考虑机翼几何非线性的气动弹性建模与分析

大展弦比柔性机翼结构重量轻、气动效率高,广泛应用于高空长航时无人机(UAVs)。飞行过程中,这类机翼在气动力作用下发生大变形,线性结构模型不再适用,需要建立考虑几何大变形的结构模型。采用牛顿力学方法推导了考虑结构几何非线性的机翼结构动力学模型,该方法推导过程简洁、物理意义明确,可以与Hodges基于哈密顿原理的推导方法相互补充,相互验证。为了能够更准确地求解大展弦比柔性机翼的非定常气动力,建立了能够考虑机翼三维效应且适用于机翼空间大变形的非定常气动力模型。基于建立的非线性结构模型和非定常气动力模型,采用松耦合方法建立了非线性气动弹性模型,并通过算例验证了气弹模型的准确性。研究结果表明,大展弦比柔性机翼颤振速度对来流迎角和机翼的展长均较为敏感;当来流速度大于颤振速度时,由于几何非线性,机翼振动并未发散而是形成稳定的极限环振荡(LCO);随着来流速度进一步增加,机翼再次穿过临界稳定点,由不稳定系统变为稳定系统,直到随着速度的增加系统再次达到临界稳定状态。     

大展弦比大柔性机翼载荷分布求解的一种方法

大展弦比大柔性机翼在气动力作用下产生较大的弯曲和扭转变形,会引起明显的气动载荷重新分布。基于一种只具有2个广义转角自由度的梁单元模型,提出了一种大展弦比大柔性机翼载荷重新分布的新方法。该方法将大柔性机翼弯曲变形的几何非线性问题转化为线性问题,同时,基于弯曲变形结果,可在局部坐标系下进行机翼扭转变形求解,避免了整体坐标系下扭转变形的几何非线性问题。综合来看,该方法可将具有明显几何非线性效应的大展弦比大柔性机翼的载荷重新分布问题转化为线性问题,且计算量小,效率高,非常适合工程实用。通过与大柔性悬臂梁解析解的对比,验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性。     

复合材料大展弦比机翼动力学建模与颤振分析

新一代航空结构广泛采用复合材料，对复合材料机翼的气动弹性工程化建模和分析是飞机设计的重要任务。应用气动弹性分析理论和方法，对复合材料大展弦比机翼进行了结构有限元建模、模型修正、固有振动特性计算、部件发散与颤振工程分析。本文使用MSC／NASTRAN软件，在复合材料大展弦比机翼的初步静力分析模型基础上，依据结构图纸、相关试验结果反复修改得到合理的机翼结构动力学有限元模型，固有振动计算中采用动力减缩方法消除局部模态并提高计算精度，采用亚音速偶极子格网法求解非定常气动力，并对单独机翼进行了发散和颤振计算分析。     

大展弦比柔性机翼气动弹性分析中的气动力方法研究进展

近20年来长航时飞行的需求强烈,大柔性飞行器的几何非线性气动弹性问题逐渐凸显,使得气动弹性力学面临新的挑战。本文针对大展弦比大变形的柔性飞行器,调研和分析了目前几何非线性气动弹性工程研究领域中主要使用的气动建模方法,着重介绍基于片条理论、面元法和计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)技术等气动建模方法在静、动气动弹性分析中的主要特点、研究现状与应用状况,并对大展弦比大变形机翼的气动弹性分析中气动力方法的发展提出若干建议,供气动弹性基础研究和工程应用研究人员参考。     

静气弹中非线性气动力建模方法与分析

大展弦比低雷诺数气动布局容易较早出现气流分离,会带来明显的非线性气动力问题。针对此类布局提出了一种建立基于Kriging插值的非线性压力系数分布模型的方法。从Navier-Stokes方程计算的不同状态下飞机的压力系数中提取不同坐标的系数。利用Kriging插值函数建立CFD压力系数对迎角导数的响应面,将插值结果代入偶极子网格法(Double-Lattice Method,DLM)修正其线性方法。利用无限板样条(IPS)方法进行气动结构耦合,实现了有限元结构的非线性气弹响应分析。算例结果验证了方法对于静气弹分析的有效性,同时能准确地反映弹性带来的气动效率的降低和非线性力矩特征。     

飞行器刚体运动与气动弹性相互作用问题研究

通过联立求解空气动力学基本方程、飞行动力学运动方程和弹性结构振动方程,在时间域内模拟和分析了大展弦比飞机纵向动力学稳定性问题。结合动网格技术,气动力计算采用基于欧拉方程的计算流体力学方法,结构变形和飞行姿态位置变化统一为模态表示方法,通过松耦合将飞行器姿态稳定性和结构变形稳定性施行了模拟。以某大展弦比机翼飞机为算例,研究了其刚体运动和机翼的弹性振动的相互影响。结果表明：对于具有大展弦比机翼的飞机,其机翼的低阶弹性模态易与飞机飞行中本身的刚体模态发生耦合,从而导致飞机机翼的气动弹性发散以及飞机本身刚体运动稳定性的改变。对于这类飞机,在其气动弹性和飞行稳定性的分析和设计中必须充分考虑到两种运动的相互影响。     

复合材料大展弦比机翼的弹性变形对飞机纵向气动导数的影响

针对复合材料大展弦比机翼进行了静气动弹性特性的分析研究。计算应用MSC／NASTRAN软件，以某飞机复合材料大展弦比机翼的静力分析有限元模型为基础，对模型进行合理的修改，建立起静气动弹性分析的有限元模型，使用结构柔度法和亚音速偶极子格网法进行静气动弹性计算，重点分析了纵向气动导数以及相应的弹性修正系数随马赫数、速压变化的特点，总结出复合材料大展弦比机翼的一些气动弹性特性。     

大展弦比机翼的气动弹性问题探讨

在考察国内外高空长航时飞机研究的基础上，对大展弦比机翼的气动弹性问题进行了探讨；分析了结构非线性对大展弦比机翼的气动弹性和飞行载荷的影响；提出了大展弦比机翼气动弹性问题的研究内容，并指出其技术难点。     

大展弦比复合材料机翼的非线性颤振分析

大展弦比机翼在气动力作用下产生较大变形,颤振速度和颤振频率随之发生明显变化,线性理论难以获得比较合理的解答。综合考虑了结构几何非线性、气动非线性和材料各向异性对机翼运动状态的影响,将复合材料机翼建模为非线性薄壁单闭室截面梁,建立机翼的运动方程,并使用小扰动分析的方法得到机翼在平衡位置附近的振动方程。采用Theodorsen非定常气动理论构建气动模型,获得机翼在平衡位置附近的非线性颤振方程,并利用v-g法判定机翼颤振稳定性。通过算例演示了一些非线性颤振的特点,讨论了铺层角、展弦比、机翼线密度等参数对颤振速度的影响,并与线性理论得到的结果进行对比。     

大展弦比机翼模型设计对翼型流场气动特性的影响

采用SST两方程湍流模型,通过求解非定常Navier-Stokes方程,模拟了大展弦比机翼风洞模型振动条件下的翼型流场,总结了翼型不同振动状况下的流场和气动力特点,分析了模型设计中的不同振动情况对风洞试验结果的影响。研究结果表明：在大展弦比机翼风洞模型的设计中,将翼型的重心设计在机翼的弹性轴之后,对风洞试验的精度较为有利。此结论对大展弦比机翼的风洞实验模型设计有指导意义。     

Static aeroelastic analysis of very flexible wings based on non-planar vortex lattice method

A rapid and efficient method for static aeroelastic analysis of a flexible slender wing when considering the structural geometric nonlinearity has been developed in this paper. A non-planar vortex lattice method herein is used to compute the non-planar aerodynamics of flexible wings with large deformation. The finite element method is introduced for structural nonlinear statics analysis. The surface spline method is used for structure/aerodynamics coupling. The static aeroelastic characteristics of the wind tunnel model of a flexible wing are studied by the nonlinear method presented, and the nonlinear method is also evaluated by comparing the results with those obtained from two other methods and the wind tunnel test. The results indicate that the traditional linear method of static aeroelastic analysis is not applicable for cases with large deformation because it produces results that are not realistic. However, the nonlinear methodology, which involves combining the structure finite element method with the non-planar vortex lattice method, could be used to solve the aeroelastic deformation with considerable accuracy, which is in fair agreement with the test results. Moreover, the nonlinear finite element method could consider complex structures. The non-planar vortex lattice method has advantages in both the computational accuracy and efficiency. Consequently, the nonlinear method presented is suitable for the rapid and efficient analysis requirements of engineering practice. It could be used in the preliminary stage and also in the detailed stage of aircraft design.     

基于非线性试验气动力的飞机静气动弹性响应分析

分别使用线性和非线性静气动弹性分析方法,对某飞机纵向静气动弹性响应特性随飞行动压、攻角、平尾偏度和纵向过载变化的趋势进行了分析,并将分析结果和飞行试验进行了比较。线性方法的气动力计算使用亚音速偶极子格网法。非线性方法由风洞试验提供刚体气动力,并使用线性气动力影响系数矩阵对其进行弹性化处理。通过对两种方法的计算结果进行对比分析可以看出:①使用刚体试验气动力的非线性分析方法能够获得和飞行试验比较一致的结果;②在线性方法所提供的结果中,翼面的弯曲变形及剪力、弯矩和扭矩等部分参数能为初步设计提供大致参考,但气动力系数的弹性增量、翼面的扭转变形、翼面的剪力、弯矩和扭矩的弹性部分可能不能为型号设计提供正确的指导;③不论刚体气动力为线性还是非线性,气动力系数随动压变化的趋势均呈线性。     

An efficient aerodynamic boundary element method for aeroelastic simulations and its experimental validation

An unstructured aerodynamic boundary element method employing panel clustering and iterative solution techniques for efficiency has been implemented. The solver is used in unsteady coupled simulations including applications in subsonic aeroelasticity. In comparison to existing linear methods, it allows more consistent modeling of complex three-dimensional geometries without requiring excessive mesh generation and computational effort. Due to a time-domain approach, simulations involving nonlinear structures or flight dynamics can be performed. A dynamic aeroelastic validation experiment is presented which shows that the solver predicts highly transient, damped aeroelastic motion with good accuracy.     

Aeroelastic effect on aerothermoacoustic response of metallic panels in supersonic flow

A finite element formulation is presented for the analysis of the aeroelastic effect on the aerothermoacoustic response of metallic panels in supersonic flow. The first-order shear deforma-tion theory (FSDT) and the von Karman nonlinear strain-displacement relationships are employed to consider the geometric nonlinearity induced by large deflections. The piston theory and the Gaus-sian white noise are used to simulate the mean flow aerodynamics and the turbulence from the boundary layer. The thermal loading is assumed to be steady and uniformly distributed, and the material properties are assumed to be temperature independent. The governing equations of motion are firstly formulated in structural node degrees of freedom by using the principle of virtual work, and then transformed and reduced to a set of coupled nonlinear Duffing oscillators in modal coor-dinates. The dynamic response of a panel is obtained by the Runge-Kutta integration method. The results indicate that the increasing aeroelastic effect can lead the panel vibration from a random motion to a highly ordered motion in the fashion of diffused limit cycle oscillations (LCOs), and remarkably alter the stochastic bifurcation and the spectrum of the aerothermoacoustic response. On the other hand there exists a counterbalance mechanism between the external random loading and the aeroelastic effect, which mainly functions through the nonlinear frequency-amplitude response. It is surmised that the aeroelastic effect must be considered in sonic fatigue analysis for panel structures in supersonic flow.     

Time-domain nonlinear aeroelastic analysis and wind tunnel test of a flexible wing using strain-based beam formulation

A theoretical formulation for time-domain nonlinear aeroelastic analysis of a flexible wing model is presented and validated by wind tunnel tests. A strain-based beam model for nonlinear structural analysis is combined with the Unsteady Vortex Lattice Method (UVLM) to form the complete framework for aeroelastic analysis. The nonlinear second-order differential equations are solved by an implicit time integration scheme that incorporates a Newton-Raphson sub-iteration technique. An advanced fiber optic sensing technique is firstly used in a wind tunnel for measuring large structural deformations. In the theoretical study, the nonlinear flutter boundary is determined by analyzing the transient response about the nonlinear static equilibrium with a series of flow velocities. The gust responses of the wing model at various gust frequencies are also studied. Comparisons of the theoretical and experimental results show that the proposed method is suitable for determining the nonlinear flutter boundary and simulating the gust response of flexible wings in the time domain.     

舰面直升机旋翼瞬态气弹响应分析

建立了舰面直升机起动和停车过程中的旋翼瞬态气弹响应分析方法,在桨叶结构建模中考虑了桨叶的挥舞、摆振、扭转和拉伸变形并计入了桨叶重量影响和因旋翼速度变化产生的惯性力。桨叶气动力计算采用时域非定常空气动力计算模型,包括非线性分离和动态失速的影响。用实验数据对分析方法进行了验证。      

具有不对称间隙的二元机翼自激振动的混沌分析

利用数值方法分析了无预荷载情况下具有不对称间隙的气动弹性非线性与结构非线性耦合的二元机翼颤振问题的动力学响应.通过研究速度比U*/U*L从零逐渐增大到1时系统的全局演化规律,发现在无预荷载的不对称分段线性系统中存在混沌运动形式,并对其进行具体分析,得到产生混沌的原因,为进一步控制和减小颤振提供理论帮助,对飞机的飞行结构设计及飞机结构的日常维护具有指导意义.     

低速流场中柔性悬臂板的后颤振响应

建立了一个新的非线性气动弹性模型,对低速流场中柔性悬臂板的后颤振响应特性进行了分析。建模中考虑了结构几何非线性、气动力非线性以及两者之间的强耦合效应。通过实验数据对所建立的气动弹性模型进行了验证。发现在低速流场中柔性悬臂板可能会以周期加倍的方式进入混沌运动。结构几何非线性效应和翼尖涡引起的非定常气动力效应对柔性悬臂板的结构响应有显著影响,而尾涡变形引起的非定常气动力对结构运动的影响较小。还研究了不同耦合算法的差异,给出了小展弦比大柔性结构非线性气动弹性数值仿真时耦合策略的选择依据。