Multi-resolution Analysis of Density Fluctuation of Coherent Structures About Supersonic Flow over VG

The density field around a vortex generator (VG) in supersonic flow is studied with a nanoparticle-based planar laser scattering (NPLS) method. Based on the calibration, i.e., the density distribution of the supersonic flow around a wedge, the density field of a supersonic VG is measured. According to movement characteristics of coherent structure in VG’s flow fields and the basic concepts of wavelet, the density fluctuating signals and multi-resolution characteristics of density field images are studied. The multi-resolution characteristics of density fluctuation can be analyzed with wavelet transformation of NPLS images. The wavelet approximate coefficients of density fluctuating signals exhibit their characteristics at different scales, and the corresponding detail coefficients show the difference of diverse layer smooth approximation in some way. Based on 2D wavelet decomposition and reconstruction of density field images, the approximate and detail signals at different scales are studied, and the coherent structures at different scales are extracted and analyzed.     

大气密度模型用于近地卫星定轨预报的比较

大气阻力是低轨卫星主要的摄动力,与高层大气密度的变化密切相关。由于目前对高层大气密度变化的机制尚未完全掌握,所使用的各种大气密度模型多属于半经验公式。在这些模型中并没有一种在任何情况下都是最好的,因此,对于特定轨道选择合适的大气密度模型对提高定轨预报的精度是非常重要的。通过对资源2号卫星实测GPS数据的分析计算,比较了常用的8种大气密度模型的定轨预报精度,探讨了预报24h应采用的定轨数据长度和大气密度模型。     

Energy Detection of Unknown Deterministic Signals in the Presence of Jamming

Urkowitz [1]has discussed the detection of a deterministic signal of unknown structure in the presence of flat, band-limited, Gaussian noise of known power density. That analysis is extended here to the case where jamming or other conditions preclude knowledge of the noise power density. The chi-square statistic of Urkowitz is replaced with Fisher's variance-ratio statistic, using a separate set of noise samples to estimate the unknown noise power density. Curves are given to show the additional degradation of perform over that due to ignorance of the signal structure, caused by ignorance of the noise power density.     

Earth Footprints of Satellite Antennas

This paper develops the expressions for computing the footprint on Earth (i.e., power density contours) of a satellite antenna. The expression for determining the antenna pattern coordinate as a function of the Earth coordinates is derived. The antenna pattern operator which converts the pattern function into the available power density is obtained. In this case it is assumed that the Earth-based antenna is directed towards the satellite. The radar operator is also derived; this operator yields the power density intercepted by the Earth.     

模型烧蚀对尾迹电子特性影响的计算和实验研究

 基于气动物理研究的需要,针对高焓风洞的来流特点,采用计算和实验相结合的方法研究聚丙烯烧蚀对尾迹电子密度的影响。结果表明：计算结果可以有效模拟实验状态,电子密度的模拟精度有很大提高,误差在一个量级内;聚丙烯烧蚀可以降低尾迹的电子密度,但幅度不大,在2倍左右,其与选择模型材料的催化特性降低幅度相当;对电弧风洞的成功改进和非稀薄流静电探针诊断技术的应用,是尾迹电子密度测试的前提保障。     

能量密度对水工质激光推进性能的影响

当辐照激光能量密度不是很高时,在分析水工质激光推进基本物理过程的基础上,只考虑汽化过程对冲量形成过程的贡献,用一维理论模型研究了辐照激光能量密度对冲量耦合系数、比冲、能量转化效率等推进性能参数的影响规律。结果表明,随着辐照激光能量密度的增加,存在一个获得最大冲量耦合系数的最优能量密度;比冲随着能量密度的增加而变大;对于透射率一定的工质而言,随着能量密度增大,能量转化效率趋于一个恒定值。这一理论研究结果对下一步的实验研究工作具有较好的指导意义。     

基于阵元激励幅度分档的赋形波束方向图综合

提出了一种新型的基于幅度分档的赋形波束方向图综合算法。该算法共分为3步。首先,使用传统方向图综合方法如交替投影得到波束的无幅值限制的阵元激励;然后,使用概率密度理论对得到的阵元激励幅度进行处理得到量化的阵元激励幅度,最后,通过量化阵元激励幅度,使用半正定松弛（SDR）方法得到阵元激励的相位分布。上述步骤中,如何使用概率密度理论得到量化的阵元激励幅度是3步中较为重要的一步。将阵元激励幅度用概率密度变量进行替代,通过事先设定的阵元激励幅度档位个数,以及每个阵元激励幅度落在相应档位时取值的概率,可以得到含有概率密度变量的综合方向图表达式。最小化含有概率密度变量的综合方向图与理想方向图的功率之差即可得到量化的阵元激励幅度。使用概率密度理论得到量化阵元激励幅度的优势在于,可以根据任意形状的阵面和阵元栅格排布来划分幅度的档位区间,从而有着更广泛的适用性。在例证部分,通过多组算例的仿真,以及与一些对算法性能的分析,所提算法验证了其在综合效果上的优越性。     

The Output Pdf of a Polarity Coincidence Correlation Detector

A general expression is derived for the probability density function of the output of a cross correlator, the inputs of which are assumed to consist of clipped sine waves of similar frequency plus uncorrelated, stationary Gaussian noise. The correlator output is shown to be a piecewise linear function of the random phase difference between the two input processes; hence, the density function for the correlator output is obtained by a relatively simple transformationfrom the probability density function of the random phase difference.     

The optimal distribution of search effort: existence, uniquenessand the minimax solution

The detection search problem, one of distributing limited resources so as to maximize the detection probability in the single-try search for a concealed target with known probability density, is analyzed. Under fairly general assumptions, the optimal search density uniquely exists when the detection index is governed by the law of diminishing returns and another simple regularity condition. Numerical procedure based on the bisection method, which is guaranteed to converge if the solution uniquely exists, may be used to solve for the optimal search density and the associated Lagrange multiplier. When it is not possible to confidently estimate the target a priori probability density, the minimax solution guarantees a positive detection probability at the expense of degradation in performance     

溶胶共凝法制备准连续密度梯度SiO2气凝胶

针对气凝胶在航空航天领域的应用需求,为了进一步拓展单一密度气凝胶的应用范围,对密度梯度SiO2气胶的制备进行了研究.采用自建密度梯度制备成型装置,以正硅酸乙酯为有机硅源,经溶胶共凝工艺,结合CO2超临干燥技术,获得密度范围在60~160 mg/cm3的准连续密度梯度SiO2气凝胶.采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、X线相...     

微波干涉仪在火箭羽流电子密度测定中应用研究

为研究火箭羽流的等离子体对导弹隐身性能和制导能力的影响,利用微波干涉仪设计了一种基于微波法的电子密度测试系统。采用有效的噪声屏蔽硬件措施和消除噪声的数据处理方法,提高了电子密度测试的精度。准确测试出不同推进剂之间电子密度特征上的差异,其测试结果与理论预估相符。该测试系统的使用对高电子密度的推进剂配方改进及等离子发动机设计具有一定的指导意义。     

Measurement of Distributed Targets with the Random Signal Radar

A model of a distributed target as a collection of independent, Poisson distributed point scatterers or scattering centers in a range-velocity target space is introduced and is characterized by a deterministic function called the ?scatterer density function.? This function is the density of the point scatterers in the range-velocity space and can be estimated in a relatively straightforward manner by any radar having adequate resolution in both range and velocity and no ambiguities in the region occupied by the distributed target. The use of the random signal radar with a correlator receiver is considered here and the statistical properties of the correlator output, when the return signal is from a distributed target, are derived. It is shown that the spectral density is simply related to the scatterer density function. The technique is illustrated by an example in which the target is a tornado modeled as a cylinder with constant angular velocity. The example suggests that is a possible to remotely estimate the radar cross section per unit volume as a function of distance from the center of the tornado.     

Observations of Vertical Reflections from the Topside Martian Ionosphere

The Martian ionosphere has for the first time been probed by a low frequency topside radio wave sounder experiment (MARSIS) (Gurnett et al., 2005). The density profiles in the Martian ionosphere have for the first time been observed for solar zenith angles less than 48 degrees. The sounder spectrograms typically have a single trace of echoes, which are controlled by reflections from the ionosphere in the direction of nadir. With the local density at the spacecraft derived from the sounder measurements and using the lamination technique the spectrograms are inverted to electron density profiles. The measurements yield electron density profiles from the sub-solar region to past the terminator. The maximum density varies in time with the solar rotation period, indicating control of the densities by solar ionizing radiation. Electron density increases associated with solar flares were observed. The maximum electron density varies with solar zenith angle as predicted by theory. The altitude profile of electron densities between the maximum density and about 170m altitude is well approximated by a classic Chapman layer. The neutral scale height is close to 10 to 13 km. At altitudes above 180 km the densities deviate from and are larger than inferred by the Chapman layer. At altitudes above the exobase the density decrease was approximated by an exponential function with scale heights between 24 and 65 km. The densities in the top side ionosphere above the exobase tends to be larger than the densities extrapolated from the Chapman layer fitted to the measurements at lower altitudes, implying more efficient upward diffusion above the collision dominated photo equilibrium region.     

Neutral H Density at the Termination Shock: A Consolidation of Recent Results

We discuss a consolidation of determinations of the density of neutral interstellar H at the nose of the termination shock carried out with the use of various data sets, techniques, and modeling approaches. In particular, we focus on the determination of this density based on observations of H pickup ions on Ulysses during its aphelion passage through the ecliptic plane. We discuss in greater detail a novel method of determination of the density from these measurements and review the results from its application to actual data. The H density at TS derived from this analysis is equal to 0.087±0.022 cm^?3, and when all relevant determinations are taken into account, the consolidated density is obtained at 0.09±0.022 cm^?3. The density of H in CHISM based on literature values of filtration factor is then calculated at 0.16±0.04 cm^?3.     

基于磁致伸缩传感器的液体密度测量的研究

简要介绍了利用磁致伸缩传感器测量液体密度的原理以及测量系统的组成和应用。利用脉冲回波法测量了声速从而算出液体密度。验证了扭转波在液体中传播速度与液体密度的关系。     

高焓风洞中带翼钝锥体尾流电子密度的测量与分析

报道了在爆轰驱动高焓激波风洞中开展带尾翼钝锥体电子密度测试的相关研究工作进展。试验气流为4km/s,密度为0.001kg/m3。诊断尾翼对尾流的影响时,为不影响流场并获得足够的空间分辨率采用针状静电探针;实验结果给出带尾翼模型对尾流电子密度影响的定量结果及受影响的空间区域。     

Confinement characteristic of primary electrons with the variation of channel width in the discharge chamber of annular ion thruster

In this paper, the confinement characteristic of primary electrons in the non-axisymmetric discharge chamber of annular ion thruster is investigated by a three-dimensional (3D) non-self-consistent particle tracking model with Monte Carlo Collision (MCC) method. The results show that: The density of primary electrons upstream of ion optics on cathode axis is about 5–50 times higher than that of the other side, which means that the density of primary electrons is obviously non-axisymmetric. The channel width has a significant effect on the average density and uniformity of primary electrons. The average density can be increased by nearly 1.5 times under the appropriate channel width, meanwhile, the variance of density distribution can be reduced by more than 2 times. This is because that increasing the channel width can improve the average confinement length of primary electrons greatly. Furthermore, there is an infection point in the increase of primary electron average confinement length with the channel width, which caused by the significant change of magnetic field structure. Under the case after the inflection point, primary electron mainly (more than 50%) moves to the channel center, which makes the average confinement length of primary electrons and their number in the discharge chamber increase largely.     

月球风化层钻取采样过程密实度分类研究

钻取采样是月球风化层土壤样品获取的重要方式,密实度是重要的风化层月壤原位特性,对钻进过程中的策略制定有重要影响。本文结合钻取采样过程特点,提出了通过采样机构的力、速度、电流、温度等传感器获取的瞬时信息感知月壤密实度的方法,利用深度学习方法构建一类适应于可变长度序列数据的门控型循环神经网络,实现钻进过程月壤密实度在线分类。研究表明,该分类方法在风化层钻进过程中月壤密实度感知滞后时间约为33 s,对未知序列数据识别正确率大于89.36%,具有较高的分类精度和泛化能力。     

Noncoherent Detection of Sinusoidal Signals in Sinusoidal Clutter

Probability density expressions associated with the noncoherent detection of a sinusoidal signal have been obtained. The signal is assumed to be imbedded in sinusoidal clutter at the same frequency and narrow-band Gaussian noise. The density expressions are shown to be a function of the signal-to-noise power ratio and the clutter-to-noise power ratio. The expressions have been numerically evaluated for a number of conditions, and the results under each reception hypothesis are presented graphically. Under large-sample conditions, the probability density for a multisample test statistic is shown to be Gaussian, and the probability of detection expression is written such that commonly available tabulated data can be utilized to determine the probabilities.     

合成纹影技术在内波实验研究中的应用

纹影方法是重要的密度场可视化手段。文章重点介绍实验室研究中一种新型密度场测量方法—合成纹影技术,阐述了合成纹影技术的原理。利用光源、背景模板、实验水槽、图像采集设备搭建了合成纹影系统,将合成纹影技术应用于垂直振荡圆柱和往复潮流过地形生成内波两个实验,结果验证了合成纹影技术在内波实验中定量测量密度场的可行性和准确性,为合理使用合成纹影技术进行密度场可视化测量提供借鉴和参考。