低能量状态对飞行安全的危害及改出方法

对民机在进近着陆阶段可能诱发飞行事故的低能量状态和驾驶员的改出操纵方法进行了研究。根据近年的民机事故分析报告,结合运输类飞机适航标准CCAR-25-R4、飞行试验指南AC25-7C、军用规范及相关行业标准,较系统地提出了涉及着陆拉平、侧风着陆和可控撞地的低能量状态的定量判定准则。以某型支线客机为例,采用数字仿真计算的方法,分别研究了在进近着陆过程中低动能和低势能状态可能导致的飞行安全问题及其特点。针对低动能改出提出了增加速度并抑制爬升的方法,针对低势能改出提出了增大俯仰姿态并保持速度的方法,最后通过仿真计算验证了两种改出方法的有效性。研究结果可为低能量告警系统的设计和驾驶员的改出操纵培训等提供理论参考。     

Flight dynamics characteristics of canard rotor/wing aircraft in helicopter flight mode

The aerodynamic layout of the Canard Rotor/Wing(CRW) aircraft in helicopter flight mode differs significantly from that of conventional helicopters. In order to study the flight dynamics characteristics of CRW aircraft in helicopter mode, first, the aerodynamic model of the main rotor system is established based on the blade element theory and wind tunnel test results. The aerodynamic forces and moments of the canard wing, horizontal tail, vertical tail and fuselage are obtained via theoretical analysis and empirical formula. The flight dynamics model of the CRW aircraft in helicopter mode is developed and validated by flight test data. Next, a method of model trimming using an optimization algorithm is proposed. The flight dynamics characteristics of the CRW are investigated by the method of linearized small perturbations via Simulink. The trim results are consistent with the conventional helicopter characteristics, and the results show that with increasing forward flight speed, the canard wing and horizontal tail can provide considerable lift,which reflects the unique characteristics of the CRW aircraft. Finally, mode analysis is implemented for the linearized CRW in helicopter mode. The results demonstrate that the stability of majority modes increases with increasing flight speed. However, one mode that diverges monotonously,and the reason is that the CRW helicopter mode has a large vertical tail compared to the conventional helicopter. The results of the dynamic analysis provide optimization guidance and reference for the overall design of the CRW aircraft in helicopter mode, and the model developed can be used for control system design.     

Intelligent modeling and identification of aircraft nonlinear flight

In this paper, a new approach has been proposed to identify and model the dynamics of a highly maneuverable fighter aircraft through artificial neural networks（ANNs）. In general, aircraft flight dynamics is considered as a nonlinear and coupled system whose modeling through ANNs, unlike classical approaches, does not require any aerodynamic or propulsion information and a few flight test data seem sufficient. In this study, for identification and modeling of the aircraft dynamics, two known structures of internal and external recurrent neural networks（RNNs） and a proposed structure called hybrid combined recurrent neural network have been used and compared.In order to improve the training process, an appropriate evolutionary method has been applied to simultaneously train and optimize the parameters of ANNs. In this research, it has been shown that six ANNs each with three inputs and one output, trained by flight test data, can model the dynamic behavior of the highly maneuverable aircraft with acceptable accuracy and without any priori knowledge about the system.     

飞机积冰后若干飞行力学问题综述

回顾飞机积冰后若干飞行力学问题研究的历史与现状,着重介绍了积冰飞机气动数据的获取途径、积冰飞机飞行力学建模与飞行仿真、积冰对飞机稳定性和操纵性的影响以及积冰对飞机飞行性能的影响.在已有飞机积冰后飞行力学问题研究的基础上,提出了飞机积冰后飞行力学问题研究领域需要解决和关注的若干问题,包括通过数值模拟方法获取积冰飞机的气动数据、完善积冰对飞机气动导数影响的计算模型以及加强平尾失速方面的研究.今后需要进一步对模拟冰风洞、数值模拟方法和平尾失速进行研究,并获取更多实验数据.     

Augmented flight dynamics model for pilot workload evaluation in tilt-rotor aircraft optimal landing procedure after one engine failure

An augmented flight dynamics model is developed to extend the existing flight dynamics model of tilt-rotor aircraft for optimal landing procedure analysis in the event of one engine failure.Compared with the existing flight dynamics model, the augmented model involves with more pilot control information in cockpit and is validated against the flight test data. Based on the augmented flight dynamics model, the optimal landing procedure of XV-15 tilt-rotor aircraft after one engine failure is formulated into a Nonlinear Optimal Control Problem(NOCP), solved by collocation and numerical optimization method. The time histories of pilot controls in cockpit during the optimal landing procedure are obtained for the evaluation of pilot workload. An evaluation method which can synthetically quantify the pilot workload in time and frequency domains is proposed with metrics of aggressiveness and cutoff frequencies of pilot controls. The scale of the pilot workload is compared with those of the shipboard landing procedures, bob-up/bob-down and dash/quickstop maneuvers of UH-60 helicopter. The results show that the aggressiveness of pilot collective and longitudinal controls for the tilt-rotor aircraft optimal landing procedure after one engine failure are higher than those for UH-60 helicopter shipboard landing procedures up to the condition of sea state 4, while the pilot cutoff frequency of collective control is lower than that of the bob-up/bob-down maneuver but the pilot cutoff frequency of longitudinal control is higher than that of the dash/quick-stop maneuver. The evaluated pilot workload level is between Cooper–Harper HQR Level 2 and Level 3.     

基于主动流动控制技术的无舵面飞翼布局飞行器姿态控制

飞翼布局飞行器因其升阻比高、隐身性能好等诸多优势得到越来越广泛的应用，但是操纵舵面偏转会增加飞行器的雷达散射截面积。提出了采用射流环量控制和反向射流两种主动流动控制技术实现飞行器的无舵面飞行姿态控制。利用风洞测力试验对射流环量控制和反向射流的"舵效"进行了分析，结果表明环量控制技术能产生规律变化且可控的滚转和俯仰力矩、反向射流产生的偏航力矩随控制信号规律变化。飞行试验记录了飞行器姿态随射流激励器控制信号的变化规律，飞行数据表明俯仰环量控制激励器能有效地控制无人机的俯仰运动；无人机的横航向操纵存在耦合，但滚转环量控制激励器和反向射流能控制无人机的滚转和偏航运动。     

飞机对称着陆多体动力学建模与实测验证

基于牛顿-欧拉多体动力学建模方法,建立了三体九自由度飞机对称着陆动力学模型.以某型双腔缓冲器起落架飞机为例,通过飞行实测不同状态下的起落架着陆动态载荷,仿真计算相应的着陆重量、着陆下沉速度及着陆姿态下的着陆动态载荷.验证分析结果表明,所建飞机对称着陆多体动力模型是有效的.     

On the stability of flexible aircraft

The problem of aircraft stability has been a subject of concern since the beginnings of flight. Traditionally, aircraft stability has been treated within the confines of two separate disciplines, namely, flight dynamics and aeroelasticity. Based on some recent developments in the dynamics and control of flexible aircraft, this investigation uses the system concept to provide a broader approach to aircraft stability in an attempt to bridge the gap between stability as understood in flight dynamics and stability as envisioned in aeroelasticity. To this end, stability is studied in the following four cases: 1) dynamics of whole flexible aircraft using the unified formulation, 2) flight dynamics of quasi-rigid aircraft (aircraft treated as rigid), 3) aeroelasticity of flexible components, such as cantilever wing, cantilever horizontal stabilizer, etc., and 4) aeroelasticity of restrained flexible aircraft (aircraft fixed to a point, hence, having no rigid body degrees of freedom). The paper also presents a method to address the stability of flexible aircraft when the compressibility correction factor is known only at some discrete Mach numbers.     

民机试飞测试数据处理分析软件设计开发

测试数据是民机试飞过程中的最终产物,是反映飞机系统状态、表明适航符合性的重要依据。随着大量先进航空总线在民机上的应用,测试数据的体量越发庞大、类型也更为复杂,为测试数据的处理和分析带来了巨大的挑战。对民机试飞测试数据的类型、存储特点和常用分析方法进行了研究,深入分析了试飞测试数据的处理和分析需求,立足于WPF(windows presentation foundation)平台,采用MVVM(Model-View-ViewModel)设计模式,使用了内存管理、DataBinding事件模型、反射等关键技术,集成了SciChart、时序数据库等组件,设计开发了民机试飞测试数据处理分析软件。软件实现了试飞测试数据的快速处理、分析及可视化,可完成多个数据文件的同时加载、进行1 Hz～16 kHz不同采样率下数据分析结果的可视化展示,经实际应用,满足了某国产大型客机的试飞需求。     

基于过失速机动动力学的控制方法

为设计过失速大机动飞行控制律，按飞行的逆稳态模型考虑非线性因素的影响，同时对于陀螺、 惯性耦合效应及重力影响进行补偿，并直接根据飞行品质要求按隐式模型跟踪法设计反馈控制器。初步设计实例证明，这种方法适用于过失速机动动力学特点，能够获得发挥飞机操纵潜能、较好地控制飞机实现过失速机动、具有满意飞行品质的控制解，并且控制结构易于工程实现。算例还表明，即使不加装先进的过失速操纵装置，通过对飞行控制律的改进可以进一步发挥飞机本身的气动潜力，使之在一定的过失速迎角不正常工作。