舱内失压下航天员热舒适度和散热量仿真

针对载人登月舱内失压应急返回过程中,不同条件下航天员穿着舱外航天服维持生存时的热舒适度问题,基于Matlab建立了人-航天服热模型.其中人体热模型基于Fiala模型建立,航天服热模型使用集总参数法建立.经过不同工况的对比,仿真结果与文献数据基本吻合,验证了模型的正确性.在此基础上,基于DTS热舒适度计算方法对不同失压紧...     

Finger heat flux/temperature as an indicator of thermal imbalance with application for extravehicular activity

The designation of a simple, non-invasive, and highly precise method to monitor the thermal status of astronauts is important to enhance safety during extravehicular activities (EVA) and onboard emergencies. Finger temperature (Tfing), finger heat flux, and indices of core temperature (Tc) [rectal (Tre), ear canal (Tec)] were assessed in 3 studies involving different patterns of heat removal/insertion from/to the body by a multi-compartment liquid cooling/warming garment (LCWG). Under both uniform and nonuniform temperature conditions on the body surface, Tfing and finger heat flux were highly correlated with garment heat flux, and also highly correlated with each other. Tc responses did not adequately reflect changes in thermal balance during the ongoing process of heat insertion/removal from the body. Overall, Tfing/finger heat flux adequately reflected the initial destabilization of thermal balance, and therefore appears to have significant potential as a useful index for monitoring and maintaining thermal balance and comfort in extreme conditions in space as well as on Earth.     

舱外航天服热试验外热流模拟方法研究

出舱行走所必需的舱外航天服具有复杂外表面形状,其空间外热流极其复杂。文章对舱外航天服在热试验中所采用的外热流模拟方法进行了对比分析研究,结合航天服的特点对热试验中外热流模拟的方式进行了探讨, 论证了用接触式电加热片及红外加热笼两种外热流施加方式的可行性,并通过分析的手段对不同热试验方法中施加的热流和太空中的热流大小及分布进行了对比。     

The EVA space suit development in Europe

The progress of the European EVA space suit predevelopment activities has resulted in an improved technical reference concept, which will form the basis for a start of the Phase C/D development work in 1992. Technology development work over the last 2 years has resulted in a considerable amount of test data and a better understanding of the characteristics and behaviour of individual parts of the space suit system, in particular in the areas of suits' mobility and life support functions. This information has enabled a consolidation of certain design features on the one hand, but also led to the challenging of some of the design solutions on the other hand. While working towards an improved situation with respect to the main design drivers mass and cost, the technical concept has been improved with respect to functional safety and ease of handling, taking the evolving Hermes spaceplane requirements into consideration. Necessary hardware and functional redundancies have been implemented taking the operational scenario with Hermes and Columbus servicing into consideration. This paper presents the latest design status of the European EVA space suit concept, with particular emphasis on crew safety, comfort and productivity, in the frame of the predevelopment work for the European Space Agency.     

一种基于空间相机热特性的高精度控温方法

为提高空间相机的控温精度以保证成像品质,文章提出了一种基于空间相机热特性的高精度控温方法。该方法从相机控温回路所控区域的能量平衡方程出发,根据控温区域自身的热特性参数,综合考虑其它控温区域对其传热影响以及外热流变化等因素,最终确定本控温周期内的主动控温功耗或加热占空比。通过建立某相机热模型,分别施加上述控温方法与开关比例控制算法,对控温效果进行了仿真对比。结果表明,该方法的控温精度显著优于常用的开关比例控制。     

多层隔热材料传热特性研究现状及展望

研究多层隔热材料的传热特性是进行航天器热控设计的基础。文章首先介绍了多层隔热材料的分类和应用情况,及其传热方式和隔热性能表征方法;然后评述了多层隔热材料传热特性和空间环境适应性的研究状况,总结了相关研究方法、热分析模型与研究得出的基本认识;最后,提出了多层隔热材料热特性的进一步研究方向。     

空间站热收集方式的气压适应性研究

热管理系统是保障空间站正常运行的关键系统,其热量收集通常涉及多种传热方式。 空间站舱内气压下降将削弱空气的对流换热能力,从而造成热收集方式的气压适应性差异。 分析了这种差异及其对空间站热管理的影响。设计了两种针对密封舱的热量收集方式,第 一种单纯用空气强制对流,第二种通过在密封舱内加装冷板,同时采用强制对流、导热和辐 射进行热量收集。首先利用简化的密封舱换热模型给出了描述两种热量收集方式气压适应性 的分析解,然后利用集成全局热数学模型分析给出了热管理系统采用这两种热量收集方式时 压力下降对空间站温度控制的影响。结果表明,当热管理系统以空气对流为主进行热 量收集时,气压下降可能导致舱内温度大幅升高;当同时采用导热、辐射及对流等多种途径 收集热量时,热管理系统的气压适应性较强,有利于空间站的稳定运行。
     

载人航天器密封舱内流动换热数值模拟研究

航天器密封舱主要以通风换热的方式排出舱内人员及设备的散热,从而控制舱内的温度水平。计算机数值模拟是研究舱内通风换热问题的有效方法。文章利用数值模拟软件I-DEAS,针对设定载人航天器,对其在轨状态下密封舱内复杂的流动换热进行稳态数值模拟,研究系统能量的流动和分配,评价通风设计方案的合理性。     

空间遥感器的热／结构／光学分析研究

作为一个空间遥感器整机热光学（热／结构／光学）集成分析过程，对空间遥感器主要光机结构简化，进行导热特性分析和等效热阻计算；利用软件计算在轨道上典型工况的空间外流热和内热源分布；建立有限元温度场分析模型和结构热弹性分析模型，计算全机稳、瞬态温度场分布，均匀温度和特定温度场下的位移场，得到各光学元件的位移；利用光学分析程度计算的公差计算结果插值计算遥感器光学系统由于光学元件的热致刚体位移（离轴、轴向位移和倾斜）而产生的光学性能变化。     

Main problems of the Russian Orlan-M space suit utilization for EVAs on the ISS

In the recent years the Russian Orlan-M space suits have been improved as applied to their operational requirements for the ISS. A special attention is paid to enhancement of EVA crew efficiency and safety. The paper considers the main problems regarding specific features of the Russian space suit operation in the ISS, and analyses measures on their solution. In particular, the problems associated with the following are considered: enhancement of the anthropometric range for the EVA crewmembers; use of some US EMU elements and unified NASA equipment elements; Orlan-M operation support in the wide range of the ISS thermal conditions; use of Simplified Aid For Extravehicular activity Rescue (SAFER) designed as a self-rescue device, which will be used for an EVA crewmember return in the event that he (she) breaks away inadvertently from the ISS surface. The paper states the main space suit differences with reference to solution of the above problems. The paper presents briefly the design of space suit arms developed for crewmembers with small anthropometric parameters, as well as peculiarities and test results for the gloves with enhanced thermal protection. Measures on further space suit development with the purpose to improve its performances are considered.     

舱外航天服红外笼标定试验及其修正计算

文章对舱外航天服的红外笼标定试验的情况进行了介绍,并根据试验数据对试验模型进行了修正计算,得到了红外笼的相关计算参数,同时给出了标定试验与计算模型的偏差,利用标定试验数据对试验模型进行了修正计算,并对修正计算后的结果和试验数据进行了比对,比对结果表明,计算模型计算值与试验值偏差较小,修正后的计算模型可以用于舱外航天服热平衡试验施加外热流功率的计算,并为舱外航天服的热平衡试验中外热流的施加提供参数依据。     

高超飞行器表面热效应地面模拟实验研究

文章深入分析高超飞行器与临近空间大气相互作用的基本物理过程,激波加热及粒子碰撞产生等离子体的物理机制,并利用磁热屏蔽效应在高超飞行器模拟器与高速定向流间建立磁化等离子体鞘层,大幅降低中性激波气体向飞行器的能流传递,从而为高超飞行器提供有效的热防护作用。通过两次比对实验验证了磁热屏蔽效应的有效性及工程实施的可行性,为今后研制高韧性、超轻质、可重复使用热防护复合材料提供了实验数据,奠定了技术基础。实验中利用层流等离子体源作为高能流密度热源是热防护实验装备上的创新,层流等离子体源能流截面大、能流密度高,可以针对高超飞行器表面热效应进行全尺寸的模拟实验。     

EVA Suit 2000: a joint European/Russian space suit design

A feasibility study in 1992 showed the benefits of a common European Russian space suit development, EVA Suit 2000, replacing the Russian space suit Orlan-DMA and the planned European Hermes EVA space suit at the turn of the century. This EVA Suit 2000 is a joint development initiated by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Russian Space Agency (RKA). The main objectives of this development program are: first utilization aboard the Russian Space Station MIR-2; performance improvement with respect to current operational suits; development cost reduction. Russian experience gained with the present extravehicular activity (EVA) suit on the MIR Space Station and extensive application of European Technologies will be needed to achieve these ambitious goals. This paper presents the current status of the development activities, the space suit system design and concentrates in more detail on life support aspects. Specific subjects addressed will include the overall life support conceptual architecture, design features, crew comfort and operational considerations.     

The Soviet-Russian space suits a historical overview of the 1960's

The development of protective suits for space use started with the Vostok-suit SK-1, first used by Yu. Gagarin on April 12, 1961, and then used on all subsequent Vostok-flights. The technical background for the design of these suits was the work on full pressure protective suits for military pilots and stratospheric flights in the 1930's through 50's. The Soviet-Russian space programme contains a large number of 'firsts', and one of the most well known is the first EVA by Leonov in 1965. This event is also the starting point for a long series of space suit development for Extravehicular Activities over the last 35 years. The next step to come was the transfer in void space of crew members between the two spacecraft Soyuz 4 and 5 in 1969. As has later become known this was an essential element in the planned Soviet lunar exploration programme, which in itself required a new space suit. After the termination of the lunar programme in 1972, the space suit development concentrated on suits applicable to zero-gravity work around the manned space stations Salyut 6, Salyut 7 and MIR. These suits have become known as the ORLAN-family of suits, and an advanced version of this suit (ORLAN-M) will be used on the International Space Station together with the American EMU. This paper covers the space suit development in the Soviet Union in the 1960's and the experience used from the pre-space era.     

局部多孔壁－内腔结构的气动加热瞬态特性

根据超声速飞行器外表面连接结构处密封结构几何特征,以局部多孔壁和内腔结构为研究对象,建立流/固/多孔区域流动和传热过程耦合计算模型,其中多孔区域中运用分布阻力法,流、固区域间换热过程采用准稳态耦合计算方法。经过与相关实验数据进行对比,验证了程序可靠性,并进一步分析在整个长时间瞬态过程中,该密封结构的流动和传热特征,阐明了在瞬态过程中多孔材料等效热流对缝隙壁面的加热作用。研究了有、无多孔材料填充两种情况下缝隙壁面热流分布形态的差异,探讨了缝隙中填充多孔材料对高速流场边界层热气流侵入内腔过程的影响。
     

Human thermohomeostasis onboard "Mir" and in simulated microgravity studies.

Significant changes of thermogomeostatic parameters was obtained by thermotopometric method using the techniques simulate of microgravity effects: bed rest, pressurized isolation, suit immersion (SI). However, each of ground models made rectal temperature (T) trend downward. The autothermometric study (24 and 12 sessions, 2-13th and 6-174th flight days) was carried out onboard "Mir" by two flight engineers who had preliminary tested at SI (1-2 days). Studies of German investigators onboard "Mir" confirmed: rectal T must be higher in space flight as compared to the normal environment (n=4). Comparative studies suggest that microgravity is a key factor for the human body surface T raise and abolishment of the external/internal T-gradient. T-homeostasis was not really changing during missions and could be regarded as acute effect of microgravity. After delineation of changes in body surface T--by Carnot's thermodynamic law--rectal T raise should have been anticipated. Facts pointing to the excess entropy of human body must not be passed over.     

平流层飞艇热仿真初步探讨

结合平流层的环境条件和平流层飞艇的特点,文章详细分析了影响飞艇热平衡的基本热源和换热途径,建立了平流层飞艇的传热数学模型,给出了飞艇内表面冷热部分相互之间的辐射换热模型,在此基础上,对于某概念飞艇进行了仿真分析,得出了蒙皮热点、蒙皮冷点以及艇内气体的温度,为进一步开展平流层飞艇的热分析奠定基础。     

EVA 2000: a European/Russian space suit concept

For the European manned space activities an EVA space suit system was being developed in the frame of the Hermes Space Vehicle Programme of the European Space Agency (ESA). The space suit was to serve the needs for all relevant extravehicular activities for the Hermes Columbus operations planned to begin in 2004. For the present Russian manned space programme the relevant EVAs are performed by the Orlan-DMA semi-rigid space suit. The origin of its development reaches back to the 1970s and has since been adapted to cover the needs for extravehicular activities on Salyut and MIR until today. The latest modification of the space suit, which guaranteed its completely self-contained operation, was made in 1988. However, Russian specialists considered it necessary to start developing an EVA space suit of a new generation, which would have improved performance and would cover the needs by the turn of the century and into the beginning of the next century. Potentially these two suit developments could have a lot in common based on similarities in present concepts. As future manned space activities become more and more an international effort, a safe and reliable interoperability of the different space suit systems is required. Based on the results of the Munich Minister Conference in 1991, the European Space Agency and the Russian Space Agency agreed to initiate a requirements analysis and conceptual design study to determine the feasibility of a joint space suit development, EVA 2000. The design philosophy for the EVA 2000 study was oriented on a space suit system design of: space suit commonality and interoperability; increased crew productivity and safety; increase in useful life and reduced maintainability; reduced development and production cost. The EVA 2000 feasibility study was performed in 1992, and with the positive conclusions for EVA 2000, this approach became the new joint European Russian EVA Suit 2000 Development Programme. This paper gives an overview of the results of the feasibility study and presents the joint requirements and the proposed design concept of a jointly developed European Russian space suit.     

平流层飞艇热仿真初步探讨

结合平流层的环境条件和平流层飞艇的特点，文章详细分析了影响飞艇热平衡的基本热源和换热途径，建立了平流层飞艇的传热数学模型，给出了飞艇内表面冷热部分相互之间的辐射换热模型，在此基础上，对于某概念飞艇进行了仿真分析，得出了蒙皮热点、蒙皮冷点以及艇内气体的温度，为进一步开展平流层飞艇的热分析奠定基础。     

平板蒸发器环路热管的性能研究

作为一种新型的热控元件,环路热管依靠其可靠性高、传热能力强和等温性好等特性,能够在小温差、长距离的情况下传递大量的热量,因而被广泛地应用于卫星、飞船及电子产品等的热控。特别是具有平板蒸发器的微型环路热管具有很广阔的应用潜能。文章建立了环路热管运行的热力学和动力学模型,在此基础上用C++程序语言设计了相应程序,对某给定环路热管进行了热力特性计算。研究表明,蒸发器内部的压力降在环路总压降中占主导地位。