武汉上空中层顶区域潮汐的MF雷达观测

利用武汉中频雷达观测数据进行分析,研究2至3月份武汉上空中层顶潮汐结构及其随高度和时间变化的特性.用Lomb-Scargle周期图方法计算的水平风场动态功率谱表明,武汉上空存在持续的周日潮汐,是中层顶区域风场结构的主要成分.周日潮的平均振幅随高度的增加呈先增后减的趋势.大多数情况下,潮汐谱峰对应的频率与定义值有一定的偏移.周日潮水平扰动速度矢量随时问和高度变化的轨迹表明,经向分量的相位比纬向分量的相位超前,潮汐能量向上传播,对应于向下的相位传播速度.计算得出的经向分量和纬向分量的垂直相速度分别为1.10和1.15 km/h.      

中国廊坊中间层和低热层大气平均风观测模拟

利用中国廊坊站（39.4°N,116.7°E）流星雷达在2012年4月1日至2013年3月31日的水平风场观测数据,分析廊坊上空80~100km的中间层与低热层（Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere,MLT）大气平均纬向风和经向风的季节变化特征.结果表明平均纬向风和经向风都表现出明显的季节变化特征.平均纬向风在冬季MLT盛行西风,极大值位于中间层顶,随高度增加西风减弱;在夏季中间层为东风,低热层为强西风,风向转换高度约为82km.平均经向风在冬季以南风为主,在夏季盛行北风.纬向风和经向风在春秋两季主要表现为过渡阶段.流星雷达观测结果与WACCM4模式和HWM93模式模拟的气候变化特点基本一致,但WACCM4模式纬向风和经向风风速偏大,而HWM93模式纬向风和经向风风速偏小.      

Thermospheric winds over Abuja during solar minimum period

Monthly variations of averaged nighttime thermospheric winds have been investigated over Abuja, Nigeria (Geographic: 9.06°N, 7.5°E; Geomagnetic: 1.60°S). The reports are based on Fabry-Perot interferometer measurements of Doppler shifts and Doppler broadening of the 630.0 nm spectral emission. The results were obtained during a period of weak solar activity with the solar flux (F10.7) typically below 70 solar flux units. Inspection of the average monthly thermospheric winds from October 2017 to December 2017 found December meridional winds to be more equatorward than the October and November winds. Zonal winds are eastward with pre-midnight maximum speeds going above 100 m/s. Compared to Jicamarca zonal winds in the Peruvian sector for the same month of October, the magnitude of maximum Abuja zonal wind speed is weaker. We compare the observed diurnal variation with the recently updated Horizontal wind model (HWM 14). Most of the observational features of thermospheric wind diurnal variation are captured in the model variation. The HWM14 generally showed good agreement with the Abuja October and November zonal wind observations but overestimates the December meridional winds. Expected longer period analysis of the results from Abuja will stimulate a better understanding of wind climatology over the West African sector.     

基于中国岢岚地区法布里-珀罗干涉仪的风场及行星波观测特征

利用中国岢岚站（38.7°N,111.6°W）法布里-珀罗干涉仪2013年7月至2014年11月的水平风场数据,对87,97,250km风场长期变化和行星波特征进行了研究.通过分析年振荡（AO）和半年振荡（SAO）振幅相位,将午夜风场与HWM07数据对比发现:87km和97km处FPI纬向风变化趋势与HWM07相近,而经向风相位落后于HWM07,从振幅上看,HWM07振幅偏大;250km处风场月变化大,FPI与HWM07差异大,HWM07模式的准确性需进一步考虑太阳活动和行星际磁场的影响.利用Lomb-Scargle功率谱以及最小二乘谐波拟合提取了三个高度的行星波振幅,其特征表明87km和97km处纬向风16日波秋季及冬春季活动强,而6.5日波最强振幅出现在春季和秋季,在中间层顶附近两种行星波活动均较弱;250km处经向行星波活动略强于纬向,经向风不同周期带的行星波最强振幅主要出现在5-9月,与电离层f₀F₂振荡特性的研究结果一致.      

Venus atmospheric circulation: Observations and implications of the thermal structure

Continued analysis of Pioneer Venus imaging and polarimetry data indicates that the average cloud-top level circulation is mainly zonal (east to west) with a small meridional component. Presence of planetary scale waves and a possible sun-related component are evident in the data. If the tracked features refer to the same vertical level, then some variability of the circulation would have to be present to account for the Pioneer and Mariner 10 cloud-tracking results. However, the implied balanced flow from the observed thermal structure analysis strongly suggests that at least some of the variations in these observations is due to apparent cloud-top variations and that the circulation itself is relatively stable.Direct cyclostrophic calculations based on the observed thermal structure of the atmosphere yield a balanced zonal circulation with distinct mid-latitude jets (peak velocities about 110–120 ms^?1) located between 50 and 40 mb in each hemisphere of the planet near 45° latitude. The calculations which extend to about 40 km altitude from 80 km above the surface agree well with the observed entry probe zonal components and indicate breakdown of the balance condition near the upper and lower boundaries at low latitudes.The balanced flow results are consistent with the Mariner 10 and Pioneer cloud tracked estimates of the zonal circulation provided the effective altitude of the tracked features is slightly different at different observation periods. The features in the Pioneer Venus data would then lie on a sloping surface that extends from about 68 km (40 mb) at low latitudes to about 75 km (10 mb) in mid-latitudes. The polarization features would occur on a roughly parallel surface that is 1–2 km above the effective cloud-height surface, and Mariner 10 features would have effective altitudes somewhat lower than the Pioneer ultraviolet features. A slight asymmetry is evident in the balanced zonal circulation arising out of an asymmetry in the thermal field.Finally, the solenoids formed by intersecting isobaric and isosteric (constant specific volume) surfaces deduced from the Pioneer Venus radio occultation data show distinct evidence of a direct meridional circulation that may be important in sustaining the Venus atmospheric circulation.     

Temperature variability in the tropical mesosphere during the northern hemisphere winter

Temperature observations at 20–90 km height and 5°N–15°N during the period of December 1992–March 1993 from the WINDII and MLS experiments on the UARS satellite are analysed together with MF radar winds and UKMO assimilated fields of temperature and zonal and meridional winds. The correlation between the different datasets at the tropics and zonal mean wind data at mid latitudes is examined for period February–March 1993, when series of stratospheric warming events were observed at middle and high latitudes. Wavelet analysis is applied to investigate coupling between stationary and travelling planetary waves in the stratosphere and the upper mesosphere. Planetary waves m = 1 with periods of 4–7 days, 8–12 days and 13–18 days are found to dominate the period. Westward 7- and 16–18 day waves at the tropics appear enhanced by stationary planetary waves during sudden stratospheric warming events.     

临近空间浮空器区域驻留控制策略研究

为了实现临近空间浮空器区域驻留飞行,基于对热环境的分析,建立了带有副气囊高空气球的空气动力学与热力学耦合动力学模型。基于准零风层特殊风场,设计了临近空间浮空器区域驻留飞行控制策略,通过副气囊调节飞行高度,利用准零风层上下纬向风方向相反的特点实现东西方向控制,用螺旋桨控制实现南北方向控制,并利用ECMWF风场数据进行了数值仿真。仿真结果表明,临近空间浮空器可以在纬度41°(N)~43°(N),经度86.5°(E)~87.1°(E)之间的区域范围内飞行7天,证明了利用准零风层风场实现临近空间浮空器区域驻留飞行的可行性。     

Properties of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere

The variability and systematic variations of the properties of the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere are probably the least well known aspects of the terrestrial atmosphere. Satellite measurements of this region are very limited and rocket and remote sounding techniques do not provide comprehensive coverage. Progress is being made in theoretical studies of this region, primarily with regard to tidal effects, and some progress is being made in analyzing the relatively sparse experimental data that are available. Turbulence dynamics of the region has been studied by analyzing structure measurements at Kwajalein, wind data from Natal and systematic variations of the turbopause altitude determined from measurements of the diffusive separation of argon. One question that is being raised at this time, and it is appropriate at a time near solar maximum, is the extent of solar activity control of the properties of this region of the atmosphere. The occurrence rates and magnitudes of the turbulent diffusivity in the 70 to 90 km altitude region appear to correlate with solar activity with a time lag, as do also the incidence of aurora and the atomic oxygen green line intensity. Solar cycle dependence has been identified in mean zonal wind speeds in the 65 to 110 km altitude region above Saskatoon and in lower thermosphere temperatures measured at Heiss Island and at St. Santin. Millstone Hill data show that the mean meridional wind changes during a solar cycle. Solar cycle variations have also been detected in the stratosphere and troposphere.     

Comparisons of winds at (44°S, 173°E), 65–110km,with CIRA 72

In the 95km height region of the atmosphere, ground-based techniques made an important contribution to the CIRA 72 [1] wind model. Recent wind measurements from a partial reflection experiment at 44S covering one and a half years are presented and compared with CIRA 72. The zonal wind component compares favourably, although the measured values are more easterly above 80km in autumn and winter; a feature of the autumn winds is a temporary easterly reversal above 90km. Winter mesospheric winds can be very disturbed. The summer mesosphere easterly maximum appears earlier in the season and at a higher altitude than the model. A much poorer comparison is shown between the measured meridional wind component and the 1969 model of Groves [2].     

Height-latitude structure of stationary planetary waves in the stratosphere and lower mesosphere

Daily UK Met Office stratospheric assimilated data for the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, accumulated for the period from 2004 to 2012 and pressure range of 1000–0.1 hPa, are used in this paper. The paper presents and thoroughly discusses spatial–temporal distributions of stationary planetary wave (SPW) amplitudes and phases, calculated on the basis of geopotential height, temperature, zonal and meridional wind data for zonal wave numbers 1 and 2 (SPW1 and SPW2). The climatological planetary wave amplitudes and phases are calculated by extracting waves from three types of data: daily, monthly mean and climatological monthly mean. It has been established that magnitude of amplitudes and height-latitude distribution of amplitudes of SPW1 and SPW2 depend on data processing method for all parameters. It has also been established that height-latitude distribution amplitudes and phases significantly differ for geopotential height, temperature, zonal and meridional wind and depend on wave number and hemisphere. However, height-latitude distributions of phases are little different from each other for the used methods of data processing.     

武汉中层大气中频雷达及其初步探测结果

首先简要地讨论了武汉中频雷达观测原理和设备的组成，该雷达测量60-100km高度的大气风场和电子密度，风场采用分布天线测量技术和全相关分析方法得到，电子密度通过微分吸收和微分相位技术获得，初步观测结果表明：（1）武汉上空冬季60-100km高度的纬向风多为西风，风速为30-50m/s，经向风速为10-20m/s，垂直风速较小，一般在5m/s以内，（2）60-100km高度范围的大气风场和电子密度均有明显的日变化，风场在某些时段和高度区间有较强的风剪切出现。（3）80km以上高度大气的风场和电子密度存在较明显的扰动现象，它可能与大气波动过程有关。     

Coordinated lidar and TIMED observations of the quasi-two-day wave during August 2002–2004 and possible quasi-biennial oscillation influence

The Colorado State University sodium lidar, located in Fort Collins, CO (41N, 105W), is capable of both daytime and nighttime operations and has conducted a number of continuous multiple-day observational campaigns over the past few years. Three such campaigns, lasting between 80 and 90 h, were conducted during August 2002–2004 when mesospheric winds and temperature observations were collected simultaneously. These data were processed to extract the vertical structure and temporal evolution of the quasi-two-day wave, which was found to be significant in the power spectra. The quasi-two-day wave in temperature, zonal wind and meridional wind was analyzed for each year, indicating that the wave activity in 2003 was weaker than the other two years. Concurrent TIMED/SABER (2002–2004) and TIMED/TIDI observations (2004) in August were also processed. The SABER temperature shows a quasi-two-day wave with a dominant westward propagating zonal wavenumber four (s = −4) component in 2002 and 2004 but not in 2003. Analysis of the TIDI winds in August 2004 also indicates significant quasi-two-day wave activity, with the zonal wavenumber three and four components of comparable strength. The results of this coordinated ground-based lidar and TIMED satellite observations during August are presented. The possible influence of quasi-biennial oscillation on the inter-annual variability of the quasi-two-day wave is investigated.     

On the role of tidal winds in the descending of the high type of sporadic layer (Esh)

As the prevailing tidal winds in the E region are generated by heating mechanisms, the dynamics of Es layers impacted by solar tides is a relevant theme in the space weather studies. This paper aims to identify the tidal wind component involved in the mechanism of formation and descending of the high type of sporadic layer (Es_h). The Es_h layers observed at altitudes between around 120 and 150 km in the Brazilian low latitude stations of Jataí and São José dos Campos during the months of April, June, September and December of 2016 are used in this analysis. The height variability and altitude descent of the Es_h layers are analyzed from the h′Es parameter obtained by ionosonde data. In this study, the observational data are compared with the simulations generated by an extended version of the Ionospheric E-Region Model (MIRE). At higher altitudes in the E region, the results show that the prevailing tidal pattern and wind direction controlling the Es_h layer formation and descent are different depending on month: (a) in April and June the zonal wind component and the associated semidiurnal tidal oscillations prevail, with some differences in terms of time of occurrence and descending speeds, and (b) in September and December the diurnal tidal periodicities become dominant, and both the meridional and zonal wind components seem to control the descending of the Es_h layers. Since the role of the tidal periodicities and wind directions changed depending on the month, the results suggest a possible seasonal tidal wind pattern, which is not well understood from the present study but requires further investigation. Other relevant aspects of the observations and the modeling are highlighted and discussed.     

Circulation of the atmosphere from the surface to 100 km

A reference model of the atmospheric circulation on Venus based on available observations is presented. The reference atmosphere has the following main features: (i) the entire atmosphere below 85 km moves predominantly from east to west in the planet's reference system (in the same direction as the rotation of the solid planet itself) with the possible exception of the lowest 10 km where velocities are low, (ii) a jet is present near the cloud-top level at 45° latitude in both hemispheres, with a magnitude of approximately 100 ms^?1, (iii) a weak meridional (north-south component) flow directed towards either pole is superimposed on the zonal (east-west) motion at cloud-top level (about 68 km) altitudes, and, (iv) eddies or wave motions are present in the atmosphere, with amplitudes of less than 15 ms^?1 in the upper atmosphere.     

The 16-day waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere over Wuhan (30.6°N, 114.5°E) and Adelaide (35°S, 138°E)

Winds from a meteor radar at Wuhan (30.6°N, 114.5°E) and a MF radar at Adelaide (35°S, 138°E) are used to study the 16-day waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). The height range is 78–98 km at Wuhan and 70–98 km at Adelaide. By comparison, it is found that the zonal components at both sites are generally larger than the meridional ones, and eastward motion of the zonal background winds is favorable for the 16-day waves penetration to the MLT region. The zonal maximum amplitude appears in the autumn (September–October) around 86–98 km at Wuhan and in the winter months and early spring (July–October) around 72–82 km at Adelaide. Differences are found in wave amplitudes and time of appearance between the two years of 2002 and 2003. In 2003, the intensity of the wave amplitudes is relatively smaller than that for 2002 at both sites. The summer 16-day waves are comparatively weaker at Adelaide in both years, but stronger in 2002 at Wuhan near the mesopause and the lower thermosphere (86–98 km). The strong summer waves at Wuhan may come from the winter southern hemisphere.     

中纬度地磁暴期间热层垂直风响应机制的模拟

基于TIMEGCM模型,研究了2005年9月10日中纬度地磁暴期间热层(100～650 km)水平风场变化对垂直风的影响.通过连续性方程诊断分析了暴时引起垂直风场变化的机制,结果表明:250 km以上的垂直风场取决于水平风场的变化,而250 km以下的垂直风场由较高高度的垂直风拉动;在地磁暴初相开始时,经向风场相比纬向...     

Neutral winds in the polar thermosphere as measured from dynamics explorer

Remote sensing measurements of the meridional thermospheric neutral wind using the Fabry-Perot Interferometer on Dynamics Explorer have been combined within-situ measurements of the zonal component using the Wind and Temperature Spectrometer on the same spacecraft. The two data sets with appropriate spatial phasing and averaging determine the vector wind along the track of the polar orbiting spacecraft. A study of fifty-eight passes over the Southern (sunlit) pole has enabled the average Universal Time dependence of the wind field to be determined for essentially a single solar local time cut. The results show the presence of a “back-ground” wind field driven by solar EUV heating upon which is superposed a circulating wind field driven by high latitude momentum and energy sources.     

Seasonal,annual, and interannual variability in MLT quasi-two-day waves over the low-latitude region Kolhapur (16.8°N; 74.2°E)

This study presents the quasi-two-day wave (Q2DW) characteristics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) region obtained by taking hourly mean values of horizontal wind velocities for 4? years (August 2013–July 2017) through continuous measurements using a medium-frequency (MF) radar (operating frequency – 1.98?MHz) located at the low-latitude Indian station Kolhapur (16.8°N; 74.2°E). The MF radar located at Kolhapur was upgraded in 2013, and these results of Q2DW have been reported for the first time after upgrading. The present study investigated variability in seasonal, annual, interannual, and solar indices of Q2DWs traveling in zonal (EW) and meridional (NS) components in the MLT region. The Q2DW activity is observed to be stronger during austral summer (January–February) (EW?=?～5?m/s and NS?=?～8–10?m/s) than during boreal summer (June–July) (EW = ～5 m/s and NS = ～6–8?m/s). The Q2DW amplitudes are larger in the meridional component than in the zonal one. A strong semiannual oscillation (SAO) has been observed in Q2DWs, with peak during January–February and June–July. In addition, small enhancement is seen in meridional Q2DW in October (～5–6?m/s). It is observed that the entire spectrum (40–60?h) measured between 86 and 94?km contributes to the SAO amplitudes during January–February and June–July, whereas the waves measured between 42?h and 52?h contribute to enhancement in October similar to that reported elsewhere. In general, the Q2DW amplitude shows large interannual variability. The easterlies developed in the global circulation model in Northern hemisphere during May intensify up to around summer solstice. Q2DW activity peaks during westerly shear zone and intensifies with time at a lower thermospheric altitude (above 90?km). Small positive correlations (r?=?0.2 for sunspot number and r?=?0.1 for 10.7?cm solar flux) have been observed between Q2DW amplitudes and solar activity.     

A global model of circulation and temperature for the upper mesosphere - lower thermosphere region

The zonal mean model of zonal and meridional wind for the Northern and Southern Hemisphere based the analysis of meteor radar wind and partial reflection drift data for the 70–110-km height interval is constructed. The height-latitudinal cross-sections of vertical wind are calculated from data on the latitudinal structure of a meridional wind field using the continuity equation. The temperature field cross-sections from the zonal wind model using the thermal wind equation are derived.     

基于MST雷达数据的中纬对流层和低平流层大气行星波研究

通过分析中国河北香河站MST (Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere)雷达 2012-2014年的水平风场数据, 研究了北半球中纬地区对流层和低平流层 (Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere, TLS)区域大气行星波的特性. 谱分 析发现, 在这一区域准16天波和准10天波占据主导地位, 准16天波更为显著. 在 对流层区域, 行星波具有丰富的频谱成分, 活动具有间断性, 持续时间一般不 超过三个月, 并没有明显的季节性变化特征, 其中纬向分量的振幅大于经向分量. 在 平流层区域(高度17km以上), 行星波一般出现在冬季, 并且主要在纬向分量中. 通常平流层区域的振幅要小于对流层区域. 结合MERRA再分析资料分 析了强行星波传播特性, 结果表明: 2014年2-3月纬向分量中的准16天波垂 直向上传播, 垂直波长约为64km, 纬圈波数约为2, 纬向传播方向自西向东, 水平波长约为15324.7km, 对应的相速度为11.1m·s-1 (向东为正); 2014年5月纬向分量中的准10天波在10~18km高度范围内向下传播, 垂直波长约为50km, 纬圈波数约为1, 传播方向自西向东, 水平波长约为 30649.4km, 对应相速为35.5m·s-1.