaling rules and trends in identifying optimal configurations of distributed systems is explored.In this paper we focus on the communication capability and identify methods to enhance the communication link between a distributed space segment, consisting of a number of simplistic, resource limited femto-satellites, and earth. As an example, the concept of forming a dynamic phased array in space with the elements of a distributed space system in low-earth orbit is investigated. At the ground receiver, the signals from different satellites forming the array should not differ in phase by more than one-third the transmission wavelength, to ensure constructive superposition. Realizing such a phased array places strict accuracy requirements on time synchronization and knowledge of relative separation between the satellites with respect to the ground receiver. These constraints are derived and discussed.     

基于无线局域网的雷达机动指挥自动化系统分析

从雷达兵现役机动指挥自动化系统存在的问题着手,分析了无线雷达兵机动作战的主要特点及对指挥自动化系统的要求,提出了基于无线局域网的雷达兵机动指挥系统的设想,并建立了基本的网络结构模型。最后,根据系统论思想深层次地说明了雷达兵机动指挥系统建设的重要性。     

Newton–Euler equations of multibody systems with changing structures for space applications

Multibody systems with changing structure are considered. These systems have stages in their motion that distinct from each other by degree of freedom (DOF), joint connection structure and joint types. These mechanical systems are common in space application e.g. separation subsystems. Single coordinate set is used to formulate Newton–Euler equations of motion at each stage. Proposed equation form simplifies equations building process for certain stages and whole motion. Numerical experiment was carried out using proposed method.     

Geochemical constraints on sources of metabolic energy for chemolithoautotrophy in ultramafic-hosted deep-sea hydrothermal systems

Numerical models are employed to investigate sources of chemical energy for autotrophic microbial metabolism that develop during mixing of oxidized seawater with strongly reduced fluids discharged from ultramafic-hosted hydrothermal systems on the seafloor. Hydrothermal fluids in these systems are highly enriched in H(2) and CH(4) as a result of alteration of ultramafic rocks (serpentinization) in the subsurface. Based on the availability of chemical energy sources, inferences are made about the likely metabolic diversity, relative abundance, and spatial distribution of microorganisms within ultramafic-hosted systems. Metabolic reactions involving H(2) and CH(4), particularly hydrogen oxidation, methanotrophy, sulfate reduction, and methanogenesis, represent the predominant sources of chemical energy during fluid mixing. Owing to chemical gradients that develop from fluid mixing, aerobic metabolisms are likely to predominate in low-temperature environments (<20-30 degrees C), while anaerobes will dominate higher-temperature environments. Overall, aerobic metabolic reactions can supply up to approximately 7 kJ of energy per kilogram of hydrothermal fluid, while anaerobic metabolic reactions can supply about 1 kJ, which is sufficient to support a maximum of approximately 120 mg (dry weight) of primary biomass production by aerobic organisms and approximately 20-30 mg biomass by anaerobes. The results indicate that ultramafic-hosted systems are capable of supplying about twice as much chemical energy as analogous deep-sea hydrothermal systems hosted in basaltic rocks.     

Space light: space industrial enhancement of the solar option

The solar option can be enhanced significantly by space light technology. Reflectors in suitable orbits beam to Earth measured amounts of sunlight, the most versatile and bio-compatible energy source. The multitude of space light functions ranges from night illumination of rural and urban areas (by Lunetta systems) to photosynthetic production enhancement for the growth of food and of biomass for conversion to chemical fuels, local agricultural irradiation for crop drying and weather stabilization and to electric power generation by irradiating suitable photovoltaic or thermal ground receivers at night or by adding to the natural solar energy input during daytime (Soletta systems).

The Lunetta and Soletta concepts, developed by the author during the past ten years, building on the foundations laid by the great space pioneer Prof. H. Oberth (1928), are reviewed, along with their socio-economic merits. An assessment of terrestrial alternatives shows that many useful functions have no practical alternative, the major exception being electric power generation. Three systems are selected, bracketing the broad versatility of space light—Lunetta, Powersoletta and a large Biosoletta for large-scale seafood production in Antarctic and Artic waters. The systems, and several maintenance and supply requirements are described, sized and analyzed, along with suitable orbit selection for different applications. Models are developed for rural and urban area lighting, power generation at selected sites around the globe with photovoltaic and thermal ground stations and for the large-scale production of seafood at high southern and northern latitudes with ample nutrient upwell, but insufficient annual supply of solar energy. The economics of these systems is analyzed.     

Multiple continuous coverage of the earth based on multi-satellite systems with linear structure

A new and wider definition is given to multi-satellite systems with linear structure (SLS), and efficiency of their application to multiple continuous coverage of the Earth is substantiated. Owing to this widening, SLS have incorporated already well-recognized “polar systems” by L. Rider and W.S. Adams, “kinematically regular systems” by G.V. Mozhaev, and “delta-systems” by J.G. Walker, as well as “near-polar systems” by Yu.P. Ulybyshev, and some other satellite constellations unknown before. A universal method of SLS optimization is presented, valid for any values of coverage multiplicity and the number of satellites in a system. The method uses the criterion of minimum radius of a circle seen from a satellite on the surface of the globe. Among the best SLS found in this way there are both systems representing the well-known classes mentioned above and new orbit constellations of satellites.     

复杂不确定性下多无人机的抗扰时变编队控制

针对存在不确定非线性动态和外部时变干扰的多无人机系统的时变编队问题,提出了基于扩张状态观测器(ESO)的抗扰编队控制方法。首先建立了分布式ESO来估计多无人机系统的不确定性,基于ESO的输出提出了抗扰编队控制律,并提出一套算法来对控制律进行参数选定。然后,通过分析得到基于该控制律下,多无人机系统实现抗扰时变编队所需要的充要条件,并最终严格证明了在满足编队充要条件和基于提出的控制律下,多无人机系统可以稳定实现抗扰时变编队。最后仿真结果表明理论方法的有效性。     

Capabilities of Kinematically Regular Satellite Systems with Symmetry Groups of the Second Type in the Problem of Continuous Single Coverage of the Earth

The problem of a continuous single coverage of the Earth by systems of satellites in circular orbits of equal radii is considered. The results of calculating the characteristics of kinematically regular systems consisting of 6 to 60 satellites and possessing symmetry groups of the second type are presented. It is shown that, when the number of satellites varies from 20 to 38 inclusive, the best systems of this class surpass all currently known systems with respect to their characteristics.__________Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 43, No. 3, 2005, pp. 215–223.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Mozhaev.     

Analysis of Ballistic Structures of Multichannel Communication Satellite Systems on Precessing Elliptic Orbits

Two models of intersatellite communication channels in satellite systems on precessing elliptic orbits are considered. By assuming that these systems provide for a continuous survey of the Earth of the necessary multiplicity, algorithms of the analysis of ballistic system structures are constructed for these models in order to maintain multichannel global communication and organization of corresponding intersatellite channels. The algorithm operation is illustrated by numerical examples. This paper develops the results from [1–3], where a similar approach was advanced for the analysis of ballistic structures of satellite systems with simplified models of motion.     

Life and light: exotic photosynthesis in binary and multiple-star systems

The potential for Earth-like planets within binary/multiple-star systems to host photosynthetic life was evaluated by modeling the levels of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) such planets receive. Combinations of M and G stars in (i) close-binary systems; (ii) wide-binary systems, and (iii) three-star systems were investigated, and a range of stable radiation environments were found to be possible. These environmental conditions allow for the possibility of familiar, but also more exotic, forms of photosynthetic life, such as IR photosynthesizers and organisms that are specialized for specific spectral niches.     

Hori method for generalized canonical systems

In this paper, some special features on the canonical version of Hori method, when it is applied to generalized canonical systems (systems of differential equations described by a Hamiltonian function linear in the momenta), are presented. Two different procedures, based on a new approach for the integration theory recently presented for the canonical version, are proposed for determining the new Hamiltonian and the generating function for systems whose differential equations for the coordinates describe a periodic system with one fast phase. These procedures are equivalent and they are directly related to the canonical transformations defined by the general solution of the integrable kernel of the Hamiltonian. They provide the same near-identity transformation for the coordinates obtained through the non-canonical version of Hori method. It is also shown that these procedures are connected to the classic averaging principle through a canonical transformation. As examples, asymptotic solutions of a non-linear oscillations problem and of the elliptic perturbed problem are discussed.     

缓冲气囊冲击减缓研究进展

本文从气囊缓冲机理出发对近年来国内外缓冲气囊进行了详细的分类和总结。缓冲气囊以其高效的缓冲性能、较轻的质量和低廉的成本等特性,成为重装空投防护与航天器软着陆技术领域的一个热点研究方向。本文首先介绍了密闭型气囊、排气型气囊和组合型气囊的性能和适用范围,讨论了各个类型气囊的优缺点。然后对气囊缓冲特性的数值仿真分析方法和分析模型进行了论述,对比了各类分析方法的原理与优缺点,并阐明了气囊优化设计的重要性和基本方法。此外本文还介绍了缓冲气囊研究的难点和应用前景以及需要进一步研究的问题。     

Prospects for commercial satellite services at Q- and V-bands

Some 16 proposed new satellite systems operating at 36 to 46 GHz (Q-band) and 46 to 56 GHz (V-band) have been proposed to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission by U.S. companies. Of these. 14 are intended to provide global, or nearly global, service. One is intended for U.S. domestic service, and one is a package to provide additional store-and-forward capability on an earlier proposed “Little LEO” system. This paper provides a brief summary of the 14 global systems, which for the most part are designed to exploit the wide band of frequencies available for services such as multimedia distribution and Internet access.

Systems are proposed that would use geostationary orbit, medium earth orbit, low earth orbit, and Molniya orbit satellites, and in some cases combinations of two of these orbits. Most of the new systems propose to employ new technologies such as multiple narrow spot-beam antennas, onboard demodulation and routing of traffic between beams, intersatellite links, and in some cases scanning beams to continuously illuminate the service area as the satellite flies by.

Some of the difficulties involved in fielding systems at these high frequencies arise from the propagation impairments that can be expected and the high cost of solid-state power devices for user terminals, which will drive up costs. It is concluded that, while the large amount of bandwidth (3 GHz) proposed by the FCC for these systems is attractive, few if any are likely to be built while spectrum remains available at Ka-band.     

Multisatellite systems with linear structure and their application for continuous coverage of the earth

Multisatellite systems with linear structure (SLS) are defined, and their application for a continuous global or zonal coverage of the Earths surface is justified. It is demonstrated that in some cases these systems turned out to be better than usually recommended kinematically regular systems by G.V. Mozhaev, delta systems of J.G. Walker, and polar systems suggested by F.W. Gobets, L. Rider, and W.S. Adams. When a comparison is made using the criterion of a minimum radius of one-satellite coverage circle, the SLS beat the other systems for the majority of satellite numbers from the range 20–63, if the global continuous single coverage of the Earth is required. In the case of a zonal continuous single coverage of the latitude belt ±65°, the SLS are preferable at almost all numbers of satellites from 38 to 100, and further at any values up to 200 excluding 144.Translated from Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, Vol. 43, No. 1, 2005, pp. 36–53.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Saulskiy.     

On the use of solar energy for the acceleration of bodies to cosmic velocities

Future schemes of propulsions for interplanetary space flights based on using the solar energy are considered. The analysis is being conducted of the following propulsion systems: photon steady propulsion (solar sail); unsteady propulsion using momentum and energy of powerful solar flare photons; thermogasdynamic based on heating of propellant matter by concentrated solar radiation; electromagnetic wave propulsion based on the energy and momentum transmission by waves of optical and microwave ranges from space solar electricity stations and energy storage devices. The combined types of propulsion systems is discussed. Main features of mathematical modelling of small thrust propulsion systems are also considered.