A closed-form solution for moving source localization using LBI changing rate of phase difference only

Due to the deficiencies in the conventional multiple-receiver localization systems based on direction of arrival(DOA) such as system complexity of interferometer or array and amplitude/phase unbalance between multiple receiving channels and constraint on antenna configuration,a new radiated source localization method using the changing rate of phase difference(CRPD)measured by a long baseline interferometer(LBI) only is studied. To solve the strictly nonlinear problem, a two-stage closed-form solution is proposed. In the first stage, the DOA and its changing rate are estimated from the CRPD of each observer by the pseudolinear least square(PLS) method,and then in the second stage, the source position and velocity are found by another PLS minimization. The bias of the algorithm caused by the correlation between the measurement matrix and the noise in the second stage is analyzed. To reduce this bias, an instrumental variable(IV) method is derived. A weighted IV estimator is given in order to reduce the estimation variance. The proposed method does not need any initial guess and the computation is small. The Cramer–Rao lower bound(CRLB) and mean square error(MSE) are also analyzed. Simulation results show that the proposed method can be close to the CRLB with moderate Gaussian measurement noise.     

基于噪声匹配的有源接收天线设计

为了提高接收天线的增益和灵敏度,采用将天线与低噪声放大器集成到一起设计的方案,将天线的输出阻抗作为放大器的源阻抗,省略了天线与放大器之间的阻抗匹配网络。通过调节天线馈电系统的尺寸调节天线阻抗,使其等于放大器的最佳源阻抗。利用HFSS仿真软件计算天线的辐射特性及阻抗,用ADS Designer软件对低噪声放大器进行优化设计。利用2SC5507晶体管设计了一个工作于2．0GHz的与低噪声放大器集成在一起的缝隙耦合微带天线,所设计的噪声系数为1．664dB,放大器增益为16．75dB。     

Analysis of a Signal Processor for an Antenna Array

A signal processor that provides ratio-squared predetection combining, has been investigated for application in an adaptive antenna array. The analysis and experimental data presented here pertain to the signal processing gain when the antenna array is illuminated by a coherent signal source and a partially coherent noise source. For a noise source which is coherent, the processing gain depends on relative strength of the signal and noise, relative directions of arrival, and the usual "array factor." The array exhibits capturing effects much as in an FM receiver. The effective antenna pattern is a superposition of two beams of different magnitudes, one directed to the signal source and the other to the noise source. When the noise is partially coherent, the behavior of the signal processor is quite complex. Analytical prediction and experimental simulation measurement on a four-channel system indicate that the partially coherent noise may be regarded as the source of an incoherent noise component plus a coherent noise component with the magnitude of the latter determined by the coherence coefficient for the noise source.     

Scaling procedures of cabin noise generated by turbulent boundary layer excitation

This paper presents a new method for measuring the cabin noise of a structure in a wind tunnel. A method for scaling the cabin sound was derived to obtain the cabin noise of a structure, and the derivation of the scaling procedure was based on a theoretical hypothesis regarding the cabin noise prediction for a scaled model in a wind tunnel. A frequency offset was generated because of the error introduced by model manufacture and installation, and a proposed modal test method was used to eliminate the frequency offset. Both a full-scale structure and scaled structure were measured in the wind tunnel tests. The cabin noise of the full-scale model was compared with the results obtained using the scaling procedure based on the scaled model. The comparisons of the measurement results indicate that the scaling procedures developed in this paper are effective for vibro-acoustic predictions in wind tunnels. Moreover, background noise tended to affect the results of the cabin sound for the wind tunnel test, and thus background noise should be prevented through specific design efforts.     

基于两步最小二乘定位的偏差改进算法

针对传统最小二乘(LS)定位算法在噪声较大时会出现有偏估计的问题。首先详细推导了传统两步最小二乘算法在时差角度联合定位场景下的理论偏差,给出了出现偏差的原因;其次对误差均值加入二次约束条件,提出一种基于时差角度联合定位的改进算法,并详细推导新算法的理论偏差以及均方误差。相比于其他加限制条件的方法,新算法能有效降低估计偏差,另外由于其不需要进行特征值分解且能得到闭式解,计算复杂度较小。仿真结果表明,新算法在保持原有均方误差(MSE)的前提下能显著降低估计偏差,其定位偏差与最大似然估计器相当。     

激光测振仪直流增益和直流偏移的测量不确定度

介绍了用最小二乘法评价外差式激光测振仪信号处理电路直流增益和直流偏移指标时,测量结果的不确定度分析和评定过程.讨论了影响直流增益测量不确定度的几个主要误差来源,包括信号源误差、被校仪器响应误差、被校仪器直流增益、标准仪器测量误差的影响等等.给出了减小直流增益测量不确定度的主要措施:①环境控制措施,以减少环境带来的不确定度;②选取高精度信号,以减少信号源误差带来的不确定度;③选取高精度标准测量仪器,以减少测量误差带来的不确定度.通过一个实例,给出了激光测振仪信号处理电路直流增益和直流偏移指标不确定度分析和评定结果.该过程及结论可应用在相应参数的计量校准中.     

Analysis of Modeling and Bias Errors in Discrete-Time State Estimation

This paper concerns the effects of modeling and bias errors in discrete-time state estimation. The newly derived algorithms include the effect of correlation between plant and measurement noise in the system. The effects of nonzero mean noise terms and bias errors are considered. With plant or measurement matrix errors, divergence can occur. The local or linear sensitivity approach to error analysis, where the sensitivity is defined as a partial derivative with respect to a variable parameter taken about the modeled value, will not show this divergence due to neglect of higher order terms. Approximate algorithms are presented which circumvent the problem inherent in the local sensitivity approach. These make use of a "conditional bias" concept which views system error as a bias, conditioned on knowledge of the state estimates. It is shown that the actual error in optimum estimation is orthogonal to the residue error for suboptimum estimation where the residue error is defined as the difference between the actual estimation error and the optimum estimation error. Two examples, one concerning an integrated navigation system, demonstrate the theoretical results.     

Extension of a Two-Step Calibration Methodology to Include Nonorthogonal Sensor Axes

We present an extension of the nonlinear two-step estimation algorithm originally developed for the calibration of solid-state strapdown magnetometers. We expand the algorithm to include nonorthogonality within a sensor set for both two- and three-axis sensors. Nonorthogonality can result from manufacturing issues, installation geometry, and in the case of magnetometers, from soft iron bias errors. Simulation studies for both two- and three-axis sensors show convergence of the improved algorithm to the true values, even in the presence of realistic measurement noise. Finally the algorithm is experimentally validated on a low-cost solid-state three-axis magnetometer set, which shows definite improvement postcalibration. We note that the algorithm is general and can be applied to any two- or three-axis sensor set (such as accelerometers) with an error model consisting of scale, offset, and nonorthogonality errors.     

Pointing grade fiber optic gyroscope

Fiber optic gyroscopes (FOG) are solid-state rotation sensors that are appropriate for a wide variety of applications. In addition to becoming competitive with ring laser gyroscopes on new programs, FOGs are being manufactured to replace spinning wheel gyro technology in existing programs. The FOG brings with it the advantages of long life, high reliability, input axis stability, and low acceleration sensitivity. The AlliedSignal pointing grade fiber gyroscope was designed to replace a high-performance mechanical gyroscope currently made by AlliedSignal. Detailed passive thermal design, gyro assembly techniques, methods for rejecting light source intensity noise, and light source wavelength control are critical features that have been developed to produce a FOG with low noise, stable bias, and a stable and linear scale factor. Results of performance tests and error models indicate that these gyros have a capability for random walk of 0.0002 degrees/≠ hour and bias stability of 0.001 degrees/hour     

卫星伪距多路径时空建模研究

目前,多路径误差是制约GPS技术向更高精度发展的主要误差源.为了减小静态观测环境下的多路径误差,基于多路径误差周期重复性的特点,提出了一种自适应噪声分析结合经验模态分解的方法处理原始数据,采用多项式拟合构建了函数模型,并利用该函数模型对相邻天的观测数据进行处理.实验结果表明,利用所提方法对观测数据进行处理,可有效减小多...     

星载DBF接收天线误差校正算法

 提出了一种改进的基于子空间的星载数字波束形成（DBF）接收天线的误差校正方法。根据阵列互耦效应主要取决于阵元间的几何距离这一特点,利用阵元空间排布的对称性简化了天线的互耦模型,将天线的互耦效应及射频(RF)通道失配统一为通道间的幅相不一致。通过在基带注入特定的阵内相位差降低了子空间算法的计算复杂度。在建立7单元正六边形平面阵仿真模型的基础上,分析不同信噪比(SNR)环境下校正算法的性能,经比较得出可以通过提高发射信号功率改善误差估计的精度,验证了算法的有效性。仿真分析结果表明该算法在卫星通信系统中有一定的工程应用价值。     

传感器位置误差条件下的约束总体最小二乘时差定位算法

 现代定位系统中,传感器往往被安放在运动平台上,其位置无法精确得知,存在估计误差,将严重影响对目标的定位精度。针对这一问题,提出基于约束总体最小二乘(CTLS)的到达时差(TDOA)定位算法。首先通过引入中间变量,将非线性TDOA定位方程转化为伪线性方程,再利用CTLS技术,全面考虑伪线性方程所有系数中的噪声。在此基础上推导了定位方程的目标函数,再根据牛顿迭代方法,进行数值迭代,快速得到精确解。采用一阶小噪声扰动分析方法,对该算法的理论性能进行了分析,证明了算法的无偏性和逼近克拉美-罗下限(CRLB)。仿真实验表明,该算法克服了现有总体最小二乘(TLS)算法不能达到CRLB、两步加权最小二乘(two-step WLS)算法在较高噪声时性能发散的缺陷,在较高噪声时定位精度仍然能达到CRLB。     

由飞行试验数据求取直升机气动导数的最佳方法研究

本文主要介绍利用频率法、卡尔曼滤波和最大似然法求取气动导数的方法。方法的特点是,通过频率法使旋翼高频成份的影响减至最小,同时求取试验数据的测量噪声和过程噪声,然后通过卡尔曼滤波使试验数据包含的随机噪声减小,最后使用最大似然法使试验数据包含的随机噪声进一步减小,并求取最终的气动导数。计算结果表明,该方法可使试验数据中包含的噪声减至最小,复合相关系数提高到0.95以上,特征根更接近真值,其准确度优于最小二乘法、频率法、卡尔曼滤波方法和最大似然法,它保留了使用低通滤波数据的卡尔曼滤波方法的优点,克服了原方法振荡模态频率偏低的缺点,适合于各种直升机的导数识别。     

相同发动机试验程序交叉校准的测量不确定度

为了比较发动机的测量方法和测量结果 ,在北约五个国家的八个试验设备上用AGARD/PEP的相同发动机试验程序 (UETP)对两台发动机进行了试验。报告中主要按Abernethy推荐的方法评定测量不确定度 ,总的测量不确定度可分解为随机误差和系统误差。试验结果表明随机误差较小 ,但参加交叉校准各设备之间存在着较大的系统误差。     

端基直线法测量直流增益和直流偏移的不确定度

介绍了用端基直线法评价线性测量系统直流增益和直流偏移指标时,测量结果的不确定度,包含了测量结果的不确定度分析和评价过程.讨论了影响评价结果不确定度的几个主要误差来源,包括信号源误差、被校系统测量误差、被校系统量化误差的影响等等,给出了端基直流增益和直流偏移测量结果的不确定度.在一个实际评价例子上,给出了直流增益和直流偏移指标不确定度分析和评价结果;不确定度验证表明了该过程的正确性和切实可行性.该过程及结论可应用在对于计量标准进行直流增益和直流偏移指标的不确定度分析上.     

基于伪距信息的COMPASS-MEO导航卫星单星定轨分析

COMPASS-MEO导航卫星的伪距观测量包含星站距离、接收机钟差和卫星钟差以及各种噪声。本文首先分析了接收机钟差和卫星钟差在一定间隔内主要表现为线性变化的特性,可以考虑将接收机和卫星钟差作为测距的偏差和偏差变化率和轨道一起进行求解。其次,利用实测的MEO导航单星伪距数据,进行了数据预处理和定轨试验,分别对站间无时间同步信息和有时间同步信息两种情况进行定轨、残差分析和参数解算。使用重叠弧段、轨道预报和激光观测数据验证定轨结果的精度。结果表明,两种情况下的定轨结果无明显差别。该定轨方法可以运用于MEO导航单星精密轨道的计算。     

Theory of LDV Tracking Systems

The application of frequency-tracking systems to the analysis of laser doppler velocimeter (LDV) signals degraded by background noise has been studied both theoretically and experimentally. Expressions are derived for both the correlation function and the expected value of the phase derivative in the general case of noise off center from the Doppler frequency, and these results are specialized to specific cases of practical interest. Laboratory measurements of output signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and dc error, for varying input SNR and noise center frequency offset, show good agreement with the theoretical predictions.     

Background noise suppression for signal enhancement by noveltyfiltering

The enhancement of weak signals in the presence of background and channel noise is necessary to design a robust automatic signal detection and recognition system. The autoassociative property of neural networks can be used to map the identifying characteristics of input source waveforms or their spectra. This paper is directed at the exploitation of such neural network properties for novelty filtering that improves the detection probability of weak signals by learning and subsequent subtraction of noise background from the input waveform. A neural-network-based preprocessor that learns to selectively filter out the background noise without significantly affecting the signal will be highly useful in solving practical signal enhancement problems. An analytical basis is established for the operation of neural-network-based novelty filters that enhance the signal detectability in the presence of noise background and channel noise     

Imperfect Carrier Recovery Effect on Filtered PSK Signals

Coherent demodulation of a PSK signal requires the generation of a local carrier phase reference. Methods are given to determine the detection loss caused by noisy phase recovery and its use in the coherent detection of filtered BPSK and QPSK signals. It is assumed that the phase noise can have a static part and a random component with a Tikhonov-type distribution. The static part is mostly due to offset frequency tracking of the PLL used to recover the carrier, while the random component is due to thermal noise present in the carrier recovery loop and is also due to the random nature of the phase modulation. It is shown that the probability of error of BPSK and QPSK can be expressed as a finite sum of a set of strictly alternating converging series when the number of ISI terms is finite. Upper and lower bounds on the probability of error have been derived when this number becomes infinite and we show how this error rate can be computed with any desired accuracy. Numerical results are presented for various values of static error and phase noise variance when the transmit and receive filters are 4-pole Butterworth filters. For filtered PSK signals and for a bit error rate of 10-6, our results show that the additional degradation in presentday receiver systems due to imperfect carrier recovery can be less than 0.1 dB for BPSK and less than 1 dB for QPSK.     

空间三轴激光陀螺高精度抖动剥除算法研究CSCD

激光陀螺的输出信号中包涵外界输入角速度、机械抖动角速度两部分信息,机械抖动角速度是一个叠加了一定噪声的标准正弦振动。针对空间三轴机抖激光陀螺仪,提出了一种高精度的新型正弦抖动信号滤除算法,通过自适应陷波器和有限冲击响应数字滤波器的组合,能极大地衰减激光陀螺仪零偏输出波形中的正弦分量,实现外界输入信号的高精度准确提取。实验结果表明,该抖动剥除算法效果显著,在保证快速响应外界输入的条件下能够实现高精度地提取角速度信号,可有效降低惯性系统的成本和复杂度,进而提高产品质量可靠性,具有很强的工程实用价值。