大气扰动及其对飞行的影响

 大气紊流和风切变等现象会影响飞机的飞行品质,并且可能引起严重的飞行事故。本文简要回顾和评述了目前国外研究大气紊流和风切变问题的情况。包括近年来国外在低空大气扰动对飞行影响方面的研究,在改进数学模型、计算与分析方法以及研究与大气扰动有关的飞行品质规范等方面取得的进展。文中同时回顾了我国研究大气扰动对飞行的影响方面的情况。     

着水初始条件对水陆两栖飞机着水性能的影响

针对着水初始条件对水陆两栖飞机静水面降落性能影响的问题,使用非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程和标准k-ω两方程模型求解非定常流场,耦合流体体积模型捕捉自由液面,结合改进的流场域网格划分策略,并借助任意拉格朗日欧拉方法处理机体、网格和水气交界面三者关系。基于上述方法,探讨初始姿态角、下降速度和前飞速度对着水性能的影响,其中驾驶舱与重心位置加速度、气动力与水动力、俯仰角与吃水深度等参数变化被考虑在内,逐步得到最优着水初始条件。结果表明：增大初始姿态角有利于减缓飞机各位置除初次触水过载峰值外过载峰值的变化。当飞机俯仰力矩出现极值时,驾驶舱垂向过载显著大于其他方向和位置过载。减小初始下降速度,各加速度值也随之减小,值得注意的是重心垂向加速度值与初始垂向下降速度平方值存在线性变化关系。着水前飞速度的选取应使得气动升力略大于重力,飞机才能获得更佳的着水性能。     

Navier–Stokes analysis methods for turbulent jet flows with application to aircraft exhaust nozzles

This article presents the current status of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods as applied to the simulation of turbulent jet flowfields issuing from aircraft engine exhaust nozzles. For many years, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) methods have been used routinely to calculate such flows, including very complex nozzle configurations. RANS methods replace all turbulent fluid dynamic effects with a turbulence model. Such turbulence models have limitations for jets with significant three-dimensionality, compressibility, and high temperature streams. In contrast to the RANS approach, direct numerical simulation (DNS) methods calculate the entire turbulent energy spectrum by resolving all turbulent motion down to the Kolmogorov scale. Although this avoids the limitations associated with turbulence modeling, DNS methods will remain computationally impractical in the foreseeable future for all but the simplest configurations. Large-Eddy simulation (LES) methods, which directly calculate the large-scale turbulent structures and reserve modeling only for the smallest scales, have been pursued in recent years and may offer the best prospects for improving the fidelity of turbulent jet flow simulations. A related approach is the group of hybrid RANS/LES methods, where RANS is used to model the small-scale turbulence in wall boundary layers and LES is utilized in regions dominated by the large-scale jet mixing. The advantages, limitations, and applicability of each approach are discussed and recommendations for further research are presented.     

用蒙特卡罗法仿真生成三维空间大气紊流场

基于三维紊流场相关函数矩阵用蒙特卡罗法仿真生成三维空间大气紊流场,并用理论证明和紊流场数值检验的方法,证明这样的空间大气紊流场较好地符合所选用的大气紊流模型 (如 Dryden模型),且具有良好的均匀性和各向同性。三维空间大气紊流场可用于飞机飞行仿真,尤其是多架飞机在大气紊流中飞行的仿真 (如空中加油、编队飞行)。     

强5某型飞机副油箱掉落事故征候原因探析

对强5某型飞机发生的一起副油箱掉落事故征候进行了调查研究,通过大量的机上检查试验,以及对副油箱投放原理线路的分析研究,确定了事故征候原因,提出了防止此类事故征候发生的措施,并在该机上得到了落实,使飞机恢复了飞行。     

Far-field sonic boom prediction considering atmospheric turbulence effects: An improved approach

Accurate prediction of sonic boom is one of key challenges for the design of a low-boom supersonic aircraft. For most of available far-field prediction methods, the effect of atmospheric turbulence appearing in the planetary boundary layer cannot be considered, which results in remarkable inaccuracy of predicting ground-level sonic boom waveform. Although some efforts have been made to overcome the shortcoming, the turbulence effects are not yet well described so far. This article proposes an improved method by extending the two-dimensional Heterogeneous One-Way Approximation for the Resolution of Diffraction (HOWARD) equation to account for the axial and transverse convections of wind fluctuation as well as the effect of temperature fluctuation. The proposed method is validated by comparing the predictions with the flight-test data of JAXA D-SEND#1 LBM, which shows that the result of the proposed method is in better agreement with the flight-test data than that of the method without considering atmospheric turbulence effects. Then, distortion mechanism of sonic boom waveforms caused by atmospheric turbulence is analyzed by using the proposed method. It is indicated that the effect of turbulent convection makes uniform sonic-boom wavefronts irregular, which creates the condition of diffraction effect to perturb waveforms. Finally, the proposed method is applied to investigate the behavior of two types of waveforms given by the sonic boom minimization theory. Results show that a far-field waveform with a weaker initial shock is more beneficial for low-boom design of a supersonic aircraft.     

Evaluation on novel architecture for harmonizing manual and automatic flight controls under atmospheric turbulence

Pilot uncertainty in aircraft response under automatic flight control has triggered aircraft accidents/incidents in the past. This uncertainty compels a pilot to disengage autopilot and switch to manual control. However, the decision to disengage autopilot and when to do it can be difficult: especially if there is not enough time to monitor the cockpit displays, for instance while countering atmospheric turbulence. Against this background, we proposed the “human as a control module” architecture for harmonizing pilot and autopilot controls. The architecture blends pilot maneuver with autopilot control instead of switching between them when simultaneous inputs are given to the aircraft. By automatically adjusting pilot and autopilot control inputs, the architecture avoids overlaps of both control authorities and helps to circumvent the effect of conflicting actions. This paper applies the architecture to the situations of past aircraft incidents which had been caused by the transfer from autopilot control to pilot maneuver after encountering atmospheric turbulence. The effectiveness of the architecture is evaluated via simulation study for the specific incident examples. Furthermore, this paper extends the architecture with an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) based observer and evaluates its robustness under errors in wind estimation.     

Magnetic Turbulence in the Geospace Environment

Magnetic turbulence is found in most space plasmas, including the Earth’s magnetosphere, and the interaction region between the magnetosphere and the solar wind. Recent spacecraft observations of magnetic turbulence in the ion foreshock, in the magnetosheath, in the polar cusp regions, in the magnetotail, and in the high latitude ionosphere are reviewed. It is found that: 1. A large share of magnetic turbulence in the geospace environment is generated locally, as due for instance to the reflected ion beams in the ion foreshock, to temperature anisotropy in the magnetosheath and the polar cusp regions, to velocity shear in the magnetosheath and magnetotail, and to magnetic reconnection at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail. 2. Spectral indices close to the Kolmogorov value can be recovered for low frequency turbulence when long enough intervals at relatively constant flow speed are analyzed in the magnetotail, or when fluctuations in the magnetosheath are considered far downstream from the bow shock. 3. For high frequency turbulence, a spectral index α?2.3 or larger is observed in most geospace regions, in agreement with what is observed in the solar wind. 4. More studies are needed to gain an understanding of turbulence dissipation in the geospace environment, also keeping in mind that the strong temperature anisotropies which are observed show that wave particle interactions can be a source of wave emission rather than of turbulence dissipation. 5. Several spacecraft observations show the existence of vortices in the magnetosheath, on the magnetopause, in the magnetotail, and in the ionosphere, so that they may have a primary role in the turbulent injection and evolution. The influence of such a turbulence on the plasma transport, dynamics, and energization will be described, also using the results of numerical simulations.     

大气紊流对飞机投放外挂的影响

 本文建立了在大气紊流作用下飞机或外挂的运动方程,阐述了考虑母机流场气动干扰时外挂所受的气动力和力矩的计算方法,提出了外挂投放后计算相对母机的运动轨迹和判断安全性的方法,最后以某歼击机投放机身下空副油箱为例,检验了在大气紊流场中投放该外挂的安全性。     

Flight safety,aircraft vortex wake and airport operation capacity

One of the major problems that challenge today's aeronautics is the problem of improving flight safety. A zone of increased hazard is the aerospace in the vicinity of an airport. Here, one of aircraft accidents' causes is wake turbulence generated by aircraft. The encountering of an aircraft on take-off or landing with the vortex wake of a preceding aircraft can lead to an accident especially dangerous near the ground.     

考虑扰流的舰载机终端进场线性模型

回收舰载机需要精确的终端路径和姿态控制,舰载机线性小扰动模型是这一阶段系统分析和控制器设计的必要工具,它需要足够准确地描述在主要操纵输入和进场路径大气紊流作用下舰载机的动态特性。首先使用代数线性化方法建立舰载机终端进场纵向运动的小扰动模型,仿真证明该模型能精确描述无风条件下进场舰载机对控制指令的响应,但通常的建模气流扰动影响的方法不能正确反映舰尾大气紊流对舰载机进场速度的干扰。针对该问题,重点研究了垂向风引起的进场舰载机轨迹方向上的力瞬变,提出了量化舰载机地速扰动的表达式以优化线性模型参数。最后,通过完成舰载机动力学模型在不同风场下的开环仿真以及在舰尾流场中的终端进场闭环仿真,验证了改进的线性模型的有效性,表明它适用于复杂流场下着舰控制系统的性能分析和设计。     

民机乘坐品质的概率指标及算法

 针对民用飞机在随机大气扰动下的乘坐品质问题,研究更符合实际的乘坐品质评价指标和方法。从大气紊流强度的概率特性出发,依据飞机对大气紊流响应与乘坐品质C准则之间的关系,推导了飞机乘坐品质C准则的概率指标公式。在此基础上,通过计算大气扰动的功率谱响应,给出了准则的计算方法,并以Boeing747飞机为例,具体说明了算法的实现和计算过程。所建立的乘坐品质的概率指标比传统的C指数更符合实际,计算方法简单有效,有工程实用价值。     

A Method for Radar Turbulence Detection

A method is described whereby a conventional non-Doppler radar may be used in the measurement and detection of atmospheric turbulence. The technique involves the measurement of the average echo power and the variance of the fluctuation spectrum in each of two separated pulse volumes, and corresponding measure ments of echo power and variance of the detected signals in a channel representing the predetection sum of the signals from those two volumes. It is shown that the variance of the sum channel is the power-weighted sum of the variances in the independent channels plus a term dependent upon the difference in mean radial velocity of the associated pulse volumes. Accordingly, the difference in mean radial velocity can be measured. When the spacing of the sampled volumes is adjusted to represent distance along an aircraft flight plan, the measurement is a measure of the turbulence to be experienced in traversing the space between those volumes. Specific systems for accomplishing the measure ment are discussed.     

用于飞行仿真的空间大气紊流场生成与应用研究(英文)

研究了三维空间大气紊流场生成及其在大型飞机实时飞行仿真中的应用。分析了针对大型飞机飞行仿真的扰动风场的建模需求。通过在频域空间直接进行蒙特卡罗法随机抽样,经三维傅里叶逆变换获得空间大气紊流场。采用Von Karman模型,更加准确地描述大气紊流场特征。运用傅立叶变换的复共轭对称特性,保证最终生成实的紊流场。通过无因次化方法解决了变尺度和变强度的紊流场生成问题。针对生成的空间紊流场设计了紊流梯度的计算方法。针对飞机连续穿越紊流场的问题,提出基于空间对称扩展的紊流场扩展方法。经时域相关性检验证明,基于该方法生成的紊流场与传统时域方法相比,具有较好的空间互相关特性。最后针对Boeing747飞机,给出了一个在空间紊流场中的飞行仿真实例。与传统质点化模型的仿真结果相比,基于空间紊流场和四点模型的算法更能表现出飞机穿越紊流场飞行的随机特性。     

大气紊流频谱与飞机响应的几个问题

 本文推导了各向同性紊流速度及其任意阶梯度间的相关函数和频谱函数的一般表达式,并分析了频谱函数对空间频率的奇偶性。对现有文献和飞行品质规范中几个含糊不清的问题进行了阐述和澄情。对飞机纵向大气紊流响应进行了研究计算,得到了一些有意义的结论。     

大气紊流环境下的纵向飞行参数响应分析

介绍了大气紊流环境下飞机纵向飞行参数的计算与匹配方法.由于紊流的随机性特征,飞行参数响应分析采用时域与频域相结合的方式,对某型飞机紊流环境下的纵向飞行参数进行了计算分析.采用所介绍的方法,可以获得比较合理的飞行情况来指导型号设计工作.     

NASA共同研究模型翼身组合体数值模拟研究

采用结构网格求解器WiseManPlus软件,对DPW5提供的NASA共同研究模型CRM翼身组合体构型进行数值模拟研究.采用雷诺平均N-S方程,选择SA一方程湍流模型和SST两方程湍流模型,开展了网格收敛性分析及抖振分析计算研究,评估了该软件对此类民机构型的阻力预测能力.按照DPW5的要求,采用会议统一提供的基准结构网格进行计算分析,研究结果表明,计算的巡航设计点的阻力及大攻角下的气动力系数与试验值吻合较好,达到会议统计分析平均水平.计算结果表明,所采用的结构网格求解器WiseManPlus软件计算精度较高,适用于大型民机高速巡航及抖振现象的数值模拟研究.     

军用飞机制造符合性检查研究

制造符合性检查是民用飞机型号合格审定的重要环节,对民机试航符合性验证发挥重要作用。军用飞机依靠各阶段检验来保证产品质量,但随着近年来航空领域新材料、新技术、新工艺的快速发展以及应用,随着快速研制、装备完好率等要求的不断提升,飞机又快又好交付的难度也越来越大。借鉴民机试航性管理办法,提出基于设计向后的制造符合性检查理论。由飞机设计人员在设计阶段识别出需要进行制造符合性检查的项目和环节,联合工艺人员在产品试制过程中,有针对性地进行相关检查,确保飞机能够按照设计要求始终如一生产,可提前发现质量、设计等问题,有效提高产品交付质量和效率。     

基于微型光谱仪的光纤压力高速解调技术

为解决高超声速飞行器中大气压力传感系统的多通道、高精度、强环境适应性等技术需求问题,具有耐高温、易组网、高灵敏度、抗电磁干扰等优点的光纤压力传感技术成为航空航天压力传感领域的重要研究方向。提出一种基于微型光谱仪的光纤压力高速解调技术,该技术采用基于体相位光栅和线阵光电探测器的微型光谱仪作为光谱探测单元、Actel公司的片上SoC电路系统作为智能信息处理单元,融合数字滤波、线性拟合、曲线寻峰、信号重构等数据处理算法,完成光纤压力传感器高速解调系统研制,并搭建压力检测实验平台。试验结果表明:系统的压力测量范围优于260kPa,测量精度接近0.1%F.S.,分辨率为10Pa,动态响应可达5kHz。     

用Tam-Ganesan湍流模型研究排气系统红外辐射特性

通过三维流场、介质的质量浓度场与辐射场耦合求解方法,计算了1台有中心锥的轴对称喷管的空腔-喷流组合红外辐射特性.利用专门为自由剪切流动发展的Tam-Ganesan湍流模型,有效提高排气系统红外辐射模拟精度.采用有限体积法(FVM)结合窄带模型(NBM)计算了排气系统在3~5μm波段的辐射传输问题,并考虑大气衰减作用.对比了采用标准 k - ε 模型和Tam-Ganesan模型对排气系统核心区长度的影响,以及由此引起的排气系统红外辐射特性的变化.通过与试验数据对比证明了该结果的准确性,结果表明选择合适的湍流模型对计算排气系统红外辐射特性有重要的意义.