TECH56技术计划的发展

为了满足21世纪研制高性能、轻重量、结构紧凑、高可靠性、低排放和低噪声的涡扇发动机的需求,并改进改型现有的航空发动机,CFMI公司于1998年初制定了为期3年的TECH56技术计划。该计划旨在开发和验证未来民用涡扇发动机的先进部件技术,为最终研制单级高压涡轮、中等压比的涡扇发动机提供技术储备。SNECMA公司负责研制后掠风扇、轻质结构和先进低压涡轮;GE公司负责研制高压压气机、低排放燃烧室、高压涡轮和刷式密封;SNECMA和GE公司共同研究高、低压涡轮的相互作用,开发轴承材料、声学技术和控制技术。以CFM56发动机为参照,TECH56技术计划的总目标是降低购买费用15％～25％,降低燃油消耗率4％～7％,降低维护费用15％～20％,NOx排放量降低到低于国际民航组织(ICAO)规定值的50％,噪声比FAR36第3     

基于服务的高性能多学科优化计算在飞机设计中的应用

基于服务构架(SOA)的高性能多学科优化计算在飞机设计的应用中,能够解决超大规模设计变量和资源不足带来的一系列问题.本文介绍了先进的优化计算方法和基于高性能计算平台的解决途径及优势,并以BRIDGE项目为例介绍了该平台的具体应用.这一研究工作得到了国家"863"计划项目的支持.     

航空发动机的发展前景

通过美国的综合高性能涡轮发动机技术 (IHPTET)计划和经济可承受多用途先进涡轮发动机(VAATE)计划 ,展望了燃气涡轮发动机技术的发展前景。介绍了非传统的新型发动机的研究情况 ,并指出了2 0 30年前可能出现的新型发动机     

美国技术创新发展计划的启示

技术创新是航空航天业发展的关键所在。不可否认的是,美国航空工业今日的强大与其长期大力提倡技术创新有着非常紧密的关系。以航空推进技术的发展方式为例,20年前,美国开始实施了一项国家级涡轮发动机技术发展计划,即综合高性能涡轮发动机技术(IHPTET)计划,其目标是到2005年使航空推进系统的能力翻一番,即推重比或功率重量比增加100%～120%,耗油率下降15%～30%。目前,该计划已经顺利结束,并获得了丰硕成果,美国军民用发动机的改型以及新型号的开发,很多都从这一计划中获益,确切地说,它使航空推进系统的性能达到了一个新的     

高性能计算在飞机设计中的应用

介绍了高性能计算在国内外的发展现状,分析了高性能计算在飞机设计中的重要应用方向与发展需求,包括:气动力预测、噪音分析、滑流研究、雷达散射截面计算、飞行器多学科设计优化、空投空降和多体分离研究等。根据当前需求,建议发展百万亿次每秒的计算能力,并支持国有自主大型高性能计算应用软件开发工作。     

美国开发的九种先进材料与工艺

美国开发的九种先进材料与工艺美国的先进材料与工艺计划（ＡＭＰＰ）是一项国际合作研究与开发计划。该计划的目标是确保美国在材料和工艺领域处于国际领先地位。其目的是经济上增强国际竞争力，改善环境质量，提高美国人的生活质量，该计划实施几年来，已经取得了许多重...     

系留悬浮式风力发电技术的研究进展与展望

风力发电作为清洁能源利用的重要方式,具有无污染、可再生、方便采集等特点,近年来得到快速发展。相对于传统低空风力发电,系留悬浮式风力发电具有容量系数高、发电成本低等优点,拥有更大的开发价值和发展潜力,已有多个国家开展研究并取得一定成果。本文通过对系留悬浮式风力发电技术发展的调研,归纳四种系留悬浮式风力发电技术类型,分析各技术类型的工作原理与特点,总结未来系留悬浮式风力发电需要重点突破的轻质高强系留缆绳设计与制造、高性能囊体复合材料、稳定与智能控制、高效风力发电飞行平台总体设计、便利展开部署五种关键技术,为后续研究提供参考。     

中国在燃气涡轮发动机燃烧和冷却技术方面的部分进展

介绍了中国90年代实施的一项高性能燃气涡轮动力技术研究计划中有关燃烧技术,传热及冷却技术领域开展的研究工作及部分进展。     

普惠和GE/艾利逊公司为达到IHPTET第二阶段目标继续工作

普惠公司计划最近试验一种先进核心机,该核心机最后将用于验证美国国防部综合高性能涡轮发动机(IHPTET)计划第二阶段确定的涡轮温度目标.根据美空军最近的先进涡轮发动机燃气发生器(ATEGG)计划,空军与发动机公司签订了两项合同,普惠公司按其中一项正在开展工作.按目前组织情况.美空军已     

VAATE计划下的革新性发动机

通用的经济可承受的先进涡轮发动机（VAATE）研究计划是继综合高性能涡轮发动机技术研究计划之后．由美国国防部、国家航空航天局、能源部和工业界联合制定、于2003年开始部分实施、2005年开始全面实施的一项技术研究计划。综述了由美官产学机构正在联合开发和验证的一些革新性发动机概念,如高速涡轮发动机、高马赫数涡轮发动机和自...     

Fuel cell status, 1994

The high efficiency environmental benefits and other attributes of fuel cells have attracted world-wide attention to the technology. Approximately 250 phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) power units, 35 molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) stacks, and 12 solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) modules have been or are being operated. Total capacity installed or operating is close to 45 MW. Fuel cell development has progressed to where complete power plants have reached nearly 16,000 operating hours and this continues to increase. Developers in the U.S. and Japan have embarked on extensive government and private programs to commercialize the technology in those countries and abroad. By mid-1994, the U.S. sold and shipped to other countries at least 33 PAFC 200 kW plants, 20 675 kW PAFC stacks, two SOFC 25 kW modules, and one MCFC system. Additional units have been produced for the domestic market. There is intense interest in Japan where there are very stringent environmental regulations and fuel prices are high. The fuel cell can respond with its combined attributes of low emissions and relative high efficiency. In Europe, the environmental cleanliness of fuel cell power units holds the promise of preserving the quality of life, motivating support and development of the technology. Canada and Australia have spawned important development programs. Interest continues to increase in other parts of the world. The author reviews the 1994 status and outlines the future development trends in this area     

Fuel cell status: 1996

The technology of fuel cells is heating up. A world that, ten years ago, was unaware of the concept can now witness approximately 200 fuel cell units operating in 15 countries. Energy planners and decision makers are becoming aware that, in addition to a continual increase in installations, the reliability of early commercial units is outstanding and the cost is dropping. They have begun to ask whether fuel cells might fit into their future. While the fuel cell concept is simple, determining which type of fuel cell to consider may prove taxing. The multiplicity of fuel cells and their development programs, coupled with the amount of subject material and claims-versus-reality, may seem overwhelming. Fuel cell commercialization activities in North America are the focus of five manufacturers that are developing four types [fuel cells are typed by electrolyte: the 200°C phosphoric acid (PAFC); the 80°C proton exchange membrane (PEM); the 650°C molten carbonate (MCFC); and the 1,000°C solid oxide (SOFC) fuel cells]. Each fuel cell promises the attractive combination of fairly high efficiency and superior environmental performance compared to the presently available fossil-fueled electric generation technologies. As a result, fuel cells are particularly easy to site. There are additional advantages such as: excellent availability; electrical VAR control; quick ramp rate; remote/unattended operation; and redundancy when multiple units are installed. After earlier success in space, fuel cells are being applied to the commercial sector as on-site cogeneration units mostly fueled by natural gas. They are being considered for larger distributed generators (natural gas) and for vehicular power plants (methanol)     

An Assessment of the 1990 Digital/Electric Airplane

The application of advanced systems technology has shown increasing promise for significant potential gains in airplane performance and efficiency. In late 1983, NASA initiated the integrated Digital/Electric Aicrat (IDEA) study programs to determine the impact of extensive use of advanced electrical and digital systems on future aircraft. The first objective of the IDEA program was the broad evaluation of improvements in airplane performance and economics resulting from the integrated introduction of digital controls and advanced electrical systems. The second program objective was the definition of research and development areas required to achieve the projected improvements. A baseline configuration was compared to the new IDEA configurations in terms of economic performance, fuel efficiency, and significant system and airplane configuration characteristics. Important factors (weight, reliability, maintainability, cost, performance, survivability, and environmental constraints) were determined and compared to form the basis for recommending the research and development necessary to implement IDEA concepts. Based on these developmental needs, research programs were recommended for high-risk, high-payoff areas appropriate for implementation under NASA leadership. The 1990 Baseline configuration represents a 6% to 8% fuel burn improvement over current technology. When compared to the 1990 Baseline airplane, the IDEA airplane systems showed a 1.8% improvement in direct operating cost (DOC) and a 3% improvement in fuel burn performance. In addition, significant economic improvement was apparent when the total operating cost was included.     

U.S. Army battery needs-present and future

The purpose of this paper is to describe the needs of the U.S. Army for silent portable power sources, both in the near and longer term future. As a means of doing this, the programs of the Power Sources Division of the Army Research Laboratory are discussed. In carrying out these programs, the personnel of the Power Sources Division work closely with the Battery Management Office of the Army Materiel Command, which is located in the Logistics and Readiness Directorate of the Communication-Electronics Command (CECOM). We are also closely integrated with the Army Research Office, and the fuel cell personnel of the CECOM Research Development and Engineering Center (RDEC), and the battery personnel of the RDECs for the Tank and Automotive Command and the Missile Command. The six program areas discussed in which the Power Sources Division is engaged are: primary batteries, rechargeable batteries, reserve/fuze batteries, pulse batteries and capacitors, fuel cells, and thermophotovoltaic power generation     

低性能代偿损失的环境控制系统方案研究

从集成能源子系统的概念出发,提出了一种以环控系统为核心的热能管理组合方案。建立了该组合方案在巡航模式下工作时的数学模型,对其参数匹配的方法进行了探讨。并对主要附件性能的影响进行了分析。     

Hydrogen-fueled pollution-free transportation

Hydrogen has been a useful fuel in manned spacecraft, where the only exhaust from the electric power generating fuel cells is useful water. The cost of producing and delivering the hydrogen, though high, was trivial compared to its value in the missions. We have a new problem in our Earth's atmosphere - its growing content of carbon dioxide, 47% of which comes from transportation-vehicle exhausts. Replacing all of the petroleum-fueled transportation with hydrogen-fueled transportation would reduce the carbon dioxide air pollution from transportation to zero. The cost of producing hydrogen during the night by electrolysing water with power from nuclear power plants would be trivial. However, there are added costs in hauling hydrogen in tank trucks to filling stations and carrying hydrogen fuel in cars     

Portable power source needs of the future Army-batteries and fuelcells

This paper describes the US Army's future needs for silent portable power in the area of batteries and fuel cells. These needs will continue to increase as a result of the introduction of newer types of equipment, the increasing digitization of the battlefield, and future integrated Soldier Systems. Current battery programs are aimed at improved, low-cost primary batteries, and rechargeable batteries with increased energy densities. The Army fuel cell program aimed at portable systems capable of the order of 150 W is also described     

航空涡轴发动机发展趋势

基于国际上典型航空涡轴发动机的发展历程,概括了航空涡轴发动机产业发展趋势,其所呈现的系列化、军民两用化和国际合作化特点十分鲜明,国家层面实施的发展计划对航空涡轴发动机的发展起到了重要引领作用。基于统计分析,展望了航空涡轴发动机结构布局和性能发展趋势。研究表明:在结构布局方面,航空涡轴发动机朝着结构紧凑化方向发展,压气机和涡轮级数呈现不断减少的趋势。1 500 kW级以下的航空涡轴发动机将更普遍地采用单级/双级离心压气机和单级涡轮,1 500 kW以上的航空涡轴发动机将更普遍地采用轴流+离心组合压气机和双级涡轮,同心轴前输出功率型式成为主流功率输出型式。在性能方面,未来先进航空涡轴发动机的压比将达到30,涡轮前温度将达到1 900 K,油耗将低至0.20 kg/(kW·h),单位功率将达到400 kW/(kg/s),功质比将达到14 kW/kg。      

Two-dimensional piston pump: Principle,design, and testing for aviation fuel pumps

Aviation fuel pumps of the future are required to be highly efficient and lightweight. As such, this work presents the designs of various mechanisms and structures of advanced two-dimensional piston pumps for aero-engines, and their universal kinematic design methods are detailed herein. The efficiency of various piston pump prototypes was experimentally tested at various speeds in an open circuit. The experimental results indicate that two-dimensional piston pumps have a volumetric efficiency >91% and a higher power–mass ratio than conventional fuel pumps under all the conditions studied. Furthermore, the structural and material problems encountered during testing can provide a blueprint for further improvement of the design and processing of two-dimensional piston fuel pumps.     

航空军工企业实行先进制造技术的必然性探讨

航空军工企业要提高研制和生产水平，必须实现制造业信息化，必须发展以信息技术为核心的先进制造技术。积极应用先进制造技术是航空装备战斗力的生成因素，是装备委托方关注的焦点，是国力和国防的后盾。航空军工企业应用先进制造技术，应结合我国国情落实“六坚持”的发展原则。