A Digital Open-Loop Adaptive Processor

A new technique for adaptive processing applications, which is superior to the conventional Applebaum-Howells adaptive loop, is presented. The new technique is based on open-loop digital processing and does not have the limitations of the conventional closedloop analog processor. In contrast with the conventional adaptive loop, the open-loop processor has effectively infinite gain, is unconditionally stable, and does not depend on the power level of the auxiliary signal.     

Digital Control of High Performance Aircraft Using Adaptive Estimation Techniques

Since the early 1960's, a rapid advance in signal processing, including filtering and estimation techniques, has been evident. In contrast, applied feedback control, particularly for aircraft, is currently based on technology available prior to 1960, i. e., primarily either constant gain feedback or at most a standard gain-scheduling. In this paper, an adaptive signal processing algorithm is joined with gain-scheduling to produce an effective scheme for controlling the dynamics of high performance aircraft. A technique is presented for a reduced-order model (the longitudinal dynamics) of a high performance short-takeoff-and-landing (STOL) aircraft. The actual controller views the nonlinear behavior of the aircraft as being equivalent to a randomly switching sequence of linear models taken from a preliminary piecewise-linear fit of the system nonlinearities. The adaptive nature of the estimator is necessary to select the proper sequence of linear models along the flight trajectory. From the analysis of the reduced-order model the nonlinear behavior has been found to be well approximated by assuming an effective switching of the linear models at random times, the durations of which reflect the motion of the aircraft in response to pilot commands.     

Adaptive Resource Allocation in a Spatial Spectral Processor

A method for achieving an optimal allocation of fixed computational resources in a spatial/spectral filtering system is developed. Specifically, clock cycles per unit time for a given processor are to be optimally allocated. The system is a cascade of three subsystems: an adaptive beamformer, a bandpass filter, and a spectral whitener. Each subsystem has adjustable parameters which are related to required arithmetic operations. A gradient projection algorithm is used to find a best allocation according to specified criteria. Two simulation examples are presented to show how the algorithm operates and to indicate the kind of improvement that is possible in a system design.     

Array Processor Performance Under Directional Uncertainty

Detection performance of four candidate receiver structures for the signal known except for direction (SKED) array problem is investigated. Included are the Bayes optimal detector, two estimate and plug structures, and a fixed estimate structure. Estimators considered are the maximum likelihood (ML) and maximum a posteriori (MAP). Performance degradation from optimal for the estimate and plug structures considered is shown to be significantly more severe the larger the array size.     

某型发动机数控系统的相似参数自适应控制

针对航空发动机在全飞行包线非线性和时变的特点,提出了参数自适应PID控制器设计方法,研究了用最小二乘法和相似参数法两种参数估计器进行在线参数辨识和参数整定的问题。通过与发动机线性模型和部件级非线性模型的仿真,对两种控制算法进行了比较,确定了相似参数法自适应PID控制器具有稳定性好,计算简单,适用于全包线等优点。将相似参数法自适应PID控制器用于某型航空发动机全权限数控系统,通过试车和试飞,验证了该方法的优点。      

The Performance of an LMS Adaptive Array with Frequency Hopped Signals

The performance of an LMS adaptive array with a frequency hopped, spread spectrum desired signal and a CW interference signal is examined. It is shown that frequency hopping has several effects on an adaptive array. It causes the array to modulate both the amplitude and the phase of the received signal. Also, it causes the array output SINR (signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio) to vary with time and thus increases the bit error probability for the received signal. Typical curves of the desired signal modulation and the time-varying SINR at the array output are presented. It is shown how the array performance depends on hopping frequency, frequency jump size, interference frequency, signal arrival angles, and signal powers.     

自适应循环发动机不同工作模式稳态特性研究

针对自适应循环发动机(ACE)的一种布局形式,利用所建立的部件级性能仿真模型,对其多种工作模式下典型工作点的匹配机理及工作特性进行仿真和分析。研究结果表明,节流比TR选择对地面起飞推重比和高空高速性能均产生较大影响;可变Flade风扇的出现使得发动机从不加力向加力模式转变时可采用固定的喷口喉道面积;通过多个可调几何的协同调节,ACE发动机循环模式的选择具有更多的灵活性,总涵道比的变化幅度更大(0.28～1.43,地面起飞工作点);相同的推力水平下,与单涵模式相比,三涵模式的单位耗油率在亚声巡航工作点(H=11km,Ma=0.8)大约降低9.1%,在超声巡航工作点(H=11km,Ma=1.5)大约降低2.3%。     

1 种自适应循环发动机亚声速巡航节流性能研究

推进系统亚声速巡航的燃油经济性是决定战斗机作战半径的主要指标。在巡航过程中会因减少发动机推力带来进气道溢流量增加,使推进系统燃油经济性降低。自适应循环发动机如何利用自身变循环特征减小进气道溢流进而提高推进系统燃油经济性是解决这一问题的关键。研究了1种在亚声速巡航状态带可变风扇系统的自适应循环发动机,利用自身变循环特征,实现等流量降低推力的方法。通过对可变几何机构组合调节的研究,获取了等流量节流方案,并分析了发动机在这一过程中的性能和匹配情况。结果表明:这种带可变风扇系统的自适应循环发动机能够在一定推力范围内实现等流量节流,减少进气道溢流量,提升推进系统在亚声速巡航状态的燃油经济性。     

Optimal Array Processor Performance Trade-offs under Directional Uncertainty

Detection performance in terms of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is obtained for three specific problems involving either signal or noise source location uncertainty. The array processors are optimum in the sense that they form the likelihood ratio of the outputs of the individual array elements. Performance trade-offs due to signal uncertainty, signal and noise source location uncertainty, and array size are presented.     

Digital Radiometer Performance

This work investigates the performance of an all-digital, total-power radiometer (TPR), consisting of RF, mixer, and IF stages followed by an analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Square-law detection and smoothing is performed in a digital computer. A figure of merit, the degradation factor, is defined which compares the digital TPR with an ideal analog TPR. Exact results are obtained which include the effects of saturation, finite step size, and finite sampling rate of the ADC. A good approximation is developed which compares favorably with the exact results under certain conditions. The use of a general digital filter for smoothing is considered. A new parameter, the ?equivalent summation number?, is shown to be analogous to the equivalent integration time of an analog TPR.     

Design and Performance of an Adaptive Kalman Receiver for Synchronous Data Transmission

A class of multilevel linear-modulation data-transmission systems, over unknown, slowly time-varying, and bandlimited channels is considered. It is shown how sequence estimation in the presence of Gaussian noise and intersymbol interference can be carried out by means of a discrete Kalman estimator. Moreover, the receiver can be provided with data-aided adaptive loops for performing channel identification, carrier recovery, and timing extraction. A computational method is presented to evaluate the average probability of error of the overall system in the presence of inter-symbol interference, additive noise, and phase-and sampling-synchronization errors. The method is based upon nonclassical one-and two-dimensional quadrature rules, which are outlined in the Appendix. As an example, numerical performance results related to a phase-shift-keying (PSK) system are given. The results are obtained by means of general-purpose and system-oriented computers.     

Prediction of Adaptive Array Performance

A direct relationship between the conventional properties of an array and the array performance in an adaptive mode is given. Expressions are provided to obtain the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of an adaptive array in terms of its conventinal pattern and the locations of the desired signal and jammers. These expressions permit one to evaluate the performance of an adaptive array without an exhaustive search for all possible scenarios and parametric values to ascertain that the required performance levels be met. In fact, one can predict the jammer locations for which the array will provide its best and worst performance by observing the conventional pattern. Several examples are provided to demonstrate the relationship between the conventional pattern and the adaptive array performance. The examples include both linear and planar arrays.     

The Effect of Integrator Pole Position on the Performance of an Adaptive Array

The LMS adaptive array requires an integrator in each weight feedback control loop. In practice the integrator is often replaced by a low-pass filter, i.e., by a filter with a single pole at s = - ? (where s is complex frequency). The effect of this pole position on array performance is examined. It is shown that to obtain optimal performance from the array, ? must be less than k?2, where k is the loop gain and ?2 is the thermal noise power per element. When at exceeds k?2, the output signal-to-inter ference-plus-noise ratio from the array is degraded for intermediate values of interference power.     

Performance Analysis of a Dwell-Time Processor for Monopulse Beacon Radars

Performance of a monopulse air traffic control radar beacon system (ATCRBS) target data extractor is analyzed via an analytical approach. Results refer to a statistical analysis of the section of the receiver which associates replies sent by the desired aircraft during the antenna dwell-time. Some numerical results are reported which refer to the ATCRBS section to be devised in the discrete address beacon system (DABS).     

基于通用数字信号处理器的雷达坐标测量系统

介绍了由PC机主CPU与TMS320C32(以下简称C32)DSP构成的多目标雷达坐标测量系统，并将任务合理分配给PC机主CPU及C32负担，从而使PC机主CPU和C32在低价位下提供最佳性能。     

Analysis of a Signal Processor for an Antenna Array

A signal processor that provides ratio-squared predetection combining, has been investigated for application in an adaptive antenna array. The analysis and experimental data presented here pertain to the signal processing gain when the antenna array is illuminated by a coherent signal source and a partially coherent noise source. For a noise source which is coherent, the processing gain depends on relative strength of the signal and noise, relative directions of arrival, and the usual "array factor." The array exhibits capturing effects much as in an FM receiver. The effective antenna pattern is a superposition of two beams of different magnitudes, one directed to the signal source and the other to the noise source. When the noise is partially coherent, the behavior of the signal processor is quite complex. Analytical prediction and experimental simulation measurement on a four-channel system indicate that the partially coherent noise may be regarded as the source of an incoherent noise component plus a coherent noise component with the magnitude of the latter determined by the coherence coefficient for the noise source.     

Performance of a Modified Applebaum Adaptive Array

The performance of a modified Applebaum adaptive array is studied. The new array is obtained by removing the desired signal component from the output signal fed back to the correlator of an Applebaum type adaptive array. Various signal scenarios, including single desired signals or multiple simultaneous desired signals are examined. The new array is less sensitive to beam pointing errors and does not cause power inversion of desired signals. In the case of multiple simultaneous desired signals, the new array does not degrade the SNRs of strong desired signals.     

Upper Limits on the Performance of the Optimum Processor in Mismatched Environment

In most signal detection problems, information about the observations is not precisely known beforehand. The performance of the likelihood ratio processor (LRP), designed according to a preassumed observation vector parameter, is investigated when the actual processed observations have a vector parameter that differs from the preassumed design vector parameter. An upper limit on the performance of the LRP is obtained when the actual and design vector parameters are equal. The possible need for using adaptive processors is determined by this LRP performance investigation.     

Exact Angular Accuracy of an Amplitude Comparison Sequential-Lobing Processor

Assume E1 and E2 are the squares of two sequential envelopes from the sequential lobing of an antenna in a given plane. Independent thermal noise is generally present in the envelopes. The statistic e = (E2 ? E1)/(E2 + E1) has been used as an estimate of the angle to a target for the significant region of small angles compared to a beamwidth. For a nonfading target, the probability density and characteristic function of e are obtained in closed form. Thence, the exact bias, standard deviation, and rms error in estimating the noise-free value e of e are obtained for all e and signal-to-noise ratios. The same type of statistic as e can be used to estimate time delay in a split range gate tracker.     

一种考虑非线性余项的机载发动机自适应模型建立及其在寻优控制中的应用

为了解决传统的机载发动机分段稳态线化模型精度不足的问题,在发动机稳态线化模型中引入了模型各输出参数泰勒展开中的非线性余项,建立了考虑非线性余项的机载发动机稳态模型。为了估计真实发动机部件蜕化情况,建立了基于Kalman滤波的发动机部件性能蜕化估计模块。以考虑非线性余项的发动机稳态模型为核心,结合性能蜕化估计模块构建了机载发动机自适应模型。针对所建立的机载发动机自适应模型,进行了单部件及多部件蜕化参数估计以及最小油耗性能寻优控制模式的仿真。仿真结果表明,考虑非线性余项的机载发动机自适应模型误差在1%以内,且具有优化耗时少 ,建立模型样本数据需求量小的特点。