Engineering concepts for inflatable Mars surface greenhouses.

A major challenge of designing a bioregenerative life support system for Mars is the reduction of the mass, volume, power, thermal and crew-time requirements. Structural mass of the greenhouse could be saved by operating the greenhouse at low atmospheric pressure. This paper investigates the feasibility of this concept. The method of equivalent system mass is used to compare greenhouses operated at high atmospheric pressure to greenhouses operated at low pressure for three different lighting methods: natural, artificial and hybrid lighting.     

'SVET' space greenhouse onboard experiment data received from 'MIR' station and future prospects.

The paper describes operation of 'SVET' space greenhouse onboard the 'MIR' orbital station since 15 June 1990 and the adopted biotechnological principles. The microprocessor and measuring systems for monitoring and control of the environmental parameters in the Plants growth chamber are presented. Information about the dynamic of these parameters in the course of the first space experiments with vegetables, obtained by means of telemetric data processing, is given. A draft program for the development of next generations of greenhouses of the same type as 'SVET', but with a larger area and capabilities, is worked out.     

Instrumentation for plant health and growth in space.

The present-day plant growth facilities ("greenhouses") for space should be equipped with monitors and controllers of ambient parameters within the chamber because spacecraft environmental variations can be unfavorable to plants. Moreover, little is known about the effects of spaceflight on the greenhouse and rooting media. Lack of information about spaceflight effects on plants necessitates supplying space greenhouses with automatic, non-invasive monitors of, e.g., gas exchange rate, water and nutrient ion uptake, plant mass, temperature and water content of leaves. However, introduction of an environmental or plant sensor into the monitoring system may be reasonable only if it is justified by quantitative evaluation of the influence of a measured parameter on productivity, efficacy of illumination, or some other index of greenhouse efficiency. The multivariate adaptive optimization in terrestrial phytotrons appears to be one of the best methods to assess environmental impacts on crops. Two modifications of greenhouses with the three-dimensional adaptive optimization of crop photosynthetic characteristics include: (1) irradiation, air temperature and carbon dioxide using a modified simplex algorithm; and (2) using irradiation, air temperature, and humidity with sensitivity algorithms with varying frequency of test exposures that have been experimentally developed. As a result, during some stages of plant ontogensis, the photosynthetic productivity of wheat, tomatoes, and Chinese cabbage in these systems was found to increase by a factor of 2-3.     

Developing strategies for automated remote plant production systems: Environmental control and monitoring of the Arthur Clarke Mars Greenhouse in the Canadian High Arctic

The Arthur Clarke Mars Greenhouse is a unique research facility dedicated to the study of greenhouse engineering and autonomous functionality under extreme operational conditions, in preparation for extraterrestrial biologically-based life support systems. The Arthur Clarke Mars Greenhouse is located at the Haughton Mars Project Research Station on Devon Island in the Canadian High Arctic. The greenhouse has been operational since 2002. Over recent years the greenhouse has served as a controlled environment facility for conducting scientific and operationally relevant plant growth investigations in an extreme environment. Since 2005 the greenhouse has seen the deployment of a refined nutrient control system, an improved imaging system capable of remote assessment of basic plant health parameters, more robust communication and power systems as well as the implementation of a distributed data acquisition system. Though several other Arctic greenhouses exist, the Arthur Clarke Mars Greenhouse is distinct in that the focus is on autonomous operation as opposed to strictly plant production. Remote control and autonomous operational experience has applications both terrestrially in production greenhouses and extraterrestrially where future long duration Moon/Mars missions will utilize biological life support systems to close the air, food and water loops. Minimizing crew time is an important goal for any space-based system. The experience gained through the remote operation of the Arthur Clarke Mars Greenhouse is providing the experience necessary to optimize future plant production systems and minimize crew time requirements. Internal greenhouse environmental data shows that the fall growth season (July–September) provides an average photosynthetic photon flux of 161.09 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ (August) and 76.76 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ (September) with approximately a 24 h photoperiod. The spring growth season provides an average of 327.51 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ (May) and 339.32 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ (June) demonstrating that even at high latitudes adequate light is available for crop growth during 4–5 months of the year. The Canadian Space Agency Development Greenhouse [now operational] serves as a test-bed for evaluating new systems prior to deployment in the Arthur Clarke Mars Greenhouse. This greenhouse is also used as a venue for public outreach relating to biological life support research and its corresponding terrestrial spin-offs.     

The AGROBOT project.

The aim of this paper is to illustrate the AGROBOT project. This project was initiated to develop a complete robotic system for the production cycle of tomato plants in a greenhouse environment. The robot architecture is based on a vehicle carrying the picking arm (a six degrees of freedom anthropomorphic arm with a gripper/hand), the head with the two micro cameras (for the color stereoscopic vision system) and the VME rack for the complete control of the system. The head was purposely developed to permit complete visibility of the overall area. The vision system drives the head to point the path during navigation or to explore the plants looking for the work objects. The robot will be able to navigate between rows of plants, stop near each plant and identify the relevant objects (fruits or flowers) so as to be able to pick ripe tomatoes or spray anticryptogamic substances on flowers. Due to its flexible architecture, the system can be suited to operate on other kinds of cultivation or could be modified to perform other kinds of operations such as transplanting or packaging. Also the field of action could be different from greenhouses: changing from a wheeled locomotion system to a tracked system, the robot will be able to operate on particularly irregular surfaces. These features make this robotic system particularly adapted to replace human from tiring and harmful tasks or operating within adverse environment.     

History of water on Mars: a biological perspective.

We divide the history of water on the Martian surface into four epochs based upon the atmospheric temperature and pressure. In Epoch 1, during which a primordial CO2 atmosphere was actively maintained by impact and volcanic recycling, we presume the mean annual temperature to have been above freezing, the pressure to have exceeded one atmosphere, and liquid water to have been widespread. Under such conditions, similar to early Earth, life could have arisen and become abundant. After this initial period of recycling, atmospheric CO2 was irreversibly lost due to carbonate formation and the pressure and temperature declined. In Epoch II, the mean annual temperature fell below freezing but peak temperatures would have exceeded freezing. Ice covered lakes, similar to those in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica could have provided a habitat for life. In Epoch III, the mean and peak temperatures were below freezing and there would have been only transient liquid water. Microbial ecosystems living in endolithic rock "greenhouses" could have continued to survive. Finally, in Epoch IV, the pressure dropped to near the triple point pressure of water and liquid water could no longer have existed on the surface and life on the surface would have become extinct.     

Farming in space: environmental and biophysical concerns.

The colonization of space will depend on our ability to routinely provide for the metabolic needs (oxygen, water, and food) of a crew with minimal re-supply from Earth. On Earth, these functions are facilitated by the cultivation of plant crops, thus it is important to develop plant-based food production systems to sustain the presence of mankind in space. Farming practices on earth have evolved for thousands of years to meet both the demands of an ever-increasing population and the availability of scarce resources, and now these practices must adapt to accommodate the effects of global warming. Similar challenges are expected when earth-based agricultural practices are adapted for space-based agriculture. A key variable in space is gravity; planets (e.g. Mars, 1/3 g) and moons (e.g. Earth's moon, 1/6 g) differ from spacecraft orbiting the Earth (e.g. Space stations) or orbital transfer vehicles that are subject to microgravity. The movement of heat, water vapor, CO2 and O2 between plant surfaces and their environment is also affected by gravity. In microgravity, these processes may also be affected by reduced mass transport and thicker boundary layers around plant organs caused by the absence of buoyancy dependent convective transport. Future space farmers will have to adapt their practices to accommodate microgravity, high and low extremes in ambient temperatures, reduced atmospheric pressures, atmospheres containing high volatile organic carbon contents, and elevated to super-elevated CO2 concentrations. Farming in space must also be carried out within power-, volume-, and mass-limited life support systems and must share resources with manned crews. Improved lighting and sensor technologies will have to be developed and tested for use in space. These developments should also help make crop production in terrestrial controlled environments (plant growth chambers and greenhouses) more efficient and, therefore, make these alternative agricultural systems more economically feasible food production systems.     

Fault tolerant small satellite attitude control using adaptive non-singular terminal sliding mode

The Attitude Control System (ACS) plays a pivotal role in the whole performance of the spacecraft on the orbit; therefore, it is vitally important to design the control system with the performance of rapid response, high control precision and insensitive to external perturbations. In the first place, this paper proposes two adaptive nonlinear control algorithms based on the sliding mode control (SMC), which are designed for small satellite attitude control system. The nonlinear dynamics describing the attitude of small satellite is considered in a circle reference orbit, and the stability of the closed-loop system in the presence of external perturbations is investigated. Then, in order to account for accidental or degradation fault in satellite actuators, the fault-tolerant control schemes are presented. Hence, two adaptive fault-tolerant control laws (continuous sliding mode control and non-singular terminal sliding mode control) are developed by adopting the nonlinear analytical model to describe the system, which can guarantee global asymptotic convergence of the attitude control error with the existence of unknown external perturbations. The nonlinear hyperplane based Terminal sliding mode is introduced into the control law design; therefore, the system convergence performance improves and the control error is convergent in “finite time”. As a result, the study on the non-singular terminal sliding mode control is the emphasis and the continuous sliding mode control is used to compare with the non-singular terminal sliding mode control. Meanwhile, an adaptive fuzzy algorithm has been proposed to suppress the chattering phenomenon. Moreover, several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controllers by correcting for the external perturbations. Simulation results confirm that the suggested methodologies yield high control precision in control. In addition, actuator degradation, actuator stuck and actuator failure for a period of time are simulated to demonstrate the fault recovery capability of the fault tolerant controllers. The numerical results clearly demonstrate the good performance of the adaptive non-singular terminal control in the event of actuator fault compare with the continuous sliding mode control.     

敏捷性导弹的建模与模糊变结构控制

新型精确制导导弹为了获得更大的机动性、敏捷性和更高的命中精度,大多采用了推力矢量控制或反作用推力控制.讨论了敏捷性导弹的动力学特性及数学建模,并针对一类反作用推力控制的导弹提出了一种具有实时逻辑切换能力的变结构模型跟踪控制方案,为减弱一般变结构控制系统的抖颤问题,在变结构控制系统中引入简单的模糊规则,有效抑制了变结构系统的抖颤,同时进一步增强了控制系统的鲁棒性.数学仿真表明控制方案的有效性.     

模糊滑模迭代学习控制算法在液压系统中应用

普通比例(P, Proportion)和比例微分(PD, Proportion and Differential)迭 代学习控制(ILC, Iterative Learning Control)算法在液压位置伺服系统中收敛速度比较 慢,很难在实际中应用.为了提高ILC算法的收敛速度,将滑模控制算法引入ILC,提出模糊 滑模迭代学习控制(FSMILC, Fuzzy Sliding Mode Iterative Learning Control)算法,利 用滑模控制响应快的优点来加速ILC的收敛速度,利用模糊控制来减小滑模控制所引起的抖 动问题.FSMILC算法的实质是以系统的滑模函数作为模糊控制器的输入,以模糊控制器的输 出作为ILC的控制增量.通过仿真可以看出,FSMILC算法能够实现系统快速收敛,相对于P型 和PD型具有明显优势.      

基于高阶LADRC的V/STOL飞机悬停/平移 模式鲁棒协调解耦控制

针对垂直/短距起降（V/STOL）飞机在悬停/平移模式下存在的动力学耦合、推力矢量控制冗余以及易受扰动风影响的问题,提出了一种基于高阶线性自抗扰控制（LADRC）的鲁棒协调解耦控制方法。首先根据V/STOL飞机的概念方案,建立了推力矢量模型和扰动风影响下的非线性悬停/平移运动模型。然后在此基础上,给出了该模式下位置和姿态的协调控制策略,据此通过控制量变换设计了六通道的自抗扰解耦控制律,其中利用LADRC对总扰动的实时估计补偿能力避免了多推力矢量的冗余控制。仿真比较结果验证了LADRC对悬停/平移模式控制的有效性以及对飞机内部参数摄动和外界突风干扰的鲁棒性。      

控制力矩受限情况下漂浮基空间机械臂基于饱和速度滤波器的自适应控制方法

讨论了控制力矩受限且系统参数不确定情况下, 载体位置不受控、姿态受控 的漂浮基空间机械臂系统的智能控制问题. 运用系统动量守恒关系和拉格朗 日方程建立系统的动力学方程. 针对控制力矩受限和机械臂末端爪手所抓持 的载荷参数不确定的情况, 设计了一种基于饱和速度滤波器的自适应控制方 法. 该控制方法运用自适应调节规律有效地克服了系统不确定参数对控制精 度的影响; 运用双曲函数限制控制力矩的幅值大小, 使其更符合空间实际的 要求. 此外, 速度滤波器的运用使得在控制过程中不需要测量和反馈系统的 速度信号, 从而使得控制更加简单易行. 仿真结果证明了所提出控制方法的 有效性.      

基于DM-DSC的舰载机着舰自动复飞控制算法

针对理想复飞轨迹已知条件下的舰载机自动复飞控制问题,提出一种基于偏差模型的动态面控制（DM-DSC）算法。基于Radau伪谱法给出了舰载机着舰的最优复飞轨迹;根据得到的最优复飞轨迹及其所对应的控制方案,分别给出了速度子系统和高度子系统的偏差控制模型和反演（Backstepping）控制器,并通过引入动态面结构来获得虚拟控制量的微分信号,避免了Backstepping控制律求解过程中的“微分膨胀”问题;考虑到气动参数的不确定性及舰尾流场的干扰,采用线性扩张状态观测器（LESO）对控制模型中的干扰项进行估计和补偿,并设计抗饱和辅助系统来抑制控制饱和的不利影响;最后,基于Lyapunov方法证明闭环系统信号的有界性。仿真结果表明：所提算法具有良好的控制性能。     

飞机穿越风切变时的地速/空速控制

为解决飞机穿越风切变过程中控制系统解耦和飞行轨迹的实时/在线控制问题,对飞机纵向三自由度非线性模型,运用非线性动态逆方法,在风轴系中设计了飞行轨迹的高度变化率/空速控制模式,在地轴系中设计了高度变化率/地速控制模式.对2种控制模式进行比较并将其结合起来,得到更加完善的地速/空速控制律.仿真计算表明动态逆方法在飞机穿越风切变的轨迹控制过程中实用有效.     

基于夏氏最小二乘的轨道控制力系数辨识

在航天器轨道捕获、轨道维持和空间目标碰撞规避中都需要进行航天器轨道机动。针对航天器轨道机动过程中推力器的推力系数为装订常数,没有根据在轨工作实际进行优化而导致出现较大误差的情况,对控制力拟合系数进行辨识,作为修正控制参数以补偿轨道控制误差的依据,提高轨道控制精度。统计分析在轨管理的典型航天器平台及其发动机的轨道控制历史数据,分析轨道控制理论和在轨控制数据拟合建立轨道控制经验模型,用当前可测量的系统输入和输出预测系统输出的未来演变,得到不同工作情况下实际轨道控制误差与控制参数及其他主要影响因素之间关系的经验公式,为轨道控制策略决策提供参考。选取轨道半长轴控制量300m以上和300m以下的两类近地卫星,对其轨道控制历史数据进行分析,经实际数据测试,采用夏氏法进行推力系数拟合后预测的速度变化量精度较高。该种计算方法利用了轨道控制历史数据,计算方法简单,提高了轨道控制速度增量的预测精度,对轨道控制实施具有参考意义。     

敏捷性飞机飞行控制系统设计方法研究

对敏捷性飞机飞行控制系统的设计方法进行了研究,研究表明当飞机进行大迎角机动时,飞机可以获得敏捷性机动能力,在这种情况下,飞机的动力学特性呈现非线性的特征,此时飞行控制系统的设计是一类非线性控制系统的设计问题,设计可采用非线性动态逆的方法进行,为简化控制律和工程因素,重点研究了利用一阶动态作为系统的反馈线性控制,以得到线性化的系统,在此基础设计跟踪控制器,以满足大迎角非线性机动时的性能要求,最后以Ｆ     

多体卫星高稳定度智能控制方案研究

卫星上大型挠性天线的加减速运动会对星体产生较大的扰动,影响了星体姿态的指向精度和稳定度.运用Lyapunov稳定性理论,设计了变结构和神经网络控制器,并在星体前馈中引入扰动补偿力矩,从而保证星体姿态角速度在不确定性干扰下能以指数形式收敛到某一给定的有界范围内,仿真证明了姿态的稳定度满足给定的指标要求.      

航天测控工程计量保障需求和管理对策研究

航天测控工程计量保障工作是完成航天器飞行测量控制任务的重要保证。对比了航天测控系统与普通电子测量仪器的功能原理,分析了影响航天测控工程测量准确度的因素,研究了航天测控工程中测量准确度和工程技术活动计量保障需求,针对航天测控工程计量保障特点和存在问题,提出了建立并完善航天测控工程计量保障体系的管理对策建议。