30cm离子推力器空心阴极发射体区等离子体特性研究

为了获得30cm口径离子推力器20A额定发射电流空心阴极的稳态工作性能参数并验证现有发射体结构设计的合理性,采用数值模拟及有限元分析方法研究了空心阴极发射体区的等离子体特性参数。结果显示:空心阴极发射体区的压强基本在115~150Pa内,并且中间区域的Xe气压强较高;当阴极发射体温度为1570℃时,根据一维热传导方程得到发射体热损为10.26W;发射电流为15A时,电子温度在1.5~1.7e V内,且沿轴线方向靠近阴极顶小孔的电子温度较高,而将15A发射电流作为空心阴极的工作点是较为合适的选择;数值计算得到发射体区平均电子电流密度约为1.3×105A/m2,发射体内表面面积预估为1.5cm~2,内径建议在?2~2.5mm内,采用该尺寸发射体的空心阴极通过电流发射能力试验证明其最大发射电流在19~20A内,现有发射体尺寸设计满足20A发射电流需求;发射体区中间区域离子电流密度峰值约为8.5×10~5A/m~2,应重点关注发射体中间区域的厚度设计以及离子溅射腐蚀速率。     

20A发射电流空心阴极小孔区等离子体特性研究

为了获得30cm口径离子推力器20A额定发射电流空心阴极工作时小孔区的等离子体特性参数,并验证现有阴极小孔结构设计下的阴极电流发射能力,采用数值模拟及有限元分析方法研究了空心阴极小孔区的等离子体特性参数。结果显示:空心阴极小孔区的中性原子密度基本在4×10~(21)~6×10~(21)/m~3,分布较为均匀且越靠近小孔出口区域的原子密度越低;当阴极发射体温度为1800K时,采用等离子体零维扩散模型得到阴极小孔区轴向平均电子温度约为2.66e V,且靠近阴极顶小孔出口方向电子温度相对较高,从小孔区入口至出口电子温度增幅在1~2e V;通过离子连续性方程得到阴极孔区内,等离子体密度约在1×10~(21)~1.4×10~(21)/m~3,靠近出口处的等离子体密度降低较为明显;通过电子连续性方程,得到小孔区入口处的电子电流约为7.2A,而出口处的电子电流约为11.6A,与性能测试试验结果一致,电子电流增益系数约60%;离子电流密度峰值约为6.16×106A/m~2,出现在距离小孔入口约0.5mm处。通过理论分析认为,阴极孔区的腐蚀特点是靠近出口处的直径在离子腐蚀作用下不断地扩张,并在扩张到一定程度后,孔区出口处被腐蚀后的直径将不会再发生变化,理论分析腐蚀趋势与兰州空间技术物理研究所研制的LHC-5阴极小孔区寿命试验腐蚀情况基本一致。     

基于X频段深空应答机的石英晶体性能需求

根据X频段深空应答机载波锁相环路的实际应用,分析了应用于压控晶体振荡电路的石英晶体性能需求,给出了石英晶体存在频率跳变的原因和对X频段深空应答机的影响,并提出了对石英晶体的筛选方法和判据：对石英晶体进行激励功率依赖性扫描,在激励功率10～300 μW内,频率跳点小于0.2脉冲/min,曲线重复性小于0.4脉冲/min,且石英晶体电老练试验前后的激励功率依赖性曲线相似.将该筛选方法和判据应用于嫦娥三号X频段深空应答机研制中,结果表明该措施可行、有效.     

脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体热效应实验

为了研究介质阻挡放电的热效应,将介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器(DBDPA)安装在一个小型量热风洞中,采用微秒级脉冲等离子体电源驱动DBDPA产生放电等离子体。分别应用Lissajous图形分析方法和量热学原理获得了DBDPA的放电功率特性和热功率特性。结果表明:①脉冲介质阻挡放等离子体的放电功率、热功率和热效率均随着激励电压峰-峰值和激励频率的升高而逐渐增大;②脉冲介质阻挡放电等离子体的放电功率和热功率与激励电压和激励频率之间均存在幂函数关系,即脉冲式介质阻挡放电等离子的放电功率正比于激励电压峰-峰值的1.75次方,正比于激励频率的1次方,其热功率正比于激励电压峰-峰值的5.0次方,正比于激励频率的1.5次方;③在激励电压和激励频率这两个参数中,优先选择提高激励电压峰-峰值更有利于提高热效率,也可更快地提升介质阻挡放电等离子热功率中气体加热功率的比例。      

节流孔板位置对空心阴极特性的影响研究

为满足全电推进系统的宽放电电流范围需求,开展了节流孔板内移研究。将传统结构空心阴极的一部分发射体转移到节流孔板下游,即节流孔板夹放在两段发射体之间。对比测试发现,新结构阴极的阳极电压大约降低4V,空心阴极的内压提升约50%,供气管外壁最大温差由原来的94℃下降到25℃,阳极电压振荡小于8V。进一步,利用光谱诊断系统,对阴极羽流区进行了研究。通过对羽流区等离子体固定位置进行全谱(400nm～1000nm)扫描,发现节流孔板内移之后,阴极羽流区新出现了波长为529nm和542nm的光线。利用Kura相机拍摄的羽流区二维等离子体分布图像显示,当放电电流为4A时,阴极羽流区的Xe和Xe+的密度低于传统结构空心阴极。宏观特性测试结果显示节流孔板内置式阴极可以在更宽的电流范围内维持点模式工作。可用于需要宽放电电流范围的全电推进系统以及需要低阴极供气流量、高比冲的小型电推进平台。     

Cr3+镀液的双向脉冲电沉积特性

采用双向脉冲电沉积法从Cr3+镀液中电沉积出铬镀层,并利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)研究脉冲参数对铬镀层的微观形貌影响的规律,分析脉冲波形参数与Cr3+镀液阴极电流效率之间的相关性,就双向脉冲电沉积与直流电沉积过程中所得铬镀层的微观形貌、Cr3+镀液的阴极电流效率进行分析、比较.结果表明:平均电流密度、逆向脉冲系数、脉冲频率、以及占空比均对铬镀层的微观形貌及电流效率有较大影响;采用双向脉冲电沉积法制备出的铬镀层具有表面平整、结晶细致、粗糙度良好的特点,且具有较高的阴极电流效率.     

铁电材料研究进展及其在飞行器上的应用

铁电材料是具有驱动和传感 2种功能的机敏材料,可以块材、膜材 (薄膜和厚膜 )和复合材料等多种形式应用,在微电子机械和智能材料与结构系统中具有广阔的潜在应用市场。近年来铁电陶瓷材料获得很大发展,例如弛豫型铁电陶瓷,反铁电 -铁电相变型铁电陶瓷都取得了实际应用。铁电材料中大应变弛豫型铁电单晶材料研制成功,是近 50年来取得的突破性进展。主要介绍了智能材料与结构相关的铁电材料特点及其在飞行器上的应用前景     

大型低轨道载人航天器电位主动控制

采用高电压太阳电池阵供电系统的低轨道(LEO)大型航天器会收集周围空间环境电子电流,使其被充电到较高的负电位,从而对航天器交会对接和航天员出舱产生严重的危害,因此对这种航天器表面电位进行主动控制可有效降低航天器运行风险和保障航天员安全。采用地面模拟试验的方法,利用空心阴极等离子体接触器发射电子的手段,模拟太空环境下对带负电航天器表面电位进行有效控制。研究结果表明,最小工质流率大于4.0 sccm时空心阴极发射的电子电流可以抵消航天器吸收的电子电流,实现航天器电位的自适应控制,将航天器表面电位钳制在20 V之内;且随着氙气流率的增加,钳位电压会更小。这一方法将有效避免航天员出舱活动和航天器交会对接时的放电危险,对中国航天器带电效应防护具有很重要的意义。     

空心阴极的发射热特性研究

空心阴极的发射体在电子发射时会处于动态热平衡状态,这种发射热特性对发射体的利用率和工作寿命有重要意义。为研究空心阴极发射热特性及相关热设计方法,建立一种流-热耦合数值模型,将等离子体流场计算与组件热分布计算进行耦合,并采取一种逆向迭代方法来收敛计算,数值模型在验证试验下的计算误差低于11.3%。在此基础上,对发射体温差的机理以及阴极顶孔径对发射体温差的影响规律进行数值分析,主要结论为:羽状模式下的核心电离区较发散,导致发射体温差较点状模式高出50 K左右;适当增加阴极顶孔径可对发射体温差有降低作用。     

脉冲放电等离子体控制火箭发动机高频燃烧不稳定性机理

为研究等离子体对火箭发动机高频燃烧不稳定性的影响,提出了一种基于脉冲激励准直流放电等离子体的控制方案,采用数值仿真方法研究了脉冲放电等离子体对燃烧室流场平均参数及动态特征的影响规律。结果表明:脉冲激励下燃烧室平均温度和压力都较定常激励下有所降低,对整个燃烧室的影响可以忽略。与定常激励相似,等离子体可以在一段时间内抑制高频压力振荡,而且在特定控制参数下其对不稳定燃烧的抑制效果优于定常激励方式;从功率谱密度分析可知脉冲激励下燃烧室压力振荡特征频率由燃烧室固有声学频率和脉冲激励频率两者共同决定,提高激励频率则特征频率幅值有所降低。脉冲激励方式与定常激励一样不改变燃烧室压力-释热耦合特征,但是通过降低释热率能够改变压力振荡幅值,进而实现对高频不稳定燃烧的抑制。在所研究工况中,激励频率为50 kHz、占空比为20%的脉冲控制参数下等离子体的抑制效果最佳。      

Signal Resolution via Digital Inverse Filtering

Research in numerous areas is directed toward the resolution of multiple overlapping signals in a noisy environment. These areas include radar, sonar, speech, seismology, and electrophysiology. Sometimes matched filters are used; other times inverse filters are employed. This paper discusses one approach to the analysis of the resolution of inverse filters. Our method is to compromise the trade-off between signal resolution and the output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A performance measure for the inverse or deconvolution filter is defined as a quantity proportional to the harmonic mean of the resolution and the SNR. An optimum output pulse duration is obtained using this criterion, where the pulse shape has been previously selected and the input signal waveform is known. In addition, upper and lower bounds for the output pulse duration are presented. Graphs are given which allow the designer to select the optimum inverse filter output pulse duration for a desired signal resolution and an estimated SNR.     

基于电极切向旋转进给法的 低刚度锥杆类零件精密电火花加工

提出了基于圆盘电极切向旋转进给法的低刚度锥杆类零件的电火花精密加 工方法。首先介绍了基于等厚损耗原则的圆盘电极设计原理,进而通过电火花加工工艺 的三因素全因子实验考察了峰值电流、脉宽、占空比对工件材料去除率（MRR）、相对 电极损耗率（TWR） 和表面粗糙度（SR） 的影响, 并对电火花加工工艺参数进行优化 从而应用于锥杆类零件的加工。加工出的反馈杆性能一致性高、表面质量好,加工时间 短,试验结果表明基于圆盘电极切向旋转进给法的电火花加工工艺对提高低刚度锥杆的 加工工艺的可靠性和加工效率、提高电极利用率方面有较大优势。     

硬脆材料光滑表面超精磨削的研究

利用自行研制的专用小电流低电压脉冲/直流电解电源和非线性弱电解水基磨削液,在MM712OA精密平面磨床上制作了一套ELID磨削装置,对硬脆材料的ELID光滑表面磨削技术进行了系统的研究,获得了砂轮修整参数及磨削参数与光滑表面磨削粗糙度之间的关系。     

二元稀土组合物对双基推进剂燃烧催化作用研究

研究了镧（铈）／铜盐、镧／铅盐、镧／铈组合物及镧／铈焙烧复合物对双基推进剂燃烧的催化作用，发现铜盐对稀土化合物的平台催化作用的改善有利，铅盐使稀土化合物的平台催化范围向高压区移动。镧／铈组（复）合物的燃烧催化作用与镧／铈比例密切相关，且使双基推进剂产生2个以上的平台燃烧区。稀土／铜盐对双基推进剂红外透过率的贡献高于其它二元稀土组合物。     

含La铝硅共晶强制性非稳态生长

 试验考察了含La0.5％wt铝硅共晶强制性等加速等减速非稳态生长,纤维状共晶相半径R可以及时响应生长速度的变化,而片状共晶间距λ的响应则是迟钝的、波动的。试验分析了生长过程中初生α相偏转和共晶数量的变化。文中建立了非稳态生长理论模型,分析表明溶质扩散、共晶生长响应动力学和交互作用控制非稳态生长过程。     

Space applications for input pulse shaping filter

A pulse-shaping technique superior to various other existing pulse shaping techniques has been suggested. A practical way of implementing the scheme has been discussed and the results found to be encouraging. New spike suppression (SS). Window function has also been suggested for obtaining low side lobe levels and to suppress spikes in phase shift keying spectrums that exists at high bit rate data transmission. The characteristics such as low side lobe levels and spike elimination have been achieved using new techniques that are essential for space applications     

Variable structure control and active vibration suppression of flexible spacecraft during attitude maneuver

This paper presents a new approach to vibration reduction of flexible spacecraft during attitude maneuver by using the theory of variable structure control (VSC) to design switching logic for thruster firing and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) as sensor and actuator for active vibration suppression. The spacecraft to be investigated is a hub with a cantilever flexible beam appendage, which can undergo a single axis rotation. The proposed control system includes the attitude controller acting on the rigid hub, designed by variable structure control technique, and the surface-bonded PZT patches for active vibration suppression of flexible appendages, designed by the positive position feedback (PPF) control technique. To avoid chattering, pulse-width pulse-frequency (PWPF) modulation is adopted for the thruster control, which makes the thrusters to be operated in a close to linear manner and also can suppress the relatively large amplitude vibrations excited by, for example, rapid maneuver. However, some residual micro-vibrations still exist due to the switching actions. Upon that, the technique of active vibration control using PZT is turned on to provide further vibration suppression of the residual micro-vibrations and fine tuning of the system performance. By combining the advantages of both these control strategies, an improved performance for vibration control in both the macro-and micro-senses can result. Both analytical and numerical results are presented to show the theoretical and practical merit of this approach.     

Pulse tube refrigerators

Interest in the pulse tube comes from its potential for high reliability and low level of induced vibration.A numerical model has been developed to provide a tool for practical design. It has been successfully validated against the experimental results obtained with a single stage double inlet pulse tube which has achieved a temperature of 28 K at a frequency of a few Hz.Further developments have demonstrated the capability of operating a pulse tube at higher frequencies in association with a Stirling pressure oscillator.Current projects include coaxial geometry for miniature pulse tubes with linear resonant pressure oscillators. A 4K multistaged pulse tube is also in development.     

Behavior of a cycled Ni-Cd battery during pulse discharge

The pulse discharge behavior of a 9-Ah, 6-V nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cd) battery fabricated for the FAST program was studied. The response of the battery voltage to a pulse with a current of 60 A and duration of 10 to 200 ms was measured, along with the capacity remaining at the end of pulse discharge. The maximum drop in voltage at the beginning of the pulse was 505 to 1,049 mV, and battery capacity remained stable     

A new high rate lead acid battery

A new approach to the design of lead acid batteries has been developed based on the use of very thin lead foil current collectors. The basic cell construction and the performance characteristics for the new cell are described. Spiral wrap cells based on this electrode concept exhibit extremely high power output with excellent capacity maintenance. Additionally, these cells exhibit very flat voltage at all currents, and are capable of very rapid recharge. Applications for this high power technology cover a broad spectrum such as portable power tools, UPS systems, electrically heated catalytic converters, military pulse power applications and electric and hybrid vehicles