基于Labview的谐振式微光学陀螺锁频环路设计

谐振式微光学陀螺(RMOG) 是通过检测基于Sagnac效应产生的谐振频率差来测量旋转角速度的一种新型光学传感器。针对RMOG检测电路信号质量差、功能单一,无法兼容不同光路结构的问题,提出了基于虚拟仪器的RMOG数字控制方案,利用Labview编程的灵活性,完成了锁频环路的设计并进行了实验验证,实验结果表明1h陀螺锁频精度为0.03 °/s。1 h的输出精度为1.4 °/s。     

K波段基片集成波导带通滤波器的设计

基片集成波导(Substrate Integrated Waveguide,SIW)是一种低插损、低辐射、高品质因素的导波结构。文章利用基片集成波导技术设计了一种K波段带通滤波器,其中心频率为19.4GHz,相对带宽为7.48%,插损小于1dB,该滤波器具有体积小、重量轻、易于加工和集成等优点。     

Status of the Air Force nickel hydrogen low earth orbit life test

The US Air Force NiH₂ LEO (low earth orbit) life test consists of 200 cells undergoing real-time LEO cycling, pulse discharge testing, and storage testing. To date, three of the program's four objectives have been met: NiH₂ performance in LEO applications has been demonstrated. A significant number of cells have completed more than 20,000 cycles at 40% DOD. A database for cells of both 3.5 in. and 4.5 in. diameter has been generated. There have been no indications of any performance problems related to scaling up in terms of cell size. Initial data on the pulse discharge performance of a small number of cells has been demonstrated. Concerning the goal of achieving 20,000 cycles at 60% DOD, the data are mixed. Overall, it appears highly unlikely that cell designs such as those currently in the US Air Force test can achieve 20,000 cycles at 60%     

Low cost X-band power amplifier MMIC

A family of X-band MMIC power amplifiers using a low cost GaAs pHEMT process is reported. The stepper-based volume 0.5 micron and 0.25 micron GaAs pHEMT processes utilize 4 inter-level metallisation and four dielectric layers for high frequency performance whilst maintaining the economies of scale of 150mm (6") diameter substrates. The fabricated GaAs X-Band PA MMICs exhibit SW to low NY output power under pulsed conditions; 16dB of power gain and power added efficiencies approaching 40%. Excellent repeatability and high yields over a number of wafers have been demonstrated. The design and GaAs process approach taken here with DUV stepper and 150 mm wafer diameter will lead to a significant cost reduction for high performance power amplifier MMICs up to 30GHz.     

Development of a long cycle life sealed nickel-zinc battery forhigh energy-density applications

Nickel-zinc battery technology is being developed for commercial applications requiring high energy density and high power capability. Development cells have demonstrated the ability to deliver over 60 Watt-hours per kilogram at the one hour rate. Cycle life has been improved to more than 600 cycles at 80% depth of discharge by using a patented, reduced solubility zinc electrode and an improved sealed cell design. More than 8000 charge/discharge cycles at 10% depth-of-discharge have been completed. Large quantities of sealed prismatic cells have been manufactured, including a 140 cell, 220 V battery for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)     

Pointing grade fiber optic gyroscope

Fiber optic gyroscopes (FOG) are solid-state rotation sensors that are appropriate for a wide variety of applications. In addition to becoming competitive with ring laser gyroscopes on new programs, FOGs are being manufactured to replace spinning wheel gyro technology in existing programs. The FOG brings with it the advantages of long life, high reliability, input axis stability, and low acceleration sensitivity. The AlliedSignal pointing grade fiber gyroscope was designed to replace a high-performance mechanical gyroscope currently made by AlliedSignal. Detailed passive thermal design, gyro assembly techniques, methods for rejecting light source intensity noise, and light source wavelength control are critical features that have been developed to produce a FOG with low noise, stable bias, and a stable and linear scale factor. Results of performance tests and error models indicate that these gyros have a capability for random walk of 0.0002 degrees/≠ hour and bias stability of 0.001 degrees/hour     

Planck-LFI 44 GHz back end module

This work describes the principle of operation, assembly and performance of one branch of the 44 GHz back end module (BEM) for the Planck low frequency instrument (LFI). This subsystem constitutes a fully representative branch of the qualification-model version (QM). It includes waveguide to microstrip transition, GaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor (PHEMT) low noise amplifiers (LNA), bandpass filter, square-law detector and dc amplifier. The fundamentals of the design of the RF part are described and all of the components have been tested individually before integration. Using single tone and wideband noise stimuli, the output voltage has been measured for several input powers, in order to obtain the sensitivity factor of the complete BEM. The effective bandwidth and the equivalent noise temperature have been calculated from the measurements, taking into account the frequency dependence on the noise source and the BEM. Finally, the low frequency output power spectrum has been obtained and a maximum 1/f knee frequency around 200 Hz has been measured with a 3 dB output signal video bandwidth above 50 KHz.     

Active,compact, wideband,receiving filtenna with power adaptation for space-limited wireless platforms

An active, compact, wideband, receiving filtenna with power adaptation for space-limited wireless platforms is presented. By organically combining a filtering antenna and a Variable Gain Amplifier (VGA), the proposed co-designed active filtenna is achieved. Its power adaptation is empowered by controlling gain of the VGA unit. A demonstrated prototype with a compact overall size is fabricated, assembled and measured. Good performances are achieved. Furthermore, in any condition, the proposed active filtenna displays outstanding impedance matching (|S₁₁| < ?10 dB) and high passband skirt selectivity at upper and lower stopbands (Selectivity ≥ 170 dB/GHz).     

Cancellation of Unwanted Spectral Components in an FM Multivibrator System

The performance of FM multivibrator systems for high quality communications applications is limited by the presence of unwanted spectral components. A theory is presented for an improved system in which unwanted spectral components are cancelled, achieved by generating a cancelling component in a square-law device. The cancelling component tracks the unwanted component in both frequency and amplitude over a wide bandwidth of signal frequencies. Reductions in magnitude of the unwanted components by at least 16 dB are predicted; reductions of better than 14 dB have been achieved in practice.     

Optimization and Performance of Multilevel Quantization in Automatic Detectors

The optimization and performance of the double-threshold or binary method of automatic radar detection has been the subject of numerous studies in the past, and the loss due to this approximation has been shown to be 1 to 2-1/2 dB. By quantization of the input video into more than two levels, this loss can be avoided; however, little information is available on appropriate design procedures and expected performance. In this paper empirical procedures are described to find good settings of the first and second threshold levels, and the corresponding detection performance is determined. These results, which are believed to be close to optimum, show that for the case of quantization into four levels (2 bits), the loss in decibels is reduced to approximately 1/3 of the corresponding value for the binary case. In some cases this is equivalent to a saving of as much as 1-1/2 dB in signal-to-noise ratio.     

Low-voltage CMOS Folded-cascode Mixer

The folded-cascode structure is used to realize the low-voltage low-power consumption mixer, whose performance parameters have big influence on the navigation radio receiver's performance. Adopting the folded-cascode structure, the folded-cascode mixer (FCM) has a lower power supply voltage of 1.2 V and realizes the design trade-offs among the high transconductance, high linearity and low noise. The difficulties of realizing the trade-offs between the linearity and noise performance, the linearity and conversion gain, the conversion gain and noise performance are reduced. Fabricated in an radio frequency (RF) 0.18 μm CMOS process, the FCM has an active area of about 200 μm ×150 μm and consumes approximate 3.9 mW. The test results show that the FCM features a conversion gain (Gc) of some 14.5 dB, an input 1 dB compression point (Pin-1dB) of almost -13 dBm and a dual sideband (DSB) noise figure of around 12 dB. The FCM can be applied to the navigation radio receivers and electronic systems for aviation and aerospace or other related fields.     

Ultra-high performance, low-power, data parallel radar implementations

Radar involves similar operations applied to large amounts of data. It is thus well suited to data parallel (SEMD) hardware. In the past, large data-parallel machines have been applied to radar with limited success. This has been due to such reasons as programming issues, cost, and the hardware being too big for most embedded applications. Most SBVED machines went away a decade ago. There is now a new generation of SIMD COTS technology with powerful processing elements (PEs) and floating-point hardware. WorldScape is applying these chips to radar processing, and has demonstrated significantly more performance with much lower power dissipation (GFLOPS/Watt). These implementations provide attractive alternatives to traditional FPGA and DSP solutions. Lockheed-Martin has provided benchmark validation testing and support for these implementations. The current implementation is based on a 64 PE, 25 GFLOP CS-301 chip supplied by ClearSpeed Technology PLC. WorldScape has demonstrated FFT, Pulse Compression, a form of QR factorization, and other applications on this generation of hardware using a mix of C-level programming and optimized assembly. The next generation chip is compatible, but also has several improvements that will significantly enhance I/O performance as well as raw GFLOP throughput. An updated demonstration and discussion of a scalable processing platform for embedded radar processing which significantly improves I/O performance and provides a roadmap to government-qualified hardware for technology insertion. Architectures, data parallel coding approaches, additional functionality of the scalable processing platform, and relevance to embedded defense radar applications will be discussed.     

基于角度分集的机载超宽带MIMO天线设计

为了提高机载通信设备信道容量和进一步减小天线安装空间,提出一种采用角度分集技术的超宽带（UWB）多输入多输出（MIMO）天线。该天线将Vivaldi天线和超宽带槽天线进行了集成设计,无需采用解耦结构便可获得较高的端口隔离度,大大提高了数据传输率。通过在Vivaldi天线辐射臂上开一对方形缝隙和在介质板背面增加长方形辐射贴片,可以有效减小天线的尺寸,设计的UWB-MIMO天线尺寸为36 mm×36 mm×0.8 mm。给出了天线的设计流程,加工了天线实物,并对其进行了测量。仿真和实测结果表明MIMO天线具有超宽的阻抗带宽,可以覆盖整个3.1~10.6 GHz超宽带频段。Vivaldi天线阻抗带宽为2.8~15.9 GHz,UWB槽天线阻抗带宽为1.8~12.7 GHz,天线端口隔离度均在-10 dB以下。测量了天线的辐射性能和增益特性,实测结果与仿真结果吻合较好,证明了该天线的有效性。该天线可以应用于超宽带无线通信系统和机载阵列天线系统中。     

Concatenated Sequences for Spread Spectrum Systems

Concatenated sequences are suggested and developed for use in spread spectrum (SS) systems. Special receiver realization is discussed and it is shown that the concatenated sequences offer great advantage in reducing the size of the matched filter correlators (MFC) in the SS receiver. Experimental systems have been built using concatenated sequences and their performance is reported here. It has been shown that a processing gain of 60 is obtainable with a 15 × 4 concatenated sequence which requires three tapped delay lines (TDL), two of length 15 and one of 4. Thus a total of only 34 delay units (with a nonlinear interface network, only 19 delay units) are required. Teleprinter signals can be transmitted over telephone channels using a bandwidth (BW) expansion of 60 with an input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of only -5.1 dB, resulting in a character- error-rate of 1 in 103. Techniques have been developed to reduce the sidelobe levels in the aperiodic autocorrelation functions (ACF) of the pseudonoise (PN) codes. For 15 length and 7 length PN sequences, sidelobes are reduced by 9 dB and 9.4 dB, respectively, using transversal filters. Application of the SS systems to the problem of multiaccessing and antijamming are discussed.     

风洞试验中的视频测量技术现状与应用综述

视频测量（Videogrammetric Measurement,VM）技术因其对试验模型的设计制造无要求,受到国内外风洞试验机构的青睐,本文综述了国外航空航天强国的风洞试验机构所掌握的 VM 技术,并分析了 VM 技术在我国高速暂冲风洞试验中应用所面临的问题,据此中国空气动力研究与发展中心（CARDC）提出了多相机动态标定与基于运动估计的序列图像匹配技术,在暂冲高速风洞高噪声（130 dB 左右）振动环境下,建立了高精度的模型位姿光学测量技术,2米量级高速风洞中的多个应用表明：视频测量的精度高,已用于高速试验模型的姿态与变形测量;另一方面,通过 VM 测量偏折位移场得到光束从摄影中心出发穿过扰流区的光程差,为气动光学效应的研究与测量以及试验模型的壁面流动显示提供新的途径,其光路简单、无需使用价格昂贵的相干光源,因此具有巨大应用前景。     

Integrated micro-electro-mechanical sensor development for inertialapplications

Electronic sensing circuitry and micro-electro-mechanical sense elements can be integrated to produce inertial instruments for applications unheard of a few years ago. This paper describes the Sandia M³EMS fabrication process, inertial instruments that have been fabricated, and the results of initial characterization tests of micro-machined accelerometers     

The Jet Fighter Radar Cross Section

Two jet fighter models, 1/8th of original size, have been measured in the "radar range" installed in the anechoic chamber of the Armament Technology and Procurement Group in Berne. The measurements have been made at a frequency of 40 GHz (5 GHz for full scale), with an accuracy of ± 2 dB and a dynamic range of 80 dB. The statistical distribution of the radar cross section has been calculated with the help of a computer, based on the measured data. The detection probability has been calculated with the help of a correlation procedure. This procedure allows explanation of the symmetry relation between the detection probability and the cumulative distribution of the radar cross section, and of a well-known characteristic of the median value of the radar cross section. A statistical model is proposed for the distribution of the radar cross section of jet fighters, consisting of the distribution of a spheroid in which each element itself exhibits a Rayleigh fluctuation. This model presents a certain number of interesting characteristics, and there is an acceptable degree of coincidence with the measured values.     

Advances in non-linear apodization

Selected new methods and applications of non-linear apodization for irregularly-shaped and parse coherent apertures and arrays are presented. The benefits include unproved impulse response performance, i.e., reduced peak sidelobes and integrated sidelobe power, along with improved mainlobe resolution, compared to classic windowing techniques. Nonlinear apodization (NLA) techniques can also serve as powerful engines for effective superresolution and bandwidth extrapolation of coherent data for filling sparse apertures. The sparse aperture filling property of superresolution algorithms for radar data forms the basis for a new concept which is introduced here: synthetic multiple aperture radar technology (SMART). Increased swath and/or reduced antenna size are some of the benefits postulated for SMART applied to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) systems. The benefits of these new methods and applications for nonlinear apodization are then demonstrated for two specific applications: 1) sidelobe control for Y-type synthetic aperture radiometers, such as the European Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) system (Kerr et al.) and JPL's proposed GeoSTAR (Lambrigsten) concept; and, 2) filling of sparse synthetic aperture radar data by exploiting the bandwidth extrapolation properties of nonlinear apodization based superresolution techniques. The methods that have been developed and demonstrated herein have potential application to a wide range of passive and active microwave remote sensing and radar systems.     

The use of closed cycle coolers on space based observatories

Many proposed space based observations will rely on the use of closed cycle and passive cooling systems to provide the thermal environment for high sensitivity. The use of closed cycle mechanical coolers on space telescopes poses particular integration problems; some of these difficulties are discussed in this paper.One of the major problems envisaged is that of exported vibration. This problem, and that of the heat sinking required, can be alleviated by siting the compressors of the Stirling cycle precooler further from the displacer unit. The effect of the separation between the compressors and the displacer on the performance of the Stirling cycle precooler has been measured. Increasing the separation from 170 mm to 565 mm decreases the cooling power at 25 K from 220 mW to 180 mW. In most applications this would be acceptable.The pre-cooler provides cooling at a single point. In situations where refrigeration of extended objects (e.g. telescope mirrors) is required, some distribution method has to be found. A scheme for achieving this is presented together with preliminary calculations on such a system.Temperatures in the region of 2.5 to 4K are required to meet the requirements for long wavelength detectors. We have demonstrated how these temperatures can be achieved in a continuously operating closed cycle cooler that has been engineered for space applications. This cooler consists of a two-stage Stirling cycle precooling a closed cycle Joule-Thomson (JT) stage. Temperatures in the region of 4K are achieved by the use of helium-4 in the JT system. The lighter isotope of helium is used to obtain temperatures down to 2.5 K. Under no-load conditions the precooler reaches a base temperature of 11.3K. The JT system achieves 4.3 K with a 10 mW heat load and 2.5 K with a heat load of over 3 mW. The input power to the cooler is approximately 126 W.The temperature stability of the cooler at low temperatures is important to keep detector drift to a minimum. The temperature of the JT stage has been measured in uncontrolled laboratory conditions and found to vary by only 30 mK over a seventy hour period. The pre-cooler temperature varied by approximately 0.6 K during these measurements.     

Radioisotope powered AMTEC systems

Alkali Metal Thermal to Electric Converter (AMTEC) systems are being developed for high performance spacecraft power systems, including small, General Purpose Heat Source (GPHS) powered systems. Several design concepts have been evaluated for the power range from 75 W to 1 kW. The specific power for these concepts has been found to be as high as 18-20 W/kg and 22 kW/m³. The projected area, including radiators, has been as low as 0.4 m²/kW. AMTEC power systems are extremely attractive, relative to other current and projected power systems, because AMTEC offers high power density, low projected area, and low volume. Two AMTEC cell design types have been identified. A single-tube cell is already under development and a multi-tube cell design, to provide additional power system gains, has undergone proof-of-principle testing. Solar powered AMTEC (SAMTEC) systems are also being developed, and numerous terrestrial applications have been identified for which the same basic AMTEC cells being developed for radioisotope systems are also suitable