大部件对接中iGPS高精度位姿测量优化设计

 为保证大部件对接位姿测量精度,提高对接测量效率,实现大部件最优位姿装配,提出了基于iGPS测量系统的大部件对接位姿测量优化设计方法。首先,基于iGPS系统测量模型和不确定度模型建立对接测量网络,并对其网络测量精度进行仿真分析,优化设计了对接测量网络iGPS多发射器的布站方式;其次,基于对大部件位姿参数求解模型及不确定度模型的仿真分析,优化设计了调姿基准点的布设方式;最后,对某机型大部件对接进行了位姿测量方式的对比实验。结果表明,经过位姿测量优化设计后,大部件对接测量x、y、z的位置调整不确定度均小于0.16 mm,姿态滚转角、俯仰角和偏航角的角度调整不确定度均小于3.1",相较于未经布站优化设计的测量方式,精度至少提高了20%。由此证明该测量优化设计方案能够高效、高精度地对移动大部件进行实时位姿测量,在有效提高大部件对接位姿测量效率及精度方面是可行的。     

舱段类部件数字化柔性对接系统设计与试验研究

为实现大尺寸、大重量、多约束关系的舱段类部件数字化、柔性化对接,研制了一套舱段类部件数字化柔性对接系统。阐述了该系统的组成及工作流程,通过数字化测量系统测量舱段上的位姿测量特征点,集成管控平台解算其相对位姿,控制并联调姿平台进行运动,实时监控舱段间装配力,实现舱段的调姿与对接。给出了数字化测量系统的应用、基于并联调姿平台的位姿调整与装配力测量及集成管控平台的功能设计,并完成了舱段对接的试验研究。试验结果表明,该系统满足大型舱段类部件柔性对接要求,提高了装配一致性,保证了产品与操作者的安全。     

飞机大部件自动对接同步调姿方法

提出了飞机大部件自动对接同步调姿方法,实现了大部件调姿基准点的连续自动跟踪测量和位姿连续调整.在此基础上开发了集测量场构建、大部件位姿解算和调整等功能于一体的大部件自动对接集成控制软件,并在ARJ21飞机翼身自动对接现场进行了应用试验,结果证明该方法能有效完成飞机翼身自动对接过程,提高测量和对接效率.     

大型飞机机身调姿与对接试验系统

为实现飞机大部件装配过程的数字化、自动化和柔性化,研制了大型飞机机身调姿与对接试验系统.阐述了该系统的工作原理,通过激光跟踪仪测量试验机身上的检测点,集成管理系统计算试验机身的位姿,控制系统驱动多个三坐标数控定位器协同运动,实现试验机身的调姿与对接.建立了位姿调整机构的运动学模型,针对构建的硬件平台完成了包括集成管理系...     

一种无人机载荷安装位姿测量系统的实现

描述了一种可以快速测量无人机载荷位姿的六自由度测量系统,可对无人机载荷位姿进行实时安装测量,用于保证所有载荷安装于预定位置。测量系统基于单目视觉测量原理,利用固定式多目标主动光学靶标将载荷的坐标系引出,系统软件可实时给出被测载荷的位姿。进行了一系列的试验用于验证测量能力。利用多齿分度台和位移台进行测量重复性试验。结果表明,角度测量重复性0.05°,位移测量重复性0.05mm。     

基于四元数的单目视觉物体位姿测量方法

对基于点特征的单目视觉定位算法进行了研究,设计了一种5点平面靶标,在五个特征点的基础上提出了一种基于四元数的单摄像机位姿测量方法。建立了四元数空间变换矩阵,然后再根据特征点在世界坐标系下的坐标值以及特征点在CCD成像面上的坐标值,在空间投射的基础上利用最小二乘法求解出靶标的四元数空间变换矩阵,从而求得靶标的空间位姿。通过实验对该单目视觉定位方法进行验证,实验结果表明：测量模型平移定位精度达到了,旋转定位精度达到了。     

融合视觉与力觉的卫星装配误差在线测量与补偿方法

针对机器人卫星装配阶段舱板与主框架装配精度低、装配干涉力过大的问题,提出了一种融合视觉与力觉的卫星装配误差在线测量与补偿方法。利用视觉检测装置建立卫星舱板与主框架装配误差在线测量系统,并完成了双目标定、机器人手眼标定、其他部件相对位姿的标定,提出了卫星舱板与主框架装配误差补偿控制方法,实现了装配误差实时测量与精确补偿;同时,通过力觉检测装置完成了机器人末端负载辨识与重力补偿,实时测量卫星舱板与主框架装配干涉力,实现了卫星柔性装配。试验结果表明,采用融合视觉与力觉的卫星装配误差在线测量与补偿方法后,卫星舱板与主框架装配误差控制在0.2 mm以内,装配干涉力小于50 N,满足了卫星装配的精度需求,证明本文所提方法的有效性和稳定性。     

无人机自主着陆视觉相对位姿测量误差分析方法

卫星拒止条件下无人机自主安全回收的关键是全自主、高精度的测量无人机相对着陆场站的相对位姿信息。视觉相对位姿测量直接敏感高动态运动体之间的相对位姿信息,具有全自主、高精度等优势,为无人机自主安全回收提供新的技术途径。针对视觉相对位姿测量精度易受目标特征提取精度和相机内参数标定误差影响的问题,提出了一种无人机自主着陆视觉相对位姿测量误差分析方法,该方法通过研究测量机理模型确定关键误差影响因素,计算相关参数变化对测量精度的影响,最后利用仿真分析验证本文所提方法的有效性。     

基于PSD的并联微定位平台位姿检测方法

位置姿态（以下简称位姿）检测是研究六自由度定位平台的技术难点之一,为了快速准确测量六自由度并联微定位平台的位姿,验证平台的定位精度,基于多片二维PSD光电位置传感器设计了六自由度光学位姿检测系统。依据几何光学理论,建立了六自由度位姿解算的数学模型。通过仿真计算,该算法可以快速准确解算六自由度定位平台位姿。进一步分析了该模型在考虑存在测量误差时的理论计算误差,结果表明,基于二维PSD位置传感器的六自由度光学位姿检测系统在解算六自由度定位平台位姿的同时,具备较高的测量精度。     

基于Transformer模型的卫星单目位姿估计方法

鉴于测量精度高、设备成本低等优点,基于单目图像的卫星位姿估计方法在交会对接、空间攻防等应用中具有广泛前景。得益于强大的特征提取与表达能力,卷积神经网络在目标单目位姿估计应用中取得了明显优于传统方法的性能表现,但已有基于卷积神经网络的方法存在诸如归纳偏置、绝对距离描述不直接、长距离建模能力不足等问题。聚焦卫星单目位姿估计应用需求,针对以上问题,创新地将Transformer模型应用于卫星目标位姿估计中,提出了一种新颖的端到端卫星单目位姿估计方法。首先,设计了一种基于关键点集合的卫星目标表示方法,并构建了基于该表示方法的损失函数,进一步,结合关键点回归任务特点,设计了端到端的关键点回归网络模型,并改进了用于特征提取的主干网络结构。在公开数据集上实验测试结果表明：本文方法实现了可靠、高效的卫星目标单目位姿估计,并取得了优于已有同类方法的性能。     

A heuristic cabin-type component alignment method based on multi-source data fusion

In cabin-type component alignment, digital measurement technology is usually adopted to provide guidance for assembly. Depending on the system of measurement, the alignment process can be divided into measurement-assisted assembly (MAA) and force-driven assembly. In MAA, relative pose between components is directly measured to guide assembly, while in force-driven assembly, only contact state can be recognized according to measured six-dimensional force and torque (6D F/T) and the process is completed based on preset assembly strategy. Aiming to improve the efficiency of force-driven cabin-type component alignment, this paper proposed a heuristic alignment method based on multi-source data fusion. In this method, measured 6D F/T, pose data and geometric information of components are fused to calculate the relative pose between components and guide the movement of pose adjustment platform. Among these data types, pose data and measured 6D F/T are combined as data set. To collect the data sets needed for data fusion, dynamic gravity compensation method and hybrid motion control method are designed. Then the relative pose calculation method is elaborated, which transforms collected data sets into discrete geometric elements and calculates the relative poses based on the geometric information of components. Finally, experiments are conducted in simulation environment and the results show that the proposed alignment method is feasible and effective.     

航天器相对位姿参数光学测量解析算法

研究了利用4个非共面特征光标和单光学测量敏感器的测量方法。基于比例正交投影近似假设,简化了光学成像数学模型,以解析的形式给出了航天器间相对位姿参数(相对位置和姿态),并对解析解进行修正。最后,对该算法进行数学仿真,仿真结果表明该算法简单可靠,能够满足航天器相对位姿确定精度和实时计算要求。     

一种面向叉耳式翼身对接的视觉测量方法

针对某型叉耳式翼身对接飞机在外场拆卸重装等特殊环境下,激光跟踪仪因现场环境等原因难以放置到满足测量精度要求的位置上进行直接测量的问题,提出一种基于视觉的直接测量方法。并搭建出该测量系统的模型,分析建立视觉测量系统所涉及到的关键技术,同时给出一种基于弧段组合的椭圆检测方法。最终通过模拟叉耳孔对接测量试验验证该方法的可行性。试验结果表明叉耳孔轴线间隙距离测量精度可达0.03mm,轴线角度测量精度达到0.025°,满足实际对接测量要求。     

双目视觉绳系支撑飞行器模型位姿动态测量

绳牵引并联机器人（WDPR）为风洞试验提供了一种新型支撑方式,可用于多/六自由度风洞复杂动态试验。针对该支撑下飞行器模型的大范围运动,发展了一种基于双目视觉的模型位姿动态测量方法。首先,设计了一种编码合作标志点,合理布置于模型表面,通过图像处理消除绳对标志点成像干扰,进行标志点三维重构;然后,利用绝对定姿算法求解相对位姿初值,且给出了理论误差分析,并基于双目相机重投影误差构建李代数下的无约束最小二乘优化问题,采用L-M算法进行位姿优化;最后,采用该测量系统分别进行了静态和动态精度验证试验,以及大迎角俯仰振荡等3种单/多自由度典型运动轨迹测量。试验数据显示,静态角度和位移测量精度分别优于0.02°/0.02 mm;动态测量时角度精度可达到0.1°量级,位移平均误差为0.4 mm。研究结果表明：设计的双目视觉测量系统是有效可行的,可为后续风洞试验的实际应用提供支持。     

Three-line structured light vision system for non-cooperative satellites in proximity operations

Adapter ring is a commonly used component in non-cooperative satellites, which has high strength and is suitable to be recognized and grasped by the space manipulator. During proximity operations, this circle feature may be occluded by the robot arm or limited field of view. Moreover, the captured images may be underexposed when there is not enough illumination. To address these problems, this paper presents a structured light vision system with three line lasers and a monocular camera. The lasers project lines onto the surface of the satellite, and six break points are formed along both sides of the adapter ring. A closed-form solution for real-time pose estimation is given using these break points. Then, a virtual structured light platform is constructed to simulate synthetic images of the target satellite. Compared with the predefined camera parameters and relative positions, the proposed method is demonstrated to be more effective, especially at a close distance. Besides, a physical space verification system is set up to prove the effectiveness and robustness of our method under different light conditions. Experimental results indicate that it is a practical and effective method for the pose measurement of on-orbit tasks.     

Real-time drogue recognition and 3D locating for UAV autonomous aerial refueling based on monocular machine vision

Drogue recognition and 3D locating is a key problem during the docking phase of the autonomous aerial refueling(AAR). To solve this problem, a novel and effective method based on monocular vision is presented in this paper. Firstly, by employing computer vision with red-ring-shape feature, a drogue detection and recognition algorithm is proposed to guarantee safety and ensure the robustness to the drogue diversity and the changes in environmental conditions, without using a set of infrared light emitting diodes(LEDs) on the parachute part of the drogue. Secondly, considering camera lens distortion, a monocular vision measurement algorithm for drogue 3D locating is designed to ensure the accuracy and real-time performance of the system,with the drogue attitude provided. Finally, experiments are conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Experimental results show the performances of the entire system in contrast with other methods, which validates that the proposed method can recognize and locate the drogue three dimensionally, rapidly and precisely.     

单目相机物体位姿估计方法研究

现有的机器视觉通常以边缘轮廓和角点作为特征,因此要求背景单一,对环境结构化依赖程度高。为了拓展机器人的应用范围,使其脱离结构化的环境,提出了一种基于SIFT特征点和PNP技术的单目相机估计目标物体位姿的方法。以BumbleBee双目相机为硬件基础,以C++为开发平台,结合了Eigen计算库、OpenCV图像处理库和Triclops库,开发了单目视觉位姿估计算法,实现在复杂背景下对表面纹理较为丰富的物体的位姿估计。利用试验对所提方法进行了验证,试验结果表明,该算法具有较高的估计精度,可以作为机器抓取的依据。     

An experimental system for release simulation of internal stores in a supersonic wind tunnel

Aerodynamic parameters obtained from separation experiments of internal stores in a wind tunnel are significant in aircraft designs. Accurate wind tunnel tests can help to improve the release stability of the stores and in-flight safety of the aircrafts in supersonic environments.A simulative system for free drop experiments of internal stores based on a practical project is provided in this paper. The system contains a store release mechanism, a control system and an attitude measurement system. The release mechanism adopts a six-bar linkage driven by a cylinder, which ensures the release stability. The structure and initial aerodynamic parameters of the stores are also designed and adjusted. A high speed vision measurement system for high speed rolling targets is utilized to measure the pose parameters of the internal store models and an optimizing method for the coordinates of markers is presented based on a priori model. The experimental results show excellent repeatability of the system, and indicate that the position measurement precision is less than0.13 mm, and the attitude measurement precision for pitch and yaw angles is less than 0.126°, satisfying the requirements of practical wind tunnel tests. A separation experiment for the internal stores is also conducted in the FL-3 wind tunnel of China Aerodynamics Research Institute.     

MC-LRF based pose measurement system for shipborne aircraft automatic landing

Due to the portability and anti-interference ability, vision-based shipborne aircraft automatic landing systems have attracted the attention of researchers. In this paper, a Monocular Camera and Laser Range Finder (MC-LRF)-based pose measurement system is designed for shipborne aircraft automatic landing. First, the system represents the target ship using a set of sparse landmarks, and a two-stage model is adopted to detect landmarks on the target ship. The rough 6D pose is measured by solving a Perspective-n-Point problem. Then, once the rough pose is measured, a region-based pose refinement is used to continuously track the 6D pose in the subsequent image sequences. To address the low accuracy of monocular pose measurement in the depth direction, the designed system adopts a laser range finder to obtain an accurate range value. The measured rough pose is iteratively optimized using the accurate range measurement. Experimental results on synthetic and real images show that the system achieves robust and precise pose measurement of the target ship during automatic landing. The measurement means error is within 0.4° in rotation, and 0.2% in translation, meeting the requirements for automatic fixed-wing aircraft landing.Received 5 July 2022; revised 19 August 2022; accepted 27 September 2022.     

基于欧拉角的炮弹位姿参数光学测量解析算法

炮弹空间位置和姿态参数的解算是研究其飞行弹道特性和弹道控制的非常重要的内容。利用4个已知空间坐标的非共面控制点,通过建立控制点的过渡坐标系,提出了一种基于单目视觉,采用欧拉角直接参与计算的炮弹位姿参数的测量方法,建立了位姿参数测量的误差修正模型。最后对该算法进行了完整的数学仿真。仿真结果表明,该算法简单有效且稳定,能满足位姿参数测量的精度要求。