Optimum Transponder Design for Pseudonoise-Coded Ranging Systems, Weak Signals

Optimization of the bandwidth of a turnaround transponder is carried out for weak signals at the transponder receiver. Optimum transponder bandwidth is found to be around 0.77-1, where T is the period of one element of the ranging code. Linear transponders are compared with transponders having baseband limiting. Phase modulation is assumed. It is shown that, for weak signals, linear transponders are preferable for a partitioning of the transponder transmitted power giving (carrier power)/(total power) > 0.43, while baseband limiters are preferred for (carrier power)/(total power) < 0.43.     

Optimum Signals for Radar

The research reported herein deals with the general problem of the selection of radar waveforms. The investigation is specifically concerned with the synthesis of radar signals which are optimum in the sense that they are characterized by ambiguity surfaces minimized over certain predetermined regions of the ambiguity plane. The weighted ambiguity surface is utilized as the weighted error criterion. This error criterion is mathematically tractable and pertinent to radar system performance but is not unduly restrictive as some orientation parameters are left unspecified for subsequent cost or penalty function analysis. The signal optimization is approached by variational techniques augmented by equality and inequality constraints, for example, limiting the amount of bandwidth or frequency modulation to be less than some system requirement. Several examples are presented demonstrating the optimization techniques and providing a minimum error for the stated problem. It is shown that for any given type of amplitude modulation of the radar signal, the variance or dispersion of the ambiguity surface is not decreased for any type of phase modulation added. The optimum signal for an elliptical weighting function is derived for several cases. The minimum error is shown to depend upon the constraints and the unspecified orientation parameters and, for one case, on the second moment of the signal.     

Sensitivity Study and Optimization of Predictive Systems for Transmission of Video Signals

A method is proposed to optimize the prediction coefficient of a first order predictor. The optimization is with respect to the sensitivity of variations in statistics of the video signal. Given the characteristics of human vision, it has been shown that the DPCM is not worse than the PCM with respect to the sensitivity to variations in the input video signal statistics, but is even better than the PCM. Also, the following point is made clear. If an encoding system is designed with a = as (?Mo) providing the satisfactory quality for the picture with ? = ?Mo, this system will yield picture of better or equal quality as for ? = ?Mo for any other picture.     

High-Resolution Imaging of Tropospheric Radio Scatterers

A two-dimensional matched filter technique is described for processing ing the signal from a pulsed coherent troposcatter link to obtain high crosspath resolution "maps" showing the relative positions of individual scatterers. For a typical tropolink (station displacement 200 km; midpath beam halfwidth 2 km; wavelength 0.3 meters) crosspath resolution is about 4.5 meters under perfect conditions. Vertical resolution is inversely proportional to scatterer height, but even for wide bandwidth signals is never better than hundreds of meters. Slight velocity mismatches between the signal and filter degrade crosspath resolution considerably so that the scatterers' velocity must be known accurately a priori. Crosspath resolution is relatively insensitive to mismatch in signal and filter record lengths. Random fluctuations of the velocity of a scatterer seriously degrade crosspath resolution. For the typical tropolink parameters and with a 10 m/s scatterer crosspath velocity and a 0.2 m/s standard deviation ion fluctuation the crosspath resolution degrades by an order of magnitude. It is concluded that the matched filter imaging scheme will produce images of individual scatterers if specific atmospheric conditions ions exist. The best results are obtained if the received signal comes from a single scattering layer at a known height, with scatterers moving at a known constant horizontal velocity, with no along-path or vertical components. Such a layer would be observed during night time or early morning when convective and mixing processes are at a minimum.     

Aperture Synthesis for Ionospherically Propagated HF Radio Signals

A high-frequency (HF) aperture was synthesized by receiving ionospherically propagated signals in an airplane. The signals used the one-hop F lower ray mode to propagate a distance of 2600 km and were processed to yield equivalent aperture lengths of 10 km and 70 km. It was shown that apertures of up to 10 km in length could sometimes achieve their ideal free-space directivity without use of ionospheric compensation.     

用于数字无线通信的TFM技术

TFM(可控调频)是近几年发展起来的一种新的调频体制.此技术的最大优点是信号功率谱主瓣窄,频带利用率高,邻道干扰小,又可获得最好的数字传输质量,这是一般调频技术所无法比拟的,本文详细论述了TFM技术的工作原理,实现方法.     

Optimum Spatial Processing of Passive Sonar Signals

The spatial structure of the likelihood ratio array processor for detecting a monochromatic plane wave signal in Gaussian noise is compared with a conventional beam-forming detector. Conditions are determined under which the optimum detector performs significantly better than the conventional detector. Conditions are also found under which the beamformer is itself near optimal.     

Optimum and Suboptimum Synchronizer for Binary FSK Communication Systems

This paper considers a binary frequency-shift-keying (FSK) communication system with an adaptive receiver. Partially coherent detection is accomplished exploiting phase and bit synchronization directly extracted from the information-bearing waveform. The optimum (maximum a posteriori probability criterion) estimators of the relevant channel parameters are found along with some suboptimum realizations. It turns out that these schemes are decision-directed tracking systems that may be implemented using standard circuitry.     

On the Optimum Design of PCM Signals with System Constraints

This paper considers the design of PCM signals with system constraints using Pontryagin's maximum principle. The transmitter signal as well as the correlation signal are determined while maximizing the output signal-to-noise ratio. Both the single and three-pole transmitter filters are considered. An upper bound has been obtained on the performance of PCM signals with constraints.     

基于离散小波变换的近程信号自动识别

进行信号识别的关键在于利用有限信号数据提取出有效的信号特征,然后根据这些特征作出判决。文中阐述了利用离散小波变换对近程信号进行分解处理,并结合具体应用背景,提取小波分解的细节作为信号识别的特征参量。仿真实验表明,基于小波分解的特征提取过程对噪声有较好的抑制能力,小波变换的应用能够有效提高对近程信号识别的能力。     

Digital Communication Systems in Impulsive Atmospheric Radio Noise

Analyses are presented of the performance of binary and M-ary coherent and noncoherent communication systems operating in the impulsive atmospheric radio noise environment. The receiver is usually a maximum likelihood detector for white Gaussian interference and therefore has the form of a parallel bank of matched filters followed by decision circuitry. By employing a Poisson or generalized Shot noise model for the impulsive noise with a suitable probability density function (pdf), closed-form expressions and bounds of error probabilities for M-ary noncoherent and coherent amplitude-shift keying (ASK), phase-shift keying (PSK), and frequency-shift keying (FSK) systems are obtained and the results discussed.     

Optimum Linear Estimation of Stochastic Signals in the Presence of Multiplicative Noise

This paper considers optimum (MMSE) linear recursive estimation of stochastic signals in the presence of multiplicative noise in addition to measurement noise. Often problems associated with phenomena such as fading or reflection of the transmitted signal at an ionospheric layer, and also situations involving sampling, gating, or amplitude modulation, can be cast into such formulation. The different kinds of estimation problems treated include one-stage prediction, filtering, and smoothing. Algorithms are presented for discrete time as well as for continuous time estimation.     

Optimum Design of Single Channel per Carrier Satellite Systems

Optimization of available satellite power and transponder bandwidth is utilized to minimize the Earth station G/T in satellite channel per carrier (SCPC) systems. The corresponding optimum transponder output backoff is obtained. Applications in system design are given. In a previous paper [1] the channel capacity of a satellite transponder handling single channel per carrier (SCPC) transmission was derived. The link carrier-to-noise (C/N) ratio was maximized over the output backoff and the maximum bandwidth available was determined. Given the bandwidth per channel for each carrier, the channel capacity was obtained. The objective of the present investigation is to derive the minimum G/T of the Earth station in SCPC systems by optimum utilization of available satellite power and transponder bandwidth. Applications in system design are discussed.     

Separation of SSR Signals by Array Processing in Multilateration Systems

Location and identification of cooperating aircraft in the airport area (and beyond) may be implemented by multilateration (MLAT) systems using the secondary surveillance radar (SSR) mode S signals. Most of these signals, spontaneously emitted from on-board mode S transponders at a fixed carrier frequency, arrive randomly at the receiving station, as well as many mode A/C replies from legacy transponders still in use. Several SSR signals are, then, overlapped in multiple aircraft situations. Therefore, the aim of this work is the separation of overlapped SSR signals, i.e., signals superimposed in time at receiving stations. We improve the MLAT receiving station by replacing the single antenna by an array of m elements and using array signal processing techniques. In the literature, several algorithms address the general source separation problem, but a very few of them are specifically designed for a mixture of overlapping SSR replies. Unfortunately, all of them have either some shortcomings, or an expensive computational cost, or no simple practical implementation. In this paper, we use the time sparsity property of the sources to propose more reliable, simpler, and more effective algorithms based on projection techniques to separate multiple SSR signals. Real recorded signals in a live environment are used to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method.     

Energy Minimization of M-Ary Orthogonal Signals in Communication Systems with Feedback

A communication system with a feedback channel which makes use of orthogonal M-ary signals is considered. The problem of its optimization, by setting a maximum time Tm to decide, is analyzed particularly so that the average energy per bit required to obtain a pre-fixed probability of error results as a minimum. The results, shown on graphs, allow one to evaluate the maximum decision time Tm and, afterwards, the maximum transmission rate.     

Noise and Transmission Delays in Mutual Synchronization Systems

This paper considers the effects of noise and transmission delays in a phase-averaging mutual synchronization system. The basic analytical ideas are developed with respect to a two-station system which contains first-or second-order analog phase-lock loops. From the equation describing the phase error dynamics of each system, a generalized Fokker-Planck equation is derived. It is used to obtain a good approximate analytic expression for the phase error probability density function (PDF), which is confirmed by simulation. An important quantity for such mutual synchronization systems, under random disturbances, is the variance of the frequency deviation. This may be obtained directly from a knowledge of the phase error PDF. The above development is then extended to a mutual synchronization system of arbitrary size.     

复合材料高分辨率RF超声检测技术及其应用

通过分析脉冲超声波在复合材料中传播形成的检测信号特征,采用高分辨率RF超声检测技术实现了纤维增强/树脂基复合材料高分辨率缺陷检测.结果表明,采用该技术纵向分辨率和表面检测盲区可达0.13mm左右,可得到复合材料中孔隙率含量的清晰分布,实现复合材料冲击损伤、分层等缺陷的扫描成像检测.     

Optimum Signal and Filter Design in Underwater Acoustic Echo Ranging Systems

Optimization of the filter, the signal, and the signal and filter jointly are studied in the sonar environment under noise and reverberation limited conditions. The maximization of the receiver output signal-to-interference ratio is used as a performance criterion with unit energy constraint on both signal and filter. In the filter design problem, the optimum filter function is the solution of a linear integral equation. The kernel of the integral equation is a function of the target and medium scattering functions and the reverberation distribution. In the signal design problem, a similar type of integral equation is obtained as in the filter optimization problem. In the joint signal and filter design problem, it is shown that the optimum signal and filter functions are the solutions to a pair of linear integral equations with the largest (SIR)O. Several examples are investigated for different mediums and reverberation distributions with the finite matrix approximation method. An interative technique is used to compute the joint optimization of signal and filter.     

Demodulator Structures for Pulse-Frequency-Modulated Signals

Minimum mean-square-error demodulators for pulse-frequency-modulated signals are considered. The optimum demodulator structure is found and a suboptimum one is proposed that may be implemented by standard circuitry.