太阳X-EUV成像望远镜波长选择装置

太阳X射线-极紫外射线(X-EUV,X rays-Extreme Ultraviolet)成像望远镜是我国专门服务于空间天气预报研究的太阳短波成像监测仪器,望远镜工作在0.4~10 nm的X射线波段和19.5 nm的极紫外谱段,能够提供全日面、高分辨率的成像观测.波长选择装置是该望远镜的一个重要子系统,可以增强望远镜动态响应范围,有助于获取更多的反演日冕等离子体参数,这些参数可用来诊断日冕活动.该装置的运动控制具有低功耗的特点,能够满足空间应用环境的特殊要求.其中,步进电机精位置控制是设计的重点,有2种光电编码矩阵可以用于位置检测,从工程可实现角度优选出其中一种,并且从工程可靠性角度分析了该光电编码矩阵的故障模式,提出了在轨故障处理的预案.      

宇宙探索——5、X射线宇宙探测

X射线望远镜简介 X射线在光谱的紫外线以外，波长10纳米到0．01纳米，具有很高的辐射能量。只有温度不超过100万℃的天体才辐射X射线。超新星遗迹、脉冲星和黑洞周围的气体，以及星系中的星团周围的气体，温度高达1亿℃，是强大的X射线源。类星体中心及其喷流也辐射X射线．太阳和类似太阳的其它恒星，只在其大气层中辐射微弱的X射线。它们构成X射线宇宙，需要用X射线望远镜进行探测。     

太阳X-EUV成像望远镜的图像优化处理

太阳X-EUV成像望远镜主要用来监测和预报影响空间天气变化的太阳活动,成像资料专门服务于空间天气预报研究.为了满足望远镜的空间适应性,望远镜获取的图像会受到其结构调制形成的噪声干扰.本文主要对望远镜所获取的图像进行优化处理,讨论了傅里叶变换的物理意义及其在图像处理中的应用.通过二维离散傅里叶变换,将图像变换到频率域空间;选用巴特沃思陷波滤波器滤波,通过程序设计,实际调试,在尽量减少图像失真的前提下,滤除图像中的周期性噪声.优化后的图像有利于进一步分析太阳活动现象.      

电铸镍Wolter I型光学系统制造技术发展综述

摘要： 为满足未来脉冲星导航和空间天文观测任务对X射线望远镜的载荷需求，Wolter I光学系统的研制正逐渐成为新的研究热点，电铸镍方案是当前国内外X射线光学系统镜筒制造的主要技术方案.文章对电铸镍X射线光学系统制造工艺、国内外研制现状、未来应用需求进行了介绍和整理，梳理了电铸镍X射线光学系统研制遇到的关键技术和难点，提出了后续研究发展建议，以促进中国在 X射线脉冲星自主导航、空间探测领域的快速发展.     

ASO-S卫星HXI调制定标装置设计与验证

先进天基太阳天文台卫星（ASO-S）是中国首颗综合性太阳观测任务，太阳硬X射线成像仪（HXI）是ASO-S卫星三大载荷之一，主要负责太阳耀斑观测。HXI采用阵列空间调制间接成像方法，包含91个子准直器单元。发射前，在地面对HXI进行调制参数定标非常必要，但由于没有平行的X射线源而十分困难。本文根据HXI的基本原理与设计方案，提出了基于地面调制功能定标的设备与HXI调制定标的需求。根据所述需求，介绍了研制的X射线束流调制定标装置；利用该装置对HXI飞行件上所有子准直器完成地面调制功能定标。标定试验结果与预期相符，充分证明了准直器与X射线束流定标装置性能优良，该装置还可用于后续类似载荷的定标。     

众眼看宇宙

哈勃空间望远镜,罗塞塔彗星探测器,斯必泽空间望远镜,XMM牛顿X射线望远镜     

发展中的X射线空间望远镜

<正>由于天体发射出的X射线在穿过大气层时大部分会被吸收,因此使用空间望远镜,在大气层以外对天体辐射的X射线进行观测,是X射线天文学的主要观测方式。从20世纪70年代至今,不少X射线空间望远镜被发射升空,为我们揭示了肉眼看不到的宇宙秘密。     

斯必泽空间望远镜（Spitzer）

仙后座A：死亡成就了她 这张高质量的伪彩色图片展示了仙后座A的超新星遗迹。它是由美航宇局大天文台计划使用三个不同波段拍摄的照片叠加而成。红外数据来自斯必泽空间望远镜，显示为红色；可见光数据来自哈勃空间望远镜．显示为黄色；X光鼓据来自钱德拉X射线望远镜，显示为绿色和蓝色。     

多谱段全日面极紫外成像仪

在极紫外波段对太阳进行成像观测是研究太阳活动、日冕中等离子体物理特性的重要手段.传统极紫外成像仪或光谱仪无法同时实现高光谱分辨率和大视场的太阳成像.本文设计了一种新型太阳极紫外多谱段成像系统,采用无狭缝光栅分光方式实现了高光谱分辨率和空间分辨率的全日面成像,成像视场可达47',光谱分辨率每像素2×10-3 nm,空间分辨率每像素1.4',全日面时间分辨率优于60s.通过分析谱线的全日面成像图和系统响应,表明成像仪能大范围的观测太阳活动形态演化,为太阳物理研究和空间天气预报提供更完整的观测数据.      

电铸镍Wolter-I型光学系统制造技术发展综述

为满足未来脉冲星导航和空间天文观测任务对X射线望远镜的载荷需求,Wolter-I光学系统的研制正逐渐成为新的研究热点,电铸镍方案是当前国内外X射线光学系统镜筒制造的主要技术方案.文章对电铸镍X射线光学系统制造工艺、国内外研制现状、未来应用需求进行了介绍和整理,梳理了电铸镍X射线光学系统研制遇到的关键技术和难点,提出了后续研究发展建议,以促进中国在X射线脉冲星自主导航、空间探测领域的快速发展.     

Imaging interplanetary CMEs at radio frequency from solar polar orbit

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) represent a great concentration of mass and energy input into the lower corona. They have come to be recognized as the major driver of physical conditions change in the Sun–Earth system. Consequently, observations of CMEs are important for understanding and ultimately predicting space weather conditions. This paper discusses a proposed mission, the Solar Polar Orbit Radio Telescope (SPORT) mission, which will observe the propagation of interplanetary CMEs to distances of near 0.35 AU from the Sun. The orbit of SPORT is an elliptical solar polar orbit. The inclination angle between the orbit and ecliptic plane should be about 90°. The main payload on board SPORT will be an imaging radiometer working at the meter wavelength band (radio telescope), which can follow the propagation of interplanetary CMEs. The images that are obtained by the radio telescope embody the brightness temperature of the objectives. Due to the very large size required for the antenna aperture of the radio telescope, we adopt interferometric imaging technology to reduce it. Interferometric imaging technology is based on indirect spatial frequency domain measurements plus Fourier transformation. The SPORT spacecraft will also be equipped with a set of optical and in situ measurement instruments such as a EUV solar telescope, a solar wind ion instrument, an energetic particle detector, a magnetometer, a wave detector and a solar radio burst spectrometer.     

Solar coronal studies using normal-incidence X-ray optics

We describe the progress which has been made in constructing a new type of X-ray telescope, which operates at normal incidence in the soft X-ray region by the use of multilayer coatings. The principles involved in state-of-the-art multilayer technology and some recent high-resolution imaging results are discussed. A rocket payload incorporating a multilayer X-ray mirror is presently being constructed. It is of Ritchey-Chretien design and the expected spatial resolution is $\text{1}\text{4}\text{arcsec}$. The scientific program for solar coronal studies and future instrumental developments are also discussed.     

Forecast of recurrent geomagnetic storms

Long-term forecast of space weather allows in achieving a longer lead time for taking the necessary precautions against disturbances. Hence, there is a need for long-term forecasting of space weather. We studied the possibility for a long-term forecast of recurrent geomagnetic storms. Geomagnetic storms recur with an approximate 27-day period during the declining phase of a solar cycle. These disturbances are caused by the passage of corotating interaction regions, which are formed by interactions between the background slow-speed solar wind and high-speed solar wind streams from a coronal hole. In this study, we report on the performance of 27-day-ahead forecasts of the recurrent geomagnetic disturbances using Kp index. The methods of the forecasts are on the basis of persistence, autoregressive model, and categorical forecast using occurrence probability. The forecasts show better performance during the declining phase of a solar cycle than other phases. The categorical forecast shows the probability of detection (POD) more than 0.5 during the declining phase. Transition of the performance occurs sharply among the declining phases and other phases.     

The Frequency Agile Solar Radiotelescope

The Frequency Agile Solar Radiotelescope (FASR), a telescope concept currently under study, will be a ground based solar-dedicated radio telescope designed and optimized to produce high resolution, high-fidelity, and high-dynamic-range images over a broad frequency range (0.1–24 GHz). As such, FASR will address an extremely broad science program, including the nature and evolution of coronal magnetic fields, the physics of flares, drivers of space weather, and the quiet Sun. An important goal is to mainstream solar radio observations by providing a number of standard data products for use by the wider solar physics community. The instrument specifications and the key science elements that FASR will address are briefly discussed, as well as several operational issues.     

太阳质子事件预报和射电Ⅰ型噪暴

太阳是一个异常活跃的天体,其爆发过程会对地球周围空间环境产生重要影响. 通常,单个高能质子即足以引起飞行器中微电子器件出现异常,因此太阳质子事件预报是空间天气预报的重要内容. 关于预报模型的参数选择尚有值得改进之处. 研究认为,Ⅰ型噪暴与日冕加热磁重联具有密切关系,可以作为预报参数. 通过两个典型太阳爆发事件的详细资料分析,说明了Ⅰ型噪暴与质子事件及CME的相关性.      

太阳空间探测进展与展望

摘要：为了探索太阳空间探测活动的发展方向,在广泛调研太阳空间探测任务的基础上,综合考虑任务实施年代、轨道设计、探测要素、技术特点和成果影响力,选取了10个典型空间太阳探测器,对其科学目标、有效载荷、卫星平台特性和科学发现进行了分析,提炼总结了太阳空间探测的进展和发展趋势。总体而言,太阳探测器运行轨道逐步多样化,有效载荷探测要素更加丰富,探测精度、时空分辨率等显著提升,但仍存在大量问题待解决。在分析现阶段成果和待解决问题的基础上,提出了太阳空间探测的发展展望,指出了全方位、多要素探测是破解太阳物理和空间天气预报发展瓶颈的可行途径。     

日冕能量中性原子编码调制成像方法应用

针对空间天气活动机理、机制及规律等方面研究需要,Kuafu卫星计划提出对日冕中性原子进行成像观测.通过分析日冕中性原子观测的科学意义和观测方法,采用编码调制方法进行日冕中性原子成像,并依据科学指标完成了整个仪器初步方案设计和仿真计算.仪器测量的中性原子能量范围为0.5~6MeV,视场范围为360°×10°.利用高压静电偏转电极板去除测量范围内的带电粒子,仪器由m序列编码调制栅网与硅半导体构成的成像结构及电子学箱共同组成.编码成像方案和仿真计算奠定了日冕中性原子成像观测的技术基础,可为空间天气中长期规律及预报等研究提供技术手段.