Navier–Stokes solvers in European aircraft design

The paper gives a broad perspective of the progress made during the last 10 years in solving the Navier–Stokes equations and traces how this simulation technique went from being a specialized research topic to a practical engineering tool that design engineers use on a routine basis.

The scope is limited to Navier–Stokes solvers applied to industrial design of airframes with attention focused particularly on developments in Europe. An overview of the different Navier–Stokes codes used in Europe is given, and on-going developments are outlined.

The current state of progress is illustrated by computed steady and unsteady solutions to industrial problems, ranging from airfoil characteristics, flow around an isolated wing, to full aircraft configurations.

A discussion on the future industrial design environment is given, and developments in Europe towards a more integrated design approach with underlying concepts like ‘concurrent engineering (CE)’ and the ‘virtual product (VP)’ are summarized. The paper concludes with a discussion on future challenging applications.     

Turbulence modeling with application to turbomachinery

The prediction of turbulent flows is a nontrivial problem in internal and external aerodynamics and in many other branches of engineering. The problem appears in perhaps its greatest generality in gas turbines, where predictions of turbine blade temperature are crucial to engine efficiency or life, and predictions of the composition of combustion products is essential in meeting environmental regulations. Therefore it is logical, and hopefully useful, to make turbomachinery problems the theme of a discussion of the current state of turbulence modeling. The present article contains enough background on the physics of turbulence to illuminate the problems of modeling, but it is not a review of turbulence research in general. Topics of current concern which are dealt with in detail include the validity of the ‘law of the wall’, the universal near-wall scaling which is the foundation of prediction methods for attached flows and the effect of compressibility on turbulence.     

On management and control of turbulent shear flows

Concepts of turbulent flow control have become of growing importance during the last few years, following increased interest in the detailed structural scenario of turbulence—in particular our improved understanding of coherent structures on the one hand (the prerequisite), and a need for improvement of technological processes on the other (the goal). These considerations have mainly been followed by engineers and physicists concerned with problems in aerodynamics. It is our aim to draw the attention of a wider group of engineers to turbulent flow control in order to speed up the transfer of knowledge from aerodynamics to applications in other fields of engineering.

In this paper an attempt is made to compile a major body of the available knowledge on flow control in separated and wall bounded turbulent flows. After a brief introduction of the basics of control theory (Section 2) and of the major flow structures and their stability characteristics (Section 3) free and wall bounded turbulent shear flows are discussed (Sections 4 and 5). This discussion summarizes the main relationships between structure and flow behaviour and shows possibilities of influencing properties of these flows such as increasing mixing or avoiding separation.     

气固两相湍流场纳米颗粒演变特性综述

含纳米颗粒的气固两相湍流场在包括航空等众多领域中很常见,以单体、聚集体和团聚体不同形式存在的纳米颗粒在流场中经过生成、对流、扩散、凝并、破碎等过程,其数密度、尺度、尺度分散度等将发生变化。本文就以上相关研究状况进行了回顾,说明颗粒生成是气相化学反应产生的可冷凝蒸汽物质因表面冷却、绝热膨胀或混合、湍流混合或化学过程产生的过饱和所导致;导致颗粒凝并的原因包括布朗运动、湍流剪切、速度梯度、差异沉降;颗粒的凝并取决于颗粒的尺度和流场的特性,并受初始颗粒分布及湍流扩散控制;湍流场对颗粒凝并的影响除了湍流强度的因素外,还体现在由湍流脉动所引发的颗粒数密度的脉动;颗粒凝并后形成尺度较大的团聚体容易在流场剪切和其他因素作用下发生破碎;剪切破碎是导致颗粒破碎的主要因素,有效破碎系数取决于剪切率和颗粒的体积分数;颗粒的沉降取决于颗粒尺度、形状和流体性质等因素;导致颗粒沉降的因素有重力、扩散、惯性撞击、电场和热迁移等;当存在温度梯度时,热泳力对颗粒沉降也起到重要作用。本文最后提出了有待进一步研究的若干问题。     

高温化学非平衡湍流边界层脉动量象限分析

高超声速飞行器在较低空域以极高马赫数飞行时，表面会同时存在湍流与化学非平衡流动，但目前针对此类高温化学非平衡湍流边界层流动特性的研究工作还比较有限，对不同湍流特征的主导流动机制的认识还有待于进一步深入。选取高超声速楔形体头部斜激波后的流动状态，设置3种不同的壁面温度，通过直接数值模拟对比了不同壁温条件下的边界层参数分布特性，并采用象限分解技术分析了边界层不同象限流动事件对雷诺剪切应力、湍流热流、湍流质量扩散的贡献。结果显示：在整个边界层中上抛和下扫运动对雷诺剪切应力的贡献占优；冷壁效应会使得流向和法向湍流热流通量的主导流动事件在温度峰值两侧发生改变。O原子组分流向湍流组分扩散主要受到高质量分数流体慢速运动事件和低质量分数流体快速运动事件的影响，而法向湍流组分扩散则主要受到高质量分数流体向上运动事件和低质量分数流体向下运动事件的影响。     

湍流边界层中马蹄涡的实验研究

采用~种新的流场显示方法(激光片光运动法)和不同实验方案对湍流边界层中的马蹄涡(或称发卡涡)进行了实验研究,其中包括马蹄涡的生成和发展过程。实验结果表明,湍流边界层中马蹄涡的~种主要生成方式是二次不稳定。其生成和发展过程既不同于层流中人工生成的马蹄涡;也不同于目前存在于人们观念中的那种完美的马蹄涡。这种马蹄涡有以下特征:(1)涡头部分展向尺度不断线性增长,最后固定在某个尺度;(2)涡头部沿流向作匀速运动;(3)流向涡管存在拉伸和变形。     

Computational prediction of airfoil dynamic stall

The term dynamic stall refers to unsteady flow separation occurring on aerodynamic bodies, such as airfoils and wings, which execute an unsteady motion. The prediction of dynamic stall is important for flight vehicle, turbomachinery, and wind turbine applications. Due to the complicated flow physics of the dynamic stall phenomenon the industry has been forced to use empirical methods for its prediction. However, recent progress in computational methods and the tremendous increase in computing power has made possible the use of the full fluid dynamic governing equations for dynamic stall investigation and prediction in the design process. It is the objective of this review to present the major approaches and results obtained in recent years and to point out existing deficiencies and possibilities for improvements. To this end, potential flow, boundary layer, viscous–inviscid interaction, and Navier–Stokes methods are described. The most commonly used numerical schemes for their solution are briefly described. Turbulence models used for the computation of high Reynolds number turbulent flows, which are of primary interest to industry, are presented. The impact of transition from laminar to turbulent flow on the dynamic stall phenomenon is discussed and currently available methods for its prediction are summarized. The main computational results obtained for airfoil and wing dynamic stall and comparisons with available experimental measurements are presented. The review concludes with a discussion of existing deficiencies and possibilities for future improvements.     

Reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction structure analysis based on large eddy simulation

In order to understand the physical phenomenon of the reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction, the Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is conducted to investigate shock wave and turbulent boundary layer interaction in a $12°$ compression ramp with inlet high Mach number of 2.9. Rescaling/recycling method is used as inflow turbulence generation technique and validated on a supersonic flat plate turbulent boundary layer. The flow field of recycling plane in the plate computation domain is obtained to give the inlet boundary condition for the LES computation. This paper focuses on the reflected shock/turbulent boundary layer interaction region, where the fine flow structure and instantaneous flow field are analyzed in detail. It is found that the unsteady motion of the shock wave leads to the increase of wall pressure fluctuation.     

全源定位与导航的统一理论框架构建

针对多导航传感器的信息融合复杂性的问题,提出了一种基于全源定位与导航的信息融合统一理论框架。该框架将目前导航领域的主要定位导航技术分成了与时间无关的定位导航技术方法以及与时间相关的定位导航技术。首先,主要从数学的角度将各种导航技术的测量模型抽象为统一的表达形式,提出了位置、姿态、速度函数的概念,讨论了各种测量方法的测量函数及其应用;其次,分析了航位、航姿、航速的推算方法;最后根据测量模型和运动模型构建了信息融合的基本方程,并讨论了基于贝叶斯估计的导航参数一般性估计方法。     

A theoretical model of convective heat exchange in a turbulent flow

New theoretical fundamentals for calculating heat exchange in turbulent fluid flows are considered with the use of spectral representations of hydrodynamic and thermophysical flow parameters. To classify and regulate random and chaotic time variations in the flow parameters the integral Fourier transformations are used to reduce the equations of continuity, momentum and energy to the spectral form. A closed system of equations of turbulent fluid motion was obtained to determine the averaged flow parameters and their statistic characteristics.     

关于湍流问题的注记

指出N-S方程是研究湍流所遵循的基本方程, Reynolds方程反映了在湍流中随机性与确定性共存;Burgers-KdV方程与湍流机理无关, 不能作为湍流研究的“新方程”      

球形粒子在流体中的跟随性

本文从Maxey和Riley的粒子运动基本方程出发,得到了球形固体粒子在相对流动雷诺数很小情形下的分析解。讨论了粒子跟随性对外力、初始条件和流场性质的依赖关系;对均匀湍流场,分析了不同密度比和扰动频率对跟随性的影响     

带扰流片的二维翼型非定常计算及分析

通过求解二维非定常可压N-S方程,研究了带扰流片的NACA0012翼型绕流问题.首先计算了扰流片固定在三个不同张开角度时的流动,气动力系数变化规律和已有实验数据对比,结论一致.并着重描述了扰流片张开时,背风区涡形成、发展和脱落过程,分析了非定常气动力产生的机理.为了进一步探讨振动扰流片对主翼的影响,采用Chimera重叠网格技术处理多体相对移动问题,分析了振动频率和振动幅度两个因素对时均气动力的影响.     

高超声速边界层转捩对旋转钝锥自由飞运动的影响

通过在钝锥模型表面上布置人工绊线促使边界层强迫转捩,采用运动自由度不受约束的风洞模型自由飞试验技术研究边界层转捩对高超声速旋转钝锥自由飞行运动特性和气动特性的影响规律,并与自然转捩的旋转钝锥风洞模型自由飞试验结果作对比分析,试验马赫数为5.0,以模型长为特征尺寸的自由流雷诺数为1.68×106。研究结果表明:有人工绊线的旋转钝锥在自由飞行过程中有"激励稳定"的绕流流场,产生动态稳定的自由飞运动(动稳定导数系数小于0),而无转捩绊线的旋转钝锥在自由飞行中则有"激励不稳定"的绕流流场,产生动态不稳定的自由飞运动(动稳定导数系数大于0)。     

多级轴流压气机流场周向非均匀作用模型

本文研究轴流压气机流场周向非均匀性的动量输运和能量输运作用。作者发展了一个多级压气机的周向非均匀作用模型。模型的主要基础及初步的试验对比表明了模型的可靠性。模型的数值结果表明:周向非均匀的动量输运作用不显著,但其能量输运作用很强、具有与湍流作用相同的量级;周向非均匀的动量输运作用能否忽略不计以及周向非均匀能量输运作用与湍流作用的相对大小,都决定于压气机的几何结构、径向位置和运行工况等三个方面。      

基于非Favre过滤的动力学非线性亚格子模型

采用直接过滤的Navier-Stocks（NS）方程组作为可压缩湍流大涡模拟控制方程组。方程组中因过滤产生的高阶相关项用Taylor级数展开近似表达,并仅保留级数的一阶导数项。因为截断级数产生的误差相当于丢失了模型的部分耗散作用,采用一种动力学非线性亚格子模型来补偿丢失的耗散影响。用模型模拟了超音速湍流平板边界层及绕双椭球高超声速湍流,并将所得结果与经验公式和计算结果进行了对比。对比表明模型可以有效的模拟可压缩湍流流场。     

利用数值模拟探讨新型轮毂处理的扩稳机理

采用三维定常 N-S方程, 对带有轴向斜槽和圆弧斜槽轮毂处理结构的压气机叶栅通道内湍流流场进行了数值模拟, 计算中首次采用网格分区的方法, 解决了因处理槽结构复杂而带来的网格系统难以建立的问题。通过对两种不同形式的处理槽内复杂的流动以及与叶栅通道端部气流相互作用的流场的分析, 进一步揭示了传统的轴向斜槽处理轮毂和新型的圆弧斜槽处理轮毂的扩稳机理的联系与差别。      

液体燃料脉冲爆震发动机点火方法研究

目前脉冲爆震发动机的起爆主要采用爆燃向爆震转变的方式实现,而爆燃波发展缓慢,消耗了循环周期的很长一段时间。为缩短爆燃向爆震转变的时间和距离,本文研究了一种新型蒸发管点火系统,用蒸发管对两相混合物进行预蒸发,在预燃室内点火形成火焰射流进入主爆震室,实现主爆震室内两相混合物的快速短距离起爆。热态实验在内径120mm,长2500mm的爆震室上进行。与火花塞直接在主爆震室点火相比起爆时间可以从12.5ms缩短到2～3ms,起爆距离可以从1350mm缩短到775mm。预燃室长度和个数对起爆过程也具有非常明显的影响,长度和个数的增加都有利于爆震波的起爆。     

任意非正交曲线坐标系中湍流的数值计算

本文旨在运用张量分析理论,结合成熟的SIMPLE算法,发展一种适用于复杂几何形状内湍流流场数值求解的方法。假设流动为二维单连通域内的等温、不可压、定常、无化学反应、单组分湍流流动,采用双方程湍流模型。由雷诺平均的湍流控制方程的基本形式[1,2],结合张量分析理论。      

局地热源上大气边界层及其与自由大气相互作用的理论研究

本文利用二维高阶矩湍流闭合的中尺度数值模式,模拟了局地加热源上大气边界层的湍流结构,讨论了大气边界层与自由大气之间的相互作用,并由此亦使人们在海风消失时常常观测到的“风通（ｂｏｒｅ）”现象得到解释。