Fast equalization for large lithium ion batteries

Slight differences between the series connected cells in a lithium ion (Lilon) battery pack can produce imbalances in the cell voltages, and this greatly reduces the charge capacity. These batteries cannot be trickle-charged like a lead acid battery since this would slightly overcharge some cells and may cause these cells to ignite. Therefore, an electronic equalizer (EQU) should be used to balance the cell voltages individually. The targeted EQU described herein can be connected to any cell via a set of sealed relays to provide much faster equalization and higher efficiency than previous methods.     

航空蓄电池能量均衡技术研究

航空电池组中单体电池之间会逐渐出现不一致性,会降低电池组性能和使用寿命,甚至引发安全事故。本文提出了一种基于主动均衡的航空蓄电池组能量均衡系统结构,提出了一种能量集中式双向传递的Cúk型均衡电路,设计了顶部均衡和底部均衡的均衡控制策略。开发了航空镍镉蓄电池能量均衡系统,进行了镍镉电池组能量均衡实验分析,实验结果表明新型能量均衡器具有均衡速度快、均衡电池单体可任意选择、能量双向传递的优点,通过电池组能量均衡控制能明显改善电池组内单体之间的不一致性,提高电池组容量利用率和使用寿命。     

Ultracapacitors + DC-DC converters in regenerative braking system

An ultracapacitor system for an electric vehicle has been implemented. The device allows higher accelerations and decelerations of the vehicle with minimal loss of energy and minimal degradation of the main battery pack. The system uses a DC-DC power converter, which is connected between the ultracapacitor and the main battery pack. The design has been optimized in weight and size, by using water-cooled heat sinks for the power converter, and an aluminum coil with air core for the smoothing inductance. The ratings of the ultracapacitor are: nominal voltage: 300 Vdc; nominal current: 200 Adc; capacitance: 20 Farads. The amount of energy stored allows us to have 40 kW of power during 20 seconds, which is enough to accelerate the vehicle without the help of the traction batteries. The vehicle uses a brushless DC motor with a nominal power of 32 kW and a peak power of 53 kW. A control system based on a Digital Signal Processor (DSP) manipulates all the aforementioned variables and controls the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) switching pattern of the converter transistors. The car used for the implementation of this system is a Chevrolet LUV truck.     

Charge equalization for series-connected batteries

A novel nondissipative charge equalization circuit is proposed for charge equalization control of series-connected batteries. Each battery associates with a subcircuit, which is essentially a buck-boost converter acting as a current diverter to redistribute the excessive energy from more affluent batteries to the hungry ones. By dynamically redistributing the charging current, charge equalization can be achieved more quickly and efficiently. The applicability of this approach is confirmed by experiments.     

Lithium-ion battery software safety protection

Production Li-ion batteries include hardware and software safety protection. The hardware protection includes PTC (positive temperature coefficient) thermistor switch, electrical circuit disconnect and rupture vent. The software protection involves a charging algorithm (charging to ultimate voltage), which is used with internal electrical circuitry (cell voltage control and equalization circuit). This paper discusses a specific charging algorithm and additional software protection features associated with hard, soft and chemical shunt recognition     

采用FPGA实现基于LMS算法的自适应均衡器的设计研究

近年来,自适应均衡技术在无线通信系统中的应用日益广泛,利用自适应均衡技术在多径环境中可以有效地提高数字接收机的性能。本文阐述了在用MATLAB软件仿真的基础上使用FPGA芯片设计自适应均衡器的一种方法;简要介绍了此设计中采用的各个主要功能模块,后者应用到相应的硬件平台上,取得了一定的设计效果。     

Sensitivity of a ramp equalizer for series batteries

To realize the maximum potential of large series connected battery packs, the individual battery voltages should be maintained at fairly uniform values, i.e., the voltages should be equalized. The ramp type of electronic equalizer has proven to be very effective in performing this task since it offers the advantages of simplicity and convenience. However, to achieve maximum performance, it is necessary to understand how the circuit is affected by certain parameters. This is accomplished by defining the circuit sensitivity and using a simplified model to explain the relative effects of leakage inductance, frequency, and power level     

采用SRM准则设计的自适应均衡器

针对衰落信道造成的非平稳均衡问题,提出采用结构风险最小化（SRM）准则来扩展设计横向均衡器的思想和方法,理论分析和仿真实验均证实：当学习信息充分时,采用SRM准则的均衡器收敛于Wiener最优解;当学习信息不充分时,采用SRM准则的均衡器与采用最小二乘（LeasteSquares,Ls）准则的自适应均衡器相比性能有一定程度提高。     

Stepped Sinewave Inverter

A stepped sinewave dc/ac inverter was analyzed for an inductive load with respect to load current and voltage, harmonics, power factor, and efficiency. This special inverter of high efficiency and low harmonic content is constructed by synthesizing the sinusoidal output by discrete voltage sources, such as storage batteries, solar cell, etc., with electronic switching of the sources at specific time intervals. The switching times are determined for the condition of minimum distortion of the synthesized wave. A 50 W inverter was built and tested to demonstrate this approach.     

Equalization of QPSK Data Transmission in Specular Multipath

This paper gives performance results for transversal-filter equalization of quadriphase phase-shift-keyed (QPSK) signals with two-component multipath and demodulator phase error. An analytical expression for optimum, minimum mean-square-error tap weights in terms of the multipath and signal parameters is given. Probability of error results for no equalization and equalization with adaptive decision-feedback tap-weight adjustment are compared. The results show that significant improvement can be obtained with relatively simple equalizer structures.     

分布式数字相控阵通道一致性校准方法

基于分布式数字相控阵通道一致性校准需求,提出了一种新的有效解决方法。首先基于时域相干的时延估计算法纠正通道间时延差,而后利用基于最小二乘拟合的频域均衡算法实现通道间幅相一致性校准。利用MATLAB平台进行仿真分析,结果表明,利用此方法校正后,失配通道与参考通道在通带内的幅度差值在0.015d B内,相位差值在0.1°内,有效地实现了通道间一致性校准作用。该方法已成功应用于实际工程项目中。     

基于峰度的变步长恒模盲均衡技术

相对于基于训练序列的均衡方式,盲均衡能够提高信道利用率,更适于自适应组网和侦听,其中的恒模算法因实现简单而受到广泛关注,但是固定步长的恒模盲均衡器存在收敛速度和稳态误差上的矛盾。根据峰度定理,盲均衡器输出信号的峰度小于等于源信号的峰度,且只有达到收敛时才相等。文章采用均衡器输出信号峰度误差控制步长的变化,仿真表明变步长均衡器能够一定程度克服这一矛盾。     

一种修正的双模式盲均衡算法研究

传统的CMA盲均衡算法存在收敛速度较慢、稳态均方误差较大的缺点。结合了判决引导算法的CMA算法虽具有稳态均方误差小的优势,但是算法本身收敛能力弱,在信号眼图未张开的条件下难以保证算法收敛。针对上述不足,提出了一种含软判决思想的双模式盲均衡算法。该算法通过最大化均衡器输出信号的后验概率密度函数来获得均衡器抽头系数的最优值。计算机仿真结果表明,所提算法可以有效地纠正输出信号的相位旋转,具有较好的均衡效果。     

Battery configurations for multi-megawatt pulse power

The capability of lead-acid batteries for supplying very high power for a short time is explored. The application of such a battery for accelerating a hypersonic plane is used to illustrate the requirements. A technique for analyzing batteries and controlling voltage for pulse loads is described. Evaluation of lead-acid batteries in production and voltage regulation by switching batteries in and out are covered. Alternatives to batteries, including superconducting magnetic energy storage, are discussed     

一种改进的LCL并网逆变器控制方法的研究

LCL型滤波器相对于L型滤波器对交流侧电流中的高频谐波有更强的抑制能力,因此也越来越多地被用于逆变器中。研究了在独立工作模式和并网逆变模式间的切换过程中如何做到无扰动切换。在独立和并网逆变两种模式下分别对空载电压和并网电流直接控制。在对比传统电压电流控制情况下, 对电压电流控制进行改进。通过MATLAB/Simulink仿真平台,建立了LCL型滤波的逆变器并网模型,仿真分析证明了可行性。     

Current distribution control for parallel connected converters. I

For pt.II, see ibid., vol.28, no.3, p.841-851 (1992). A master-slave control scheme for a uniform current distribution among converter modules in a parallel connected system is presented. In this technique, inner current loops are introduced to the system to achieve output current equalization. The current distribution error is used as a criterion for judging system performance. Using this control scheme, the current distribution error can be reduced greatly even with nonidentical converters in the system. To optimize system efficiency and facilitate the fault-tolerant algorithm realization, this technique is refined so that only the necessary number of converters are activated for different load conditions     

Charge equalization for an electric vehicle battery system

Charge equalization for series connected battery strings has important ramifications on battery life. It enhances the uniformity of the battery cells and hence improves the life of the battery as a whole. A new charge equalization technique for a series string of battery cells has been recently proposed by the authors. The basic technique utilizes a simple isolated dc-to-dc converter with a capacitive output filter along with a multiwinding transformer. The possibility of integrating the trickle charge function with the charge equalization function is potentially very attractive, as it can lead to an efficient and low cost implementation     

Safety tests of lithium 9-volt batteries for Navy applications

COTS batteries are relatively inexpensive, readily accessible, and extremely versatile. These attributes allow the military to save time and money during the research and development stages. Of these COTS batteries, a 9-Volt (9 V) lithium/manganese dioxide battery is the subject of this paper. This 9 V battery has the ability to provide a low magnetic signature, which is very important to the Navy for many applications, Also, it is Underwriters Laboratories (UL) listed at the unit level; however, these UL tests cannot be directly related to the safety of these 9 V batteries when they are combined in various series and parallel configurations. Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) Carderock was tasked to rate the safety of several such specialized battery packs. It was found that packs consisting of two 9 V batteries in parallel were relatively safe, experiencing no violent behavior. Battery packs with six 9 Vs in parallel vented and deformed the 9 V batteries, but no smoke or flames were noticed. A battery pack with thirty 9 V batteries, 2 in series with 15 legs, experienced venting, smoke, and flames under certain circumstances, After testing, the six and thirty 9 V packs were required to include the addition of various safety devices     

大型飞机座舱温度控制系统仿真

大型飞机座舱温度控制系统是一个时变、非线性、大时间常数的复杂控制系统,采用传统的控制方法难以获得满意的控制效果.根据系统控制要求,提出了一种新的座舱温度控制方案,系统分为组件温度控制和区域温度控制两级控制.区域温度控制器计算出各区域供气温度的目标值,并选择各区域供气目标温度中最低值作为组件温度控制的目标温度.使用专家比...     

Advanced materials for next generation NiMH portable, HEV and EVbatteries

While Ovonic NiMH batteries are already in high volume commercial production for portable applications, advances in materials technology have enabled performance improvements in specific energy (100 Wh/kg), specific power (600-1000 W/kg), high temperature operation, charge retention, and voltage stability. Concurrent with technology advances, Ovonic NiMH batteries have established performance and commercial milestones in electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, as well as scooter, motorcycle and bicycle applications. As important as these advances, significant manufacturing cost reductions have also occurred which allow continued growth of NiMH technology. In this paper, advances in performance, applications and cost reduction are discussed with particular emphasis on the improved proprietary metal hydride and nickel hydroxide materials that make such advances possible