Analysis of the Accuracy of Ballistic Descent from a Circular Circumterrestrial Orbit

The problem of the transportation of the results of experiments and observations to Earth every so often appears in space research. Its simplest and low-cost solution is the employment of a small ballistic reentry spacecraft. Such a spacecraft has no system of control of the descent trajectory in the atmosphere. This can result in a large spread of landing points, which make it difficult to search for the spacecraft and very often a safe landing. In this work, a choice of a compromise scheme of the flight is considered, which includes the optimum braking maneuver, adequate conditions of the entry into the atmosphere with limited heating and overload, and also the possibility of landing within the limits of a circle with a radius of 12.5 km. The following disturbing factors were taken into account in the analysis of the accuracy of landing: the errors of the braking impulse execution, the variations of the atmosphere density and the wind, the error of the specification of the ballistic coefficient of the reentry spacecraft, and a displacement of its center of mass from the symmetry axis. It is demonstrated that the optimum maneuver assures the maximum absolute value of the reentry angle and the insensitivity of the trajectory of descent with respect to small errors of orientation of the braking engine in the plane of the orbit. It is also demonstrated that the possible error of the landing point due to the error of specification of the ballistic coefficient does not depend (in the linear approximation) upon its value and depends only upon the reentry angle and the accuracy of specification of this coefficient. A guided parachute with an aerodynamic efficiency of about two should be used at the last leg of the reentry trajectory. This will allow one to land in a prescribed range and to produce adequate conditions for the interception of the reentry spacecraft by a helicopter in order to prevent a rough landing.     

汽车制动系统关键技术研究

本文对盘式汽车制动时的受力进行了分析，建立了汽车制动的受力模型、对汽车的制动力分配情况进行了分析，给出了汽车的制动器制动效能因数和制动力距的计算方法；然后对汽车制动系统的评价指标进行了总结，最后利用软件编写程序得到汽车的同步附着系数，这些为汽车制动的研究奠定了基础。     

C/SiC刹车材料的摩擦磨损性能

通过化学气相渗透结合反应熔体浸渗法制备了三维针刺C/SiC刹车材料,利用光学显微镜、SEM和XRD研究了材料的组织结构,并通过电模拟惯性试验台测试了全尺寸C/SiC飞机刹车盘的摩擦磨损性能。结果表明,C/SiC刹车材料由35%~65%C,25%~55%SiC和约10%Si组成,SiC和Si主要分布在短纤维胎网层。在刹车压力相同时,随着初始刹车速度的增大,材料的平均摩擦系数先增大后减小,当初始刹车速度为150 km/h时,摩擦系数达最大值;当初始刹车速度相同时,摩擦系数随着刹车压力的增大而减小;材料平均磨损率约为1.0×10-3mm/(side.time)。在飞机正常着陆条件下,材料的刹车力矩与刹车速度间的关系与飞机防滑刹车系统的着陆响应相匹配,使得该材料具有较高的刹车效率。     

轨道轰炸飞行器过渡段轨道设计与制导

针对轨道轰炸飞行器(OBV)的过渡段轨道设计与制导技术进行了讨论.在初始点位置、再入点位置和再入角固定的前提下,根据冲量假设和二体理论设计了固定时间转移轨道,其实质在于制动点位置和制动速度的确定.为了消除设计偏差,提出了一种基于虚拟再入点补偿的有限推力制导方案,并简要分析了关机点参数的选取原则.对于耗尽关机的动力系统,通过运用能量管理技术实现了多余燃料的耗散.仿真结果验证了上述方法的有效性.     

Analysis of the dynamics of the deployed aerodynamic space tether system

An analysis of the motion of a deployed space system that consists of two end bodies connected by a tether has been considered. One of the bodies has a relatively large ballistic coefficient that ensures aerodynamic braking or the stabilization of the motion of the entire system in relatively low near-Earth orbits. The deployment of this system mainly occurs due to the action of aerodynamic forces. Several ways of deploying the system have been analyzed, including (1) the uncontrolled release of the tether with hardly any braking; (2) deployment with constant braking force; (3) the dynamic control law without feedback, when the resistance force varies according to a set program; (4) a kinematic control law with feedback when programs are set for varying the velocity and length of the tether release. To analyze the dynamics of the system, a mathematical model of motion has been constructed in which the motion of the end bodies relative to their centers of mass is taken into account.     

Aeroshell design techniques for aerocapture entry vehicles

A major goal of NASA's In-Space Propulsion Program is to shorten trip times for scientific planetary missions. To meet this challenge arrival speeds will increase, requiring significant braking for orbit insertion, and thus increased deceleration propellant mass that may exceed launch lift capabilities. A technology called aerocapture has been developed to expand the mission potential of exploratory probes destined for planets with suitable atmospheres. Aerocapture inserts a probe into planetary orbit via a single pass through the atmosphere using the probe's aeroshell drag to reduce velocity. The benefit of an aerocapture maneuver is a large reduction in propellant mass that may result in smaller, less costly missions and reduced mission cruise times. The methodology used to design rigid aerocapture aeroshells will be presented with an emphasis on a new systems tool under development. Current methods for fast, efficient evaluations of structural systems for exploratory vehicles to planets and moons within our solar system have been under development within NASA having limited success. Many systems tools that have been attempted applied structural mass estimation techniques based on historical data and curve fitting techniques that are difficult and cumbersome to apply to new vehicle concepts and missions. The resulting vehicle aeroshell mass may be incorrectly estimated or have high margins included to account for uncertainty. This new tool will reduce the guesswork previously found in conceptual aeroshell mass estimations.     

Aeroshell design techniques for aerocapture entry vehicles

A major goal of NASA's In-Space Propulsion Program is to shorten trip times for scientific planetary missions. To meet this challenge arrival speeds will increase, requiring significant braking for orbit insertion, and thus increased deceleration propellant mass that may exceed launch lift capabilities. A technology called aerocapture has been developed to expand the mission potential of exploratory probes destined for planets with suitable atmospheres. Aerocapture inserts a probe into planetary orbit via a single pass through the atmosphere using the probe's aeroshell drag to reduce velocity. The benefit of an aerocapture maneuver is a large reduction in propellant mass that may result in smaller, less costly missions and reduced mission cruise times. The methodology used to design rigid aerocapture aeroshells will be presented with an emphasis on a new systems tool under development. Current methods for fast, efficient evaluations of structural systems for exploratory vehicles to planets and moons within our solar system have been under development within NASA having limited success. Many systems tools that have been attempted applied structural mass estimation techniques based on historical data and curve fitting techniques that are difficult and cumbersome to apply to new vehicle concepts and missions. The resulting vehicle aeroshell mass may be incorrectly estimated or have high margins included to account for uncertainty. This new tool will reduce the guesswork previously found in conceptual aeroshell mass estimations.     

Calculation of the Direction of the Braking Impulse to Bring a Returnable Stage into the Desired Region

Cosmic Research - The problem of calculating the direction of the braking impulse to bring the reusable returnable first stage of a launch vehicle into the desired landing region is considered. A...     

可复用小型月表着陆器设计优化及仿真分析

针对传统着陆器缓冲装置无法复用的不足,提出了一种可重复使用的小型着陆器,通过各关节上的摩擦制动装置吸收着陆冲击能量,由电机及扭簧组件实现再次起飞后着陆腿的姿态恢复,可满足多点飞跃探测的月表探测任务。完成了一维落震中单套着陆腿在竖直方向上的缓冲吸能动力学分析;基于径向基(RBF)代理模型,面向三种典型着陆工况,采用多目标协同优化方法,对单套着陆腿各关节制动扭矩进行了优化,优化后的缓冲吸能关节可有效降低着陆器在落震过程中的加速度峰值。最后进行了整机多工况落震仿真分析,结果表明,各着陆响应均满足设计要求,也可保证良好的着陆过程稳定性,可为中国后续开展星表单次任务多点位探测提供一种可行的解决方案。     

组合体与飞船联合轨道维持

通过组合体与飞船联合轨道维持解决了组合体和飞船轨道多特征参数的控制问题。建立了升交点经度、轨道高度和偏心率的控制方程以及基于时间关联特性的升交点赤经和制动点高度耦合控制方程和偏心率保持的双冲量耦合控制方程。结合组合体与飞船的飞行特点,制定了组合体轨道维持实现升交点赤经和轨道偏心率以及飞船轨道维持实现制动点高度的联合控制策略。耦合控制方程使得组合体和飞船轨道维持的控制量分配合理,融合了各次控制之间存在的耦合影响,设计了联合轨道维持策略迭代计算流程。基于神舟九号交会对接飞行过程,通过多组仿真算例校验了组合体与飞船轨道多特征参数的联合优化控制,具有较好的工程应用价值。     

Characteristics of Near-Polar Atmosphere/Thermosphere of Mars at Altitudes of 125–145 km: The Data of a Radio Occultation Experiment onboard the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mars Global Surveyor</Emphasis> Spacecraft

Using data from a radio occultation experiment onboard the Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft, altitude variations of the scale height of the neutral atmosphere in the northern and southern hemispheres of Mars are analyzed. The averaged altitude gradient of temperature for neutrals in the thermosphere is estimated. The revealed variations of the scale height of the neutral atmosphere at zenith angles of less than 82° indicate that the near polar atmosphere is not isothermal at altitudes of 125–145 km, which experimentally confirms predictions of models of the Martian atmosphere. It is shown that when one approaches the terminator the near polar atmosphere is cooled and the effects of variation of the solar zenith angle modulate the local time effects in both hemispheres.     

空间交会对接的双脉冲最优控制

本文首先利用交会对接的固有动力学特性，施加第一脉冲推力使追踪器自动到达目标器位置；第二脉冲推力使两个飞行器相对速度降为零。本文根据双脉冲控制原理寻找燃料消耗最省的交会对接时间。最后通过大量数学仿真，比较各种初始条件下的交会对接动力学特性和燃料消耗。     

月球探测器软着陆最优末制导策略

在制动火箭推力幅值满足连续可变的前提下,研究了月球探测器软着陆末端的垂直下落过程中的控制问题。基于线性系统跟踪控制理论,利用线性系统中的模型参考跟踪控制的方法设计了一种对指定轨迹进行跟踪的制动方案。同时为了满足耗燃最优性和安全性,根据最优化理论,对控制律中的参数进行优化,最终确定系统的控制律。仿真结果表明该设计方法是简单、有效的。     

载人飞船的一种混合再入制导方法

提出了载人飞船的一种混合再入制导方法，即在制动段结束后的过渡段，利用落点预报及其制导规律在轨生成一条基准再入弹道，在再入段利用基准弹道制导规律实现再入升力控制的一种方法。该方法融合了落点预报制导方法和基准弹道制导方法的长处。相对基准弹道制导方法，该方法可对付较大的初始误差，达到较高的精度；相对落点预报制导方法，在再入段减少了计算量。数学仿真结果验证本方法是有效的。     

On a lunar space elevator

We consider a space elevator system for lunar surface access that consists of a space station in circumlunar orbit, a cable reaching down to some meters above the surface and a magnetically levitated vehicle driven by a linear motor. It accelerates the load to be lifted to the speed of the cable end. Loads to be delivered are either put on the vehicle and slowed down by it or they are slowed down by a sand braking technique in a mare terrain. It is technically possible to operate this transport system nearly without fuel supply from Earth. We calculate various steel cable dimensions for a static stress maximum of $\text{1}\text{5}\text{th}$ of the tensile strength. The process of takeover is considered in detail. Five ways of eliminating the adverse large cable elongation due to the load are described. The touchdown process and behaviour of the cable after disconnection are analysed. The positive difference between the speed of the load at takeover and cable end can excite a large inplane swing motion. We propose to damp it by a dissipative pulley that hangs in a loop of wire leading to the ends of two beams mounted on the space station tangentially to the orbit, the pulley's core being connected with the load. Roll librations are damped by energy losses in the elastic beams; damping can be reinforced by viscous beam elements and/or controlled out-of-plane motions of the beams. We argue in favour of the possibility of fast deployment. The problems of vehicle vibrations and agglutination at sand braking blades are underlined and their combined experimental investigation is suggested.     

高层大气及其预报研究对航天飞行的重要性

简述控制高层大气的主要能源和描绘了高层大气的主要天气变化过程,并且阐明高层大气及其预报研究的量要性和给出高层大气对航天飞行有严重影响的几个实例,最后简介高层大气及其预报研究的新动向。     

等分压常压累积检漏技术

通过对常用的大气压累积法氦质谱检漏过程的理论分析，指出了该方法可能的系统误差。分析认为：对于表面材料粘附几率较小的被检件，可以采用常用的大气压累积检漏方法进行总漏率的测量，而对于表面材料粘附几率较大的被检件（ 如表面存在大量的有机材料等） ，如采用常用的大气压累积检漏方法进行总漏率的测量必将带来较大的系统误差。最后，提出了消除该系统误差的等分压常压累积检漏技术，并与常用的常压累积法检漏技术进行了比较。     

火星大气来流模拟装置CFD仿真与试验

根据我国火星着陆巡视器工作过程,其着陆发动机需要在相对火星大气高速迎风运动中可靠点火。由于巡视器着陆时发动机喷管出口气流与火星稀薄气流方向相反,目前无法通过理论计算准确获得着陆过程的动态流场对发动机起动过程的影响量值。为验证火星着陆环境下发动机点火的适应性,需要建立发动机的火星大气来流试验环境模拟条件。为模拟发动机在火星大气条件下的相对运动,在真空舱内发动机保持固定,前端设置环形来流形成装置,该装置在发动机喷管周围形成一定速度的逆向来流包络。采用数值模拟技术结合试验验证方法,在火星着陆器巡视器主发动机性能考核试验中,针对来流的形成装置开展了设计研究工作。来流模拟试验测试数据表明:在确保贮箱供应压力稳定的条件下,来流模拟系统能够形成100~200 m/s速度的稳定来流,发动机在来流下能稳定启动工作,真空舱压力满足试验要求。     

Rainbows, polarization, and the search for habitable planets

Current proposals for the characterization of extrasolar terrestrial planets rest primarily on the use of spectroscopic techniques. While spectroscopy is effective in detecting the gaseous components of a planet's atmosphere, it provides no way of detecting the presence of liquid water, the defining characteristic of a habitable planet. In this paper, I investigate the potential of an alternative technique for characterizing the atmosphere of a planet using polarization. By looking for a polarization peak at the "primary rainbow" scattering angle, it is possible to detect the presence of liquid droplets in a planet's atmosphere and constrain the nature of the liquid through its refractive index. Single scattering calculations are presented to show that a well-defined rainbow scattering peak is present over the full range of likely cloud droplet sizes and clearly distinguishes the presence of liquid droplets from solid particles such as ice or dust. Rainbow scattering has been used in the past to determine the nature of the cloud droplets in the Venus atmosphere and by the POLarization and Directionality of Earth Reflectances (POLDER) instrument to distinguish between liquid and ice clouds in the Earth atmosphere. While the presence of liquid water clouds does not guarantee the presence of water at the surface, this technique could complement spectroscopic techniques for characterizing the atmospheres of potential habitable planets. The disk-integrated rainbow peak for Earth is estimated to be at a degree of polarization of 12.7% or 15.5% for two different cloud cover scenarios. The observation of this rainbow peak is shown to be feasible with the proposed Terrestrial Planet Finder Coronograph mission in similar total integration times to those required for spectroscopic characterization.