Computational aerodynamic analysis on perimeter reinforced （PR）-compliant wing

Abstract Implementing the morphing technique on a micro air vehicle （MAV） wing is a very chal- lenging task, due to the MAWs wing size limitation and the complex morphing mechanism. As a result, understanding aerodynamic characteristics and flow configurations, subject to wing structure deformation of a morphing wing MAV has remained obstructed. Thus, this paper presents the investigation of structural deformation, aerodynamics performance and flow formation on a pro- posed twist morphing MAV wing design named perimeter reinforced （PR）-compliant wing. The numerical simulation of two-way fluid structure interaction （FSI） investigation consist of a quasi- static aeroelastic structural analysis coupled with 3D incompressible Reynolds-averaged Navier- Stokes and shear-stress-transport （RANS-SST） solver utilized throughout this study. Verification of numerical method on a rigid rectangular wing achieves a good correlation with available exper- imental results. A comparative aeroelastic study between PR-compliant to PR and rigid wing per- formance is organized to elucidate the morphing wing performances. Structural deformation results show that PR-compliant wing is able to alter the wing＇s geometric twist characteristic, which has directly influenced both the overall aerodynamic performance and flow structure behavior. Despite the superior lift performance result, PR-compliant wing also suffers from massive drag penalty, which has consequently affected the wing efficiency in general. Based on vortices investigation, the results reveal the connection between these aerodynamic performances with vortices formation on PR-comoliant wing.     

Aerodynamic investigation of twist angle variation based on wing smarting for a flying wing

In this paper, the effects of twist angle variation on aerodynamic coefficients and flow field on the wing with wing smarting approach are studied using numerical simulation. The simulation was performed using incompressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations based on the two-equation k-ω Shear Stress Transport (SST) turbulent model for flow speed 30 m/s and a Reynolds number of 69000. Investigations have been carried out for several twist angles and at a specific range of angles of attack. The twist applied is the type of geometric twist (wash-out), which is linearly distributed along the span. The test case is a lambda-shaped tailless aircraft with a wing fracture on the trailing edge, and a sweep angle 56°. The results show that with increasing twist angle, the aerodynamic efficiency improves over a wide range of angles of attack, but at 0° angle of attack it will decrease significantly. By increasing the angle of attack, the effect of twist on the flow field and aerodynamic coefficients will gradually decrease; hence, at a certain amount of angle of attack, the effect of twist will stop, that angle is called the neutral brink angle. Longitudinal stability analysis shows that by growing the twist angle, the conditions required for longitudinal stability are satisfied, and the pitch-up phenomenon will be delayed.     

柔性翼微型飞行器水平阵风响应特性实验研究

设计研制了一种飞翼布局的柔性翼和刚性翼微型飞行器,并在风洞中研究了两种微型飞行器在定常风和水平阵风作用下的气动特性,给出了柔性翼和刚性翼微型飞行器气动特性的差别。研究结果表明：不论是在定常风情况下,还是在水平阵风环境下,柔性翼的气动特性要优于刚性翼结构,柔性翼具有延迟失速和缓和阵风影响的能力,有利于稳定飞行。PIV测量结果表明：由于柔性翼的变形使刚性翼和柔性翼翼面上的流态不同,从而使微型飞行器的气动特性发生改变。     

微型扑翼飞行器扑翼/尾翼气动干扰的数值研究

以二维刚性约束条件下的微型扑翼飞行器模型为研究对象,在动网格技术基础上,应用非定常数值分析手段对比分析了单翼/纵列翼布局的气动性能,深入研究了纵列翼缩减频率、扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距、来流攻角对其气动性能的影响.结果表明:①纵列翼尾翼对扑翼产生正效应干扰,相对于单翼布局,扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距为0.5倍翼型弦长时的纵列翼布局的推力系数和推进效率分别增加28.7%和5.7%;②缩减频率是影响推力的关键参数,随着缩减频率的增加,脱落涡的强度增加,推力系数增大.对于单翼、纵列翼两种布局模式,当缩减频率在1.0附近时推进效率达到最优;③对于纵列翼布局,在扑翼—尾翼无量纲水平间距为1.1倍翼型弦长时推进效率达到峰值;④在0°~20°来流攻角变化范围内,随着来流攻角的增加,升力系数增加,推力系数减小,当来流攻角大于9°时,两种布局的推力均为负值.      

Trailing-edge scalloping effect on flat-plate membrane wing performance

This investigation studies the effect of trailing-edge scalloping on the lift and drag force coefficients of flat, membrane wings that vibrate at low Reynolds numbers (<61,000). A series of rigid, flat plate frames with moderate aspect ratio and repeating membrane cell structure were studied and compared to a rigid plate and a rigid scalloped plate. Lift and drag measurements were acquired using an external force-balance; flow fluctuation measurements were captured with a hot-wire. Results showed that the size and aspect ratio of the latex cell had a greater impact on lift than scalloping and that scalloping had a greater effect on drag than the cell aspect ratio. Compared to the solid wings, the membrane wings exhibited higher lift and drag coefficients, likely due to both effective cambering and dynamic interaction with the free shear layer. While trailing-edge scalloping decreased both the lift and drag coefficients relative to no scalloping, the greater effect was on drag, thus, increasing aerodynamic efficiency. The maximum lift-to-drag ratio was attained for a 25% scallop with a repeating cell aspect ratio of one. A unique nondimensional scaling of the membrane vibration peak frequency is also presented.     

Effects of wing flexibility on aerodynamic performance of an aircraft model

The low-speed wind tunnel experiment is carried out on a simplified aircraft model to explore the influence of wing flexibility on the aircraft aerodynamic performance. The investigation involves the measurements of force, membrane deformation and velocity field at Reynolds number of 5.4 × 10⁴–1.1 × 10⁵. In the lift curves, two peaks are observed. The first peak, corresponding to the stall, is sensitive to the wing flexibility much more than the second peak, which nearly keeps constant. For the optimal case, in comparison with the rigid wing model, the delayed stall of nearly 5° is achieved, and the relative lift increment is about 90%. It is revealed that the lift enhanced region corresponds to the larger deformation and stronger vibration, which leads to stronger flow mixing near the flexible wing surface. Thereby, the leading-edge separation is suppressed, and the aerodynamic performance is improved significantly. Furthermore, the effects of sweep angle and Reynolds number on the aerodynamic characteristics of flexible wing are also presented.     

Integrated method of guidance,control and morphing for hypersonic morphing vehicle in glide phase

The morphing technology of hypersonic vehicle improved the flight performance by changing aerodynamic characteristics with shape deformations, but the design of guidance and control system with morphing laws remained to be explored. An Integrated of Guidance, Control and Morphing (IGCM) method for Hypersonic Morphing Vehicle (HMV) was developed in this paper. The IGCM method contributed to an effective solution of morphing characteristic to improve flight performance and reject the disturbance for guidance and control system caused by the morphing system for HMV in gliding phase. The IGCM models were established based on the motion models and aerodynamic models of the variable span vehicle. Then the IGCM method was designed by adaptive block dynamic surface back-stepping method with stability proof. The parallel controlled simulations’ results showed the effectiveness in accomplishing the flight mission of IGCM method in glide phase with smaller terminal errors. The velocity loss of HMV was reduced by 32.8% which inferred less flight time and larger terminal flight velocity than invariable span vehicle. Under the condition of large deviations of aerodynamic parameters and atmospheric density, the robustness of IGCM method with variable span was verified.     

Regularities between kinematic and aerodynamic characteristics of flexible membrane wing

The kinematic characteristics of flexible membrane wing have vital influences on its aerodynamic characteristics. To deeply explore the regularities between them, time-resolved aerodynamic forces and deformations at different aeroelastic parameters and angles of attack(α) were measured synchronously by wind tunnel experiments. The membrane motion can be mainly divided into two states at α > 0° with various lift-enhancement regularities: Deformed-Steady State(DSS)at pre-stall, and Dynamic Bala...     

Integrated optimization design of smart morphing wing for accurate shape control

Smart morphing wing, which is equipped with smart materials and able to change structural geometry adaptively, can further improve aerodynamic efficiency of aircraft. This paper presents a new integrated layout and topology optimization design for morphing wing driven by shape memory alloys (SMAs). By simultaneously optimizing the layout of smart actuators and topology of wing substrate, the ultimately determined configuration can achieve smooth, continuous and accurate geometric shape changes. In addition, aerodynamic analysis is carried out to compare smart morphing wing with traditional hinged airfoil. Finally, the optimized smart wing structure is constructed and tested to demonstrate and verify the morphing functionality. Application setbacks are also pointed out for further investigation.     

微型飞行器桨翼气动干扰的数值模拟

对某一固定翼微型飞行器进行了桨翼气动干扰数值模拟研究,采用作用盘理论模拟真实桨盘的工作状态,通过时间平均稳态处理将非定常流场简化为准定常流场计算。利用FLUENT的用户自定义函数UDF实现作用盘前后压力、速度的变化。通过与无滑流影响下单独机身数值计算结果的比较,结果显示螺旋桨滑流延缓了机体上表面的气流分离,增强气流再附着能力,飞机的失速迎角增加2°,升力、阻力、俯仰力矩系数增加2%～5%,升阻比减小2%～3%。     

滑动蒙皮变后掠无人机非定常气动特性研究

为了探索飞机变形过程中的非定常气动特性及其机理,基于滑动蒙皮变后掠无人机这一可变形飞行器大尺度全局变形研究平台,通过风洞实验对其进行了非定常气动特性研究。结果表明:无人机变后掠过程中非定常气动特性曲线在相应的准定常曲线周围形成滞回环;无人机变后掠速率越快,滞回效应越显著;无人机以约7.5°/s的速率变后掠,会使非定常气动特性数值偏离相应的准定常数值5%以上;变后掠无人机非定常气动特性产生的主要原因可能在于流场结构迟滞和机翼附加速度。     

不同柔度的柔性翼气动特性实验

为了研究不同柔度的柔性翼气动特性和抗风性性能,制作了九种不同柔度的柔性翼,利用西北工业大学微型飞行器专用风洞对其进行初步的风洞实验.在实验中进行了不同风速,不同迎角对柔度的气动特性研究.通过实验优选出气动特性较好的柔度,为柔性翼微型飞行器的总体设计和气动特性提供参考.     

Optimization for aerodynamic performance of double serpentine nozzles with spanwise offsets using Taguchi-based CFD analysis

Serpentine nozzles are widely used in combat aircraft to realize strong stealth characteristics. Based on the layout characteristics within a confined space, a series of double serpentine nozzles with spanwise offsets are established. Using computational fluid dynamics and Taguchi method, the influence mechanisms of the Distribution of Area (DA), Distributions of Centerline for the first and second ‘S’ sections in the Vertical direction (DCV1 and DCV2), and Distribution of Centerline in the Spanwise direction (DCS) are analyzed. The impact of these factors on the total pressure recovery coefficient can be ranked as DA > DCV2 > DCS > DCV1, whereas their impacts on the discharge coefficient and axial thrust coefficient can be ranked as DCV2 > DCS > DA > DCV1. Considering the statistical significance of these factors, a nozzle in which DA changes rapidly at the exit and DCV1, DCV2, and DCS change rapidly at the entrance gives the best aerodynamic performance. Compared to the worst configuration, the total pressure recovery coefficient, discharge coefficient, and axial thrust coefficient are improved by 1.6%,3.5% and 3.6%, respectively. DA influences the gas flow acceleration in the entire serpentine channel, resulting in different wall shear stress and friction losses. The various centerline distributions influence the gas flow acceleration effects and form complex wave structures in the constant-area extension section, resulting in different local and friction losses.     

微小型飞行器的神经网络动态逆控制方法

微小型飞行器(MAV)精确的数学模型很难得到,限制了单纯动态逆控制方法的使用,比例-积分-微分(PID)等传统的控制方法已不能满足要求。针对这一问题,研究了应用动态逆控制方法的新途径──神经网络动态逆。选取串接积分器的多层前向神经网络训练飞行控制系统的动态逆模型,并自适应补偿逆误差。用MATLAB的NNCTRL20工具箱并结合NNSYSID20工具箱建立了仿真系统。升降舵和方向舵联合控制转弯。用PID控制器、近似神经网络动态逆模块、在线神经网络补偿器构建了飞行控制系统。仿真结果表明,神经网络动态逆有较强的鲁棒性、稳定性和指令跟随能力,比PID更适合于微小型飞行器的姿态控制。     

MAV放宽静稳定性设计的效益/代价分析

介绍了一种固定翼微型飞行器，通过对不同静稳定性设计的升阻特性、力矩特性、配平损失等进行计算分析，确定了在该类微型飞行器上应用放宽静稳定性技术的代价和效益，分析了不同操纵面布局的影响，并给出了微型飞行器在操纵面布局和控制增稳应用方面的一般计算方法和建议。     

Effect of Martian atmosphere on aerodynamic performance of supersonic parachute two-body systems

Supersonic flows around parachute two-body systems are numerically investigated by solving the compressible Navier-Stokes equations. In the present study, both rigid and flexible parachute models are considered, which comprise a capsule and a canopy. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effects of the Martian atmosphere on the unsteady flows produced by these parachute two-body models and the structural behavior of the flexible canopy. It was found that in the Martian atmosph...     

柔性扑翼微型飞行器升力和推力机理的风洞试验和飞行试验

为探讨柔性扑翼微型飞行器产生升力和推力的机理,在研究考虑柔性大变形扑翼气动力计算方法基础上,利用南京航空航天大学低速风洞进行了不同扑动频率、迎角、速度下微型扑翼升力、推力的变化和动态流场显示等风洞实验,并与计算结果进行了比较分析,为微型扑翼机的设计提供了的参考依据.自行研制的微型柔性结构扑翼机成功地进行了飞行试验.      

扑翼机翼气动力和惯性力对翼杆结构变形研究

通过有限元方法探究了机翼上气动力和惯性力对结构变形的影响.研究表明扑翼机翼产生的气动力和惯性力大小在同一量级.机翼惯性力对机翼结构变形具有不可忽视的影响.当机翼处于水平位置时机翼气动力对结构变形贡献最大,同时合力产生的最大变形也出现在机翼水平位置.仿生扑翼机翼结构变形研究为高升力、低能耗扑翼机翼的设计提供了理论指导.      

面向成本的飞机结构优化设计

基于协同优化方法,建立了面向成本的飞机结构优化设计模型.该模型不同于传统的结构设计中以质量最小或结构效率最大为优化目标,而是以寿命周期成本为目标,通过相同的结构尺寸变量将结构质量与制造成本联系起来.其中以重量表征油耗成本,寿命周期成本模型被简化为制造成本和油耗成本的函数.在iSIGHT优化平台实现了这一结构协同优化的过...     

Optimization design containing dimension and buffer parameters of landing legs for reusable landing vehicle

For the landing legs with single air chamber in the buffer structure of the reusable landing vehicle, the geometric topological models and the dynamic model associated with the hard points of the landing legs are established. The geometric constraint relationship in the design of the landing legs is also obtained. The whole vehicle dropping test is conducted, and the test results agree well with that of the simulation model, which validates the dynamic model. Based on the verified model, the eff...