Robust space-time adaptive processing for airborne radar in nonhomogeneous clutter environments

Space-time adaptive processing (STAP) holds tremendous potential for the new generation airborne surveillance radar, in which the phased array antennas and pulse Doppler processing mode are adopted. A new STAP approach using the multiple-beam and multiple Doppler channels is presented here for airborne phased array radar. The approach with space-time multiple-beam (STMB) architecture is robust to array errors and has very low system degrees of freedom (DOFs). Hence, it has low sample support requirement and it is very suitable for the practical planar phased array radar under nonhomogeneous clutter environments. Meanwhile, a new nonhomogeneous detector (NHD) based on the correlation dimension (CD) is also proposed here, which is used as an effective method to screen tracing data prior to detection processing. It can further improve the performance of the STAP approach in the severely nonhomogeneous clutter environments. Therefore, a scheme that incorporates the correlation dimension nonhomogeneity detector (CD-NHD) with the STMB is recommended, which we term CD-NHD-STMB. The experimental simulation results indicate that: 1) the STMB processor is robust to array element error and has high performance under nonhomogeneous clutter environments; 2) the CD-NHD is also effective on the nonhomogeneous clutter. As a result, the CD-NHD-STMB scheme is robust to array element error and nonhomogeneous clutter, and therefore available for airborne phased array radar applications.     

Analysis of array errors and a short-time processor in airbornephased array radars

Array errors are inherent in a realistic phased array radar system. The influence of array errors on the clutter degrees of freedom and the clutter subspace in an airborne phased array radar is analyzed. Based on the presented theoretic results, a method of short-time processing followed by coherent integration is proposed for clutter suppression in airborne phased array radars. It can approximate the two-dimensional optimal processor well even in the presence of array errors, clutter fluctuations and aircraft drift, with a considerable saving in computations     

相控阵天线方向图仿真与分析

相控阵天线目前广泛应用于雷达中,促进了多目标、多任务雷达的发展。但随着电扫描角度的变化,其诸多指标也随之变化,对雷达的性能产生直接影响,因而对相控阵天线方向图进行实时定量分析具有重要意义。文章基于相控阵天线的基本原理,利用LabVIEW语言开发了相控阵天线方向图仿真软件。软件设置了相控阵天线各影响参数的输入控件,通过图形和数值2种方式进行仿真结果的显示,并以表格文件存储。通过不同条件下的仿真结果对比分析,软件可合理有效地对相控阵天线方向图进行实时定量的仿真分析,可应用于相控阵雷达的性能分析和评估中。     

MIMO radar: snake oil or good idea?

MIMO communication is theoretically superior to conventional communication under certain conditions, and MIMO communication also appears to be practical and cost-effective in the real world for some applications. It is natural to suppose that the same is true for MIMO radar, but the situation is not so clear. Researchers claim many advantages of MIMO radar relative to phased array radars (e.g., better detection performance, better angular resolution, better angular measurement accuracy, improved robustness against RFI, ECM, multipath, etc.). We will evaluate such assertions from a system engineering viewpoint. In particular, there are serious trade-offs of MIMO vs. phased array radars relative to cost, system complexity, and risk considering numerous real world effects that are not included in most theoretical analyses. Moreover, in many cases one can achieve essentially the same radar system improvement with phased array radars using simpler, less expensive, and less risky algorithms. We evaluate roughly a dozen asserted advantages of MIMO radar relative to phased arrays.     

相控阵雷达导引头波束稳定技术研究

 相控阵雷达导引头已成为新型空空导弹制导系统的首选,相控阵雷达导引头应用在空空导弹上需要首先解决导引头波束稳定的技术难题。本文基于波束指向在惯性空间不变性原理提出一种相控阵雷达导引头波束稳定算法,对影响相控阵雷达导引头隔离度性能的主要因素进行了仿真分析。仿真结果表明:该算法可以实现相控阵雷达导引头波束惯性空间指向稳定并且满足工程应用要求;通过减小速率陀螺数据周期和波束控制周期,及引入速率陀螺传输延时补偿算法可以提高导引头的隔离度性能。     

A Microwave Hologram Radar System

An airborne microwave hologram radar system has been developed which is a two-dimensional analog to optical holography. The field of view of the radar is directly below and to either side of the aircraft. Resolution is realized in the along-track direction by utilizing the synthetic aperture technique, and in the cross-track direction by means of a phased receiving array. The theory of operation is summarized, the demonstration system is described, and results for both the normal and contouring modes of operation are presented.     

基于天线安装的菱形翼无人机翼型优化设计

以菱形翼布局高空长航时(HALE)传感器无人机研究为背景,分析了翼型内部安装平面相控阵雷达天线的基本原理。通过推导雷达探测性能的估算方程,建立了在翼型中安装平面相控阵雷达天线的数学模型。采用数值模拟的方法,对典型雷诺数下的RAE2822翼型的气动特性进行了研究并与试验数据进行了对比,验证了使用有限体积法k-ωSST(Shear Stress Transport)湍流模型求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程在这一状态下的可靠性和适用性;同时对不同厚度的NACA 64A系列翼型的流场结构和流动机理进行了分析,在此基础上提出了一种满足平面相控阵雷达天线安装情况下翼型的优化设计思想。优化结果验证了这一设计思想的可行性。     

Active transmitting phased antenna arrays

The benefits of using transmitting phased array antennas for radar systems are examined. Accurate performance prediction for the transmitting phased array antennas requires theories describing both the antenna system and the power generation devices. These theories were created and applied to the design and performance evaluation of the Russian 3-D mobile solid-state surveillance radar 67N6E (GAMMA-DE), a PAA designed for long-range air defense.     

MIMO雷达射频隐身性能优化的目标跟踪算法

随着现代战场中电子对抗的日益激烈,雷达的生存环境受到了严重的威胁。射频（RF）隐身技术是一种提高雷达及其运载平台战场生存能力的重要途径。为提高雷达射频隐身性能,针对具有MIMO探测模式的新体制雷达提出了隐身性能优化的目标跟踪算法。该算法基于射频隐身性能优化模型,通过自适应控制系统的子阵划分个数、平均发射功率、波束驻留时间以及采样周期,在满足系统跟踪性能要求的前提下优化系统射频隐身性能,其中的射频隐身性能综合考虑了截获因子及采样周期。仿真结果表明,与传统相控阵雷达相比,本文所提出的目标跟踪算法使MIMO雷达具有更好的射频隐身性能。     

常规闭口风洞相阵列气动声学试验

传统气动声学研究观点认为,精确的声学测量要求风洞背景噪声和洞壁反射足够低,传声器测量结果有足够高的信噪比,这是大多数风洞无法达到的要求。近些年,基于声纳和雷达技术发展起来的麦克风相阵列技术可以通过增加阵列的传声器数目从而大幅提高声学测量的信噪比,具有噪声源研究和定位能力,并被成功地应用于非声学固壁风洞噪声源测量和噪声物理机制研究。作者基于相阵列波束生成频域算法研制出常规闭口风洞相阵列系统及相关技术,在FD-09风洞尝试进行了相阵列校准试验和某民机噪声测量试验。结果表明：相阵列技术能够准确捕捉到真实的校准声源,并从技术上验证了相阵列系统在常规闭口风洞测量气动噪声是有效的。     

Experimental phased array radar ELRA with extended flexibility

An update of a phased array radar project with the experimental system ELRA (electronic steerable radar) is given with respect to the extended and improved possibilities for performing measurements and evaluations for different types of radar operation. The variability of waveforms for solid-state transmitters is described. Flexible control of multifunction operation with various search and localization tasks is achieved with a network of microcomputers. Different means of signal processing are used for target detection and estimation. The active receiving array is divided into subarrays, and offers digital beamforming for pattern shaping and adaptive jammer suppression. Experimental results are presented     

Real-Time STAP demonstration on an embedded high performancecomputer

Real-time signal processing for a 16-channel phased array radar, including space-time adaptive processing (STAP) algorithms, has been implemented using a 29-node ruggedized version of an Intel Paragon. Techniques employed to efficiently implement each step of the signal processing are discussed. An overall throughput of 3.15 GFLOPS and processing efficiency of 48% has been achieved, indicating that embedded high performance computers can deliver a significant percentage of their advertised peak throughput under real system constraints     

有源对消隐身系统设计研究

针对有源对消隐身要求的系统延时短、反应速度快、信号参数测量和对消波幅相控制精度高的特点,设计了一个基于相控阵技术、数字射频存储器(DRFM)和现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)的有源对消系统。为了解决目标雷达散射截面计算量太大、不能有流水线延迟和难以实现实时计算等问题,采用离线计算的方法,预先建立目标的全向雷达散射截面(RCS)数据库、杂波数据库和噪声数据库,由FPGA根据测得的雷达信号参数在数据库中查找到相应的目标回波数据,实时调整对消波的幅度和相位,使对方的雷达接收机始终处于合成方向图的零点。最后通过仿真计算验证了该设计方案的有效性。     

ALGORITHMS FOR TRACKING MANEUVERING TARGET WITH PHASED ARRAY RADAR

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相控阵雷达多目标模拟器技术研究

提出了一种可动态检验相控阵雷达系统性能的多目标模拟器技术。介绍了多目标模拟器的工作原理、功能组成和系统模型，分析了模拟器应用于相控阵雷达性能和精度检查的可行性。     

Retention Probability in a Track-While-Scan Radar

The probability of maintaining the track file, after acquisition in a track-while-scan (TWS) radar, has been formulated and computed under various conditions of initial range, velocity, and track drop time. All calculations are based on a predetermined update probability versus range characteristic. Results, obtainable with a digital computer in just seconds of computing time, readily demonstrate the relative superiority of retention characteristics achievable for TWS radar with an electronically steerable array antenna.     

与空时二维自适应滤波兼容的单脉冲测角新方法

针对机载相控阵雷达系统提出了一种空时二维自适应单脉冲测角方法 ,当存在阵元和通道幅相误差时它仍具有较高的测角精度。还给出了一种稳健的自适应和、差波束增益归一化方法 ,并讨论了所提方法的简化兼容实现方案。最后给出了基于高保真雷达杂波模拟数据的仿真实验结果     

微动目标跟踪成像一体化的雷达资源优化调度算法

相控阵雷达可以同时担负搜索、跟踪、识别与成像等多种雷达任务。为了提高雷达对战场环境的感知能力并减轻雷达资源分配的冲突,提出一种微动目标跟踪成像一体化的雷达资源优化调度算法。该算法建立了包含微动目标成像任务的雷达优化调度模型并利用启发式算法求解,利用跟踪脉冲与调度剩余的空闲时间资源,动态地构造感知矩阵并采用正交匹配追踪（OMP）算法对微动目标进行特征提取并成像。仿真结果表明：该算法可以实现稀疏孔径条件下的微动目标成像,并具有良好的鲁棒性,同时进一步提高了雷达系统的资源利用率。     

Electronically steerable plasma mirror based radar-concept andcharacteristics

An alternative to using a phased array to steer a radar beam is to electronically control the orientation of an inertialess broadband microwave reflector. Recent experiments have demonstrated that a planar plasma mirror immersed in a magnetic field can be formed with electron densities high enough to reflect X-band microwave beams. A plasma mirror performs like a metal mirror, but it is inertialess. Compared to high performance phased array systems, a plasma mirror based radar system is much simpler and is therefore more affordable. Electronic steering of microwave beams using a plasma mirror permits the use of wide instantaneous bandwidth waveforms. Potential areas of application for a plasma mirror based antenna system include ship self-defense, high-resolution radar imaging, target identification, electronic countermeasures, high data rate communications, spread spectrum links and remote sensing. As a reflector, the plasma mirror exhibits extremely low loss and the reflectivity is very nearly 100%. Since a perfectly reflecting object cannot radiate, the noise temperature contribution of the plasma mirror to the antenna temperature is likely to be small. The plasma sheet can be steered in elevation by tilting the magnetic field, and steering in azimuth may be accomplished by designating cathode initiation sites. Switching times between successive mirror orientations may be less than 20 μs     

机载预警雷达技术发展探析

分析了世界各国预警雷达发展概况,分别对一至四代预警雷达的功能等进行了研究;论述了新一代预警雷达的工作原理、雷达组成、功能、工作过程和技术特点;指出了机载预警雷达未来发展的关键技术,包括有源相控阵雷达技术、数字阵列雷达技术、共形相控阵技术,双/多频段雷达技术及先进的信号处理技术等。