太空中的PM2.5——太阳系尘埃动力学研究进展

对太阳系尘埃动力学所涉及到的基本内容进行概述，包括尘埃的种类、成分、尺寸、密度、形状和生命周期。介绍了近年来在尘埃的来源与生成机制方面的力学过程、主要理论、模型与方法，包括冲击溅射、表面喷射、风化、滑坡、质量脱落、旋转断裂等，阐述了尘埃的充电过程与磁场环境，简要概述了航天任务的尘埃探测结果，介绍了尘埃受力模型、单个尘埃颗粒的运动以及大量尘埃的分布特征、动力学现象及内在规律方面的最新研究结论。最后对太阳系尘埃动力学领域的未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

First results of investigating the space environment onboard the Universitetskii-Tatyana satellite

The complex of scientific pay load installed onboard the research and educational Universitetskii-Tatyana microsatellite of Moscow State University is described. The complex is designed to study charged particles in the near-earth space and ultraviolet emissions of the atmosphere. Data of the measurements of charged particle fluxes in the microsatellite orbit are presented, spectra are calculated, and the dynamics of penetration boundaries for protons of solar cosmic rays (SCR) during geomagnetic disturbances in 2005 is investigated. Intensities of the ultraviolet emission are measured in the entire range of variation of the atmospheric irradiation, as well as intensities of auroras in the polar regions of the Northern and Southern hemispheres. The experimental data on flashes of ultraviolet radiation (transient light phenomena in the upper atmosphere) are considered, and some examples of oscillograms of their temporal development and their distribution over geographical coordinates are presented. Original Russian Text ? V.A. Sadovnichy, M.I. Panasyuk, S.Yu. Bobrovnikov, N.N. Vedenkin, N.A. Vlasova, G.K. Garipov, O.R. Grigorian, T.A. Ivanova, V.V. Kalegaev, P.A. Klimov, A.S. Kovtyukh, S.A. Krasotkin, N.V. Kuznetsov, S.N. Kuznetsov, E.A. Muravyeva, I.N. Myagkova, N.N. Pavlov, R.A. Nymmik, V.L. Petrov, M.V. Podzolko, V.V. Radchenko, S.Ya. Reisman, I.A. Rubinshtein, M.O. Riazantseva, E.A. Sigaeva, E.N. Sosnovets, L.I. Starostin, A.V. Sukhanov, V.I. Tulupov, B.A. Khrenov, V.M. Shakhparonov, V.N. Sheveleva, A.V. Shirokov, I.V. Yashin, V.V. Markelov, N.N. Ivanov, V.N. Blinov, O.Yu. Sedykh, V.P. Pinigin, A.P. Papkov, E.S. Levin, V.M. Samkov, N.N. Ignatiev, V.S. Yamnikol, 2007, published in Kosmicheskie Issledovaniya, 2007, vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 291–305.     

The famous son of Ukrainian people V.I. Voznyuk who has provided launch of all ballistic missiles of the cosmodrome Kapustin Yar

The history of the life of V.I. Voznyuk is a history of the phenomenon of the Soviet rocket progress when the engineers with experience of launch of military rocket of small radius of action were testing the ballistic missiles. The remarkable and little-known destiny of Voznuk is the history of the Soviet rocket technology experts who had a severe practical schooling of command by the military forces of the first combat missiles “Katucha” during the grim military years (including the grandiose fight in Stalingrad) and then they have continued to launch the ballistic missiles. V.I. Voznyuk worked as the chief of the first Soviet cosmodrome Kapustin Yar for almost 30 years—since the most difficult moment of its organization. He organized a launch of the first Soviet ballistic missiles R-1, R-2, R-5M of S. Korolev. This report is about the outstanding achievement of the organizing ability of V.I. Voznyuk—about the launch of a missile with a nuclear warhead in 1956. V.I. Voznyuk closes a unique chain in the world of outstanding figures of space-rocket technology who were born or lived in Ukraine from designers of missile up to the organizers of its manufacture and now up to the organizers of the tests of rockets—J. Aizenberg, V. Budnik, O. Baclanov, V. Dogujiev, M. Galasj, N. Gerasuta, V. Gluschko, B. Gubanov, A. Gudimenko, I. Ivanov, G. Kesunjko, B. Konoplev, S. Korolev, V. Kovtunenko, V. Kukuschkin, O. Makarov, A. Nedaivoda, M. Reshetniyov, Yu. Semenov, V. Sergeev, Yu. Smetanin, V. Tchelomey, D. Torchiy, V. Utkin and M. Yangel.     

亚轨道重复使用运载器总体多学科优化方法

针对亚轨道运载器总体设计多学科耦合的特点,从任务规划、学科建模、集成和求解策略等方面对多学科优化方法进行了研究。以助推亚轨道飞行器为对象,确定了学科模块组成、功能和数据耦合关系。建立了与总体设计过程相适应的7个学科模型,包括几何主模型、气动、推进、弹道、气动热、传热/热防护系统、结构。结合飞行器任务要求和基准方案,从系统级定义了多学科优化问题,包括目标函数、约束条件和设计变量。基于多学科软件框架集成学科模型,采用多学科可行法作为求解框架,建立了亚轨道飞行器多学科优化系统,选择SQP算法完成了以起飞总重为目标的优化。结果显示,优化后,发动机结构、热防护系统有所增加,但结构质量和燃油消耗减小,综合作用使总重减小2.4%,体现了多学科优化的协同作用。     

Radiation protection in space

Radiation environment, basic concepts of radiation protection, and specific aspects of the space radiation field are reviewed. The discussion of physico-chemical and subcellular radiation effects includes mechanisms of radiation action and cellular consequences. The discussion of radiobiological effects includes unique aspects of HZE particle effects, space flight findings, terrestrial findings, analysis of somatic radiation effects and effects on critical organs, and early and delayed effects. Other topics include the impact of the space flight environment, measurement of radiation exposure, establishing radiation protection limits, limitations in establishing space-based radiation exposure limits, radiation protection measures, and recommendations.     

Group force mobility model and its obstacle avoidance capability

Many mobility models attempt to provide realistic simulation to many real world scenarios. However, existing mobility models, such as RPGM [X. Hong, M. Gerla, G. Pei, C. Chiang, A group mobility model for ad hoc wireless networks, in: Proceedings of ACM/IEEE MSWiM’99, Seattle, WA, August 1999, pp. 53–60] and others, fail to address many aspects. These limitations range from mobile node (MN) collision avoidance, obstacle avoidance, and the interaction of MNs within a group. Our research, the group force mobility model (GFMM) [S.A. Williams, D. Huang, A group force mobility model, Appeared at 9th Communications and Networking Simulation Symposium, April 2006], proposes a novel idea which introduces the concept of attraction and repulsion forces to address many of these limitations. Williams and Huang [A group force mobility model, Appeared at 9th Communications and Networking Simulation Symposium, April 2006] described some of the limitations and drawbacks that many models neglect. This model effectively simulates the interaction of MNs within a group, the interaction of groups to one another, the coherency of a group, and the avoidance of collision with groups, nodes, and obstacles. This paper provides an overview of GFMM and particularly illustrates the GFMM's ability to avoid collision with obstacles, which is a vital property to posses in order to provide a realistic simulaition. We compare our model with the commonly used RPGM model and provide statistical assessments based on connectivity metrics such as link changed, link duration, and relative speed. All will be detailed and explained in this paper.     

先进太阳能热动力系统单元热管吸热器仿真分析

研究的目的是验证热管吸热器有良好的热性能。通过对先进太阳能热动力系统单元热管吸热器进行数值仿真,建立了相应的数学模型,给出了数值解法,并把仿真结果同NASA计算结果进行了对比。分析结果表明,热管吸热器由于热管良好的导热性和理想的等温性,热管在轴向的温差很小,这就使得热管在不同位置上的容器内的PCM都能同步、均匀的熔化;另外热管吸液芯的正常工作使得热管周向温度分布均匀,从而避免热斑现象;热管吸热器由于热管在轴向和周向上良好的等温性,在阴影期末,各蓄热容器内的PCM能够同时凝固,并最终达到完全凝固,从而避免热松脱现象。因此,热管吸热器提高了系统的效率,能避免热斑和热松脱现象。     

Iridium: failures & successes

This paper will provide an overview of the Iridium business venture in terms of the challenges faced, the successes achieved, and the causes of the ultimate failure of the venture — bankruptcy and system de-orbit. The paper will address technical, business, and policy issues. The intent of the paper is to provide a balanced and accurate overview of the Iridium experience, to aid future decision-making by policy makers, the business community, and technical experts. Key topics will include the history of the program, the objectives and decision-making of Motorola, the market research and analysis conducted, partnering strategies and their impact, consumer equipment availability, and technical issues — target performance, performance achieved, technical accomplishments, and expected and unexpected technical challenges. The paper will use as sources trade media and business articles on the Iridium program, technical papers and conference presentations, Wall Street analyst's reports, and, where possible, interviews with participants and close observers.     

低轨星座路由技术研究现状与展望

低轨星座网络具有覆盖范围广、传输时延少、顽存能力强等优点,在宽带互联网接入服务、物联网、导航增强等方面具有重要应用。星间路由是星座网络的关键技术,直接影响其服务性能。众多学者对路由展开广泛且深入的研究。首先基于拓扑获取方式、传输数据方式、路由计算地点及计算方式等分类方法分析并归纳了低轨星座路由。其次从时间虚拟化、虚拟节点、动态拓扑更新路由以及拥塞避免角度介绍了典型路由及其改进,总结并对比了主要路由的特点,最后在此基础上提出了低轨星座路由的发展趋势。     

遥测网络系统发展与展望

遥测系统对于评定航空航天飞行器飞行试验结果、故障定位、健康监测和趋势预测等具有非常重要的意义。近二十年来,高码率遥测体制、双向通信及网络化遥测等需求不断增长,美国靶场司令委员会（RCC）下属机构靶场仪器组（IRIG）将遥测网络系统TmNS纳入到IRIG 106标准中,代表了下一代遥测系统的发展方向。在介绍TmNS发展历程的基础上,对TmNS的概念定义、典型架构、分层模型和网络数据消息、系统配置管理、时间同步、服务质量QoS、路由、源选择、安全等关键技术进行阐述和分析,结合我国遥测技术发展现状,总结其对我国遥测技术发展的启示,并对TmNS后续发展进行展望。     

FY-2C星业务运行调度管理

介绍了风云二号(FY-2)C星系统运行控制中心(SOCC)的组成和功能,阐述了C星业务测控与管理、特殊事件预报与控制,并说明其采用的全系统集中控制、卫星业务运行自动调度、卫星测控流程控制、应用系统作业流程,以及系统设备运行监视与控制等调度控制方式.与01批相比,C星SOCC的系统结构与功能有较大改进,由原分散式功能单-的调度改为集中式监视和控制能力强大的"大运控"系统.该系统集中了卫星控制、整个地面业务系统调度安排、各种作业调度管理、地面设备切换控制、产品处理软件调度,以及产品分发等各种功能,具有-定的先进性.     

Multispectral remote sensing of aerosols

Aerosols are common atmospheric constituents that occur both naturally (clouds, sea spray, dust, smoke, and volcanic emissions) and artificially (smog, smoke, certain hazes, detonation products, and industrial emissions). Some, like the great dust bowl storms in the U.S. in the 1930s, are a combination of natural and manmade agents. Most aerosols are difficult to model because they are composed of small, non-spherical particles whose optical constants and particle sizes are poorly known. Spectroscopic observations of aerosols in the thermal infrared atmospheric window between 8 and 13.5 μm offer the opportunity to detect aerosols both day and night down to very low column densities. Such observations can also identify the gross chemical composition of the particles and, in some cases, the actual sizes and shapes. In this paper, we discuss thermal i.r. observations of three types of aerosols: satellite measurements of volcanic dust, ground-based observations of airborne desert soil and both ground- and space-based measurements of cirrus clouds.     

轨控发动机不锈钢喷注器扩散钎焊工艺

为研制新型轨控发动机所用的喷注器,对不锈钢环槽多层板进行了扩散钎焊工艺研究。随着焊接温度和保温时间的增加,焊缝与母材间各元素的扩散程度逐渐加深;扩散未完全时焊缝由靠近母材的固溶体和中部的化合物组成,扩散完全时焊缝全部由固溶体组成。中间层内Ni、Si、B向母材扩散,母材内Fe向中间层扩散;Ni、Fe、B扩散速度较快,Si扩散速度较慢;Si和B的含量决定组织形态,Ni的含量影响接头强度。接头抗拉性能与扩散程度成正相关,其极限值已达母材的101%;接头断口形貌最初为准解理完全脆断,随后发展到细韧窝部分塑断,最终呈现为大韧窝完全塑断。对于40μm厚的B—Ni2中间层,最佳焊接温度、保温时间和加载压强分别为1050~1075℃、2 h和0.01~0.02 MPa。最佳工艺参数先后成功应用于模拟件和产品,焊接的某新型发动机已通过试车考核。     

国外低轨物联网星座系统发展分析

随着地面移动通信系统的建设发展和移动互联网业务的爆发式增长,多样化的移动通信需求和应用场景不断涌现,传统的“人与人”之间的通信正在扩展向“人与物”、“物与物”的通信。物联网(internet of things, IoT)技术近年飞速发展,并已投入广泛建设和应用。卫星因其广域覆盖和抗毁性,比较适应于大区域数据采集和物联业务。近年来随着卫星通信技术能力的提升和产业链条的优化,商业航天蓬勃发展,天地一体成为趋势。天基物联网、天地融合物联网成为新的关注点。国际上近年来涌现出数十个天基物联网系统,部分已投入工程建设和应用,已在天基物联网的系统架构和体制设计上取得进展。针对卫星物联网技术发展和建设应用开展调研,对Orbcomm、Kepler、SpaceMobile、ELO等低轨星座物联网系统的建设规划、能力定位、系统架构、星座方案、通信技术、频率资源、市场应用等方面进行了全面分析,并对天基物联网星座系统的发展趋势和关键问题进行总结。     

复杂结构充液航天器晃动动力学与姿态稳定性

复杂充液航天器的晃动及其对控制系统的影响是当前空间高技术的重要问题。 本文首先由力学变分原理导出充液复杂系统的方程式,其中包括流体力学方程和相应的边界条件,以及弹性连续介质力学方程;特别是,考虑了强毛细作用力的影响。其次,考查了微重条件下带有隔板的贮箱内的液体晃动、带有网孔隔板腔体内的液体晃动和粘弹性隔板对抑制晃动的作用。另外,本文将分析带有多腔充液自旋卫星的姿态稳定性,以及晃动、液体涡旋、贮箱偏置,能量耗散和哥氏加速度对卫星运动的影响。最后,讨论了多体系统充液挠性空间飞行器的稳定性问题。 同时,本文给出了数值计算结果和某些试验结果,并与理论分析作了对比。     

Terrestrial biological evolution and its implication for SETI

A frequent opinion among biologists upholds that biological evolution is contingent and, consequently, that man's apparition is a random event of very small probability. We present various arguments against this view, based on chemistry, molecular biology, evolutionary convergences, the existence of physical constraints on the structure of living beings, and the evidence of acceleration in the evolution of many features, e.g. brain size, over geological times. Taken together they suggest that “laws” of evolution exist and may have a universal validity. We extend this view to the evolution of “intelligence”. We show that it is an essential aspect of biological evolution and that human cultural evolution is just another aspect of it. Finally, we argue that brains more complex than the human brain are conceivable, endowed not merely with quantitatively better functions but with qualitatively higher cognitive abilities, of the kind found in the transition from, say, dog to man. This thesis predicts that the usual concept of advanced civilizations merely separated by huge distances is too restrictive. It favours a different concept, in which the separation results predominantly from cognitive, i.e. temporal factors. This idea, far from being discouraging, offers a stimulating solution to Fermi's paradox and opens new ways to SETI.     

空间环境对光学元件分子污染的影响及减缓方法

随着航天器在轨寿命的延长，分子污染对其空间光学系统在轨安全和可靠性的影响越来越突出。文章首先阐明空间分子污染的来源及其对空间光学元件的效应；之后分析温度、紫外辐射、激光照射等空间自然环境和人工环境对光学元件分子污染的影响，揭示空间环境影响光学元件分子污染的演变过程和形态；进而给出地面预处理、表面改性、优化系统设计和在轨主动清除等方面的空间光学元件分子污染减缓与清除技术；最后提出分子污染的高灵敏监测、热控及分子污染吸附复合涂层、分子污染在轨高效去除技术、先进的协同模拟设备和仿真技术等研究方向。     

基于三维卷积残差网络的无人机高光谱岩性分类

岩性识别和分类是地质学、资源勘查等不可或缺的环节,高光谱遥感的兴起为岩性识别提供新的思路。利用机器学习挖掘岩石高光谱图像中的信息从而准确识别岩性,这具有重要的应用价值。目前用机器学习的方法实现岩石的高光谱影像分类研究中,缺少对空间和光谱信息的充分利用,因此本文使用了一种加入注意力机制的三维卷积残差网络结构,能够有效提取岩石高光谱图像的空间、光谱特征以及空谱联合特征。本实验利用无人机搭载高光谱传感器采集了10种不同类型的岩石样本影像,应用该算法对岩石高光谱图像进行分类。实验结果表明：该算法与传统机器学习算法SVM、RF和深度学习算法ResNet、3D CNN和SSRN相比具有更高的精度。     

VEGA, a small launch vehicle

Several studies have been performed in Europe aiming to promote the full development of a small launch vehicle to put into orbit one ton class spacecrafts. But during the last ten years, the european workforce was mainly oriented towards the qualification of the heavy class ARIANE 5 launch vehicle.Then, due also to lack of visibility on this reduced segment of market, when comparing with the geosatcom market, no proposal was sufficiently attractive to get from the potentially interrested authorities a clear go-ahead, i.e. a financial committment.

The situation is now rapidly evolving. Several european states, among them ITALY and FRANCE, are now convinced of the necessity of the availability of such a transportation system, an important argument to promote small missions, using small satellites. Application market will be mainly scientific experiments and earth observation; some telecommunications applications may be also envisaged such as placement of little LEO constellation satellites, or replacement after failure of big LEO constellation satellites.

FIAT AVIO and AEROSPATIALE have proposed to their national agencies the development of such a small launch vehicle, named VEGA.

The paper presents the story of the industrial proposal, and the present status of the project: Mission spectrum, technical definition, launch service and performance, target development plan and target recurring costs, as well as the industrial organisation for development, procurement, marketing and operations.     

Determination of kinematic state of an orbiting multibody using GNSS signals

Precise attitude determination of the members of a free-flying multibody system is a not so immediate task, due essentially to the large motion of its appendages coupled with their relevant flexibility effects. In fact, sensors used to this aim in current projects, such as optical encoders usually positioned near the joints of each arm, are almost blind to these effects, and clusters of specific redundant sensors should, therefore, be required in order to reconstruct both elastic deformations and rigid motion.Satellite navigation systems (GNSS) offer a suitable and reliable solution to this problem. To exploit the phase of the signal, instead of the traditional pseudo random code, ensures a very high accuracy of the order of magnitude of centimeter. Such a process requires the solution of an initial ambiguity problem, related to the number of integer wavelength included in the length of the member.The aim of the paper is to investigate the capability of this GNSS based technique to reconstruct the kinematics of a flexible multibody system orbiting around the Earth. This analysis requires a simulation including both the multibody dynamics and the navigation system constellation to define the satellites lines-of-sight at each time step.Concerning multibody equations of motion, a Newtonian formulation is adopted in this work. A special attention is required about the choice of the state variables. As the internal forces are associated to the relative displacements between the bodies, which are small fractions of the distance of the multibody spacecraft from the center of the Earth, the task of obtaining these forces from inertial coordinates could be impossible from a numerical point of view. So, the problem is reformulated in such a way that the equation of motion of the system contains global equations, with no internal forces, and local equations, with internal forces. In the latter, only quantities of the same order of the spacecraft dimensions are present.Accuracies achievable in LEO orbit with current GPS and upcoming Galileo systems are evaluated to show the interest of the proposed technique.