确定总应变寿命方程中指数的一种方法

在由材料的单调拉伸强度极限和断面收缩率确定总应变寿命方程中疲劳强度系数和疲劳延性系数的基础上,考查了利用材料在两个不同应力幅下的疲劳试验数据和单调拉伸延伸率来确定总应变寿命方程中疲劳强度指数和疲劳延性指数的一种方法,给出了只需较少的疲劳试验数据和单调拉伸力学性能参数即可确定材料的总应变寿命方程中全部4个参数的分析流程,并利用航空发动机中常用的钛合金和镍基合金材料的疲劳试验数据对该方法进行了验证,结果表明该方法所确定的总应变寿命方程对所考查的材料大多数情形的疲劳寿命预测结果较为理想,基本在3倍分散带以内.      

总应变寿命方程中疲劳参数的确定和寿命预测

总结分析了多种寿命预测方法,给出了总应变寿命方程的4个材料参数:疲劳强度系数、疲劳延性系数、疲劳强度指数和疲劳延性指数的表达形式,从而提出了一种新的具有很好物理意义、工程意义和普适性的总应变寿命方程,并以6种典型的航空材料光滑试样(TC4(室温)、TC11(室温)、TC11(500℃)、GH901(300℃)、GH901(500℃)和GH4133B(600℃))的对称循环疲劳数据进行验证,获得了很好的疲劳寿命预测结果,其寿命预测结果大都在2倍分散带以内。对比分析了多种寿命预测方法所确定的4个疲劳参数,并且分析了5种断裂真应力表达形式所确定的疲劳强度系数,发现所提出确定断裂真应力的方法获得了较好的精度,与试验值相比,不超过其误差的15%,并且准确确定断裂真应力将会显著提高对中高寿命段的寿命预测精度。      

用比值法计算材料及其机件的疲劳损伤

提出了在非对称循环加载下描述材料弹塑性材料行为的损伤演变速率方程式与各个历程与不同损伤量DCi相对应的寿命NCi估算式。其方法是采用以塑性应变幅同弹性应变幅之比值ΔEp／Δεe作为应力应变参量，以常用的材料常数作为材料参数。而且，还提出了与常用材料常数、平均应力与平均应变、加载临界历程长短有着函数关系的综合性材料常数的新概念。此外，以汽车的某一零件为例，计算了它的疲劳损伤。其计算结果与Landgraf方程式计算结果一致，且计算精度较高。这对避免过多而重复的疲劳试验，对方便工程应用，对节约人力、时间和资金有着实际意义。     

确定总应变寿命方程参数的一种方法

为了使总应变寿命方程能够在较大寿命范围内具有理想的预测精度且其参数物理意义明确,基于总应变寿命方程中疲劳强度系数与疲劳延性系数的物理意义,建立了总应变寿命方程参数与单调拉伸强度极限和断面收缩率之间的关系,并结合TC4,GH4169及GH901合金的单调拉伸及疲劳试验数据,对其各自的总应变寿命方程参数进行了拟合,进而开展了疲劳寿命预测.结果表明:采用该方法确定的总应变寿命方程参数具有明确的物理意义,且对TC4,GH4169及GH901合金的疲劳寿命预测结果较为理想,其分散带基本在2倍以内.      

面向可靠性设计的发动机材料超高周疲劳强度估计方法

提出了一种面向可靠性设计的四参数随机疲劳极限模型,可针对小样本数据实现超高周疲劳（VHCF）应力-寿命（S-N）曲线处理。通过对航空用钛合金常规样本数超高周疲劳数据的拟合分析和对比验证了模型的准确性。同时,以某型航空发动机压气机叶片用TC17钛合金为研究对象,分别对室温（RT）和400 ℃小样本超高周疲劳数据进行了处理,得到了典型置信度和可靠度条件下的超高周疲劳强度估计值。结果表明：本文提出的四参数随机疲劳极限模型,能够通过少量的长寿命区试验数据获得材料超高周范围内发动机设计所需的疲劳强度估计值;相较于常用的升降法,基于本模型进行试验安排可大幅降低68%的试验量,为发动机材料的超高周疲劳强度评价提供方法支持。     

激光冲击强化提高压气机叶片疲劳性能研究

根据1Cr11Ni2W2MoV不锈钢材料性能,确定了激光冲击强化参数;并通过标准试片疲劳试验,验证了该参数条件下激光冲击强化提高不锈钢材料振动疲劳寿命的有效性.设计了不锈钢叶片振动疲劳试验,确定了叶片冲击强化部位和方式,对强化叶片进行了型面检查、一阶弯曲振动疲劳试验和强化机理研究.结果表明:激光冲击强化后的叶片各个截面尺寸在设计范围之内,强化后叶片的应力-循环次数(S-N)曲线往上移动,提高了叶片的疲劳强度,在660MPa应力水平下,叶片的振动中值疲劳寿命提高70%;激光冲击强化引起的残余应力和表层微观组织变化是疲劳强度提高的主要原因.      

环境腐蚀对LC4CZ铝合金结构疲劳寿命的影响分析

针对现役飞机结构主要材料的使用环境及腐蚀失效特征,确定以实验室空气、潮湿空气、盐雾和盐雾+SO2四种环境代表海军飞机的服役环境,选用LC4CZ材料进行疲劳试验.经试验研究,腐蚀环境均能显著降低材料的疲劳寿命.通过铝合金模拟件在腐蚀环境下确定的疲劳强度修正系数,结合环境损伤加权系数可修正飞机结构件的疲劳寿命.     

疲劳裂纹萌生的声发射信号特征研究

进行了疲劳裂纹萌生的声发射监测技术试验研究。试验件选用航空上常用的铝合金材料,对不同形式的结构细节进行疲劳试验,获取不同形式试验件裂纹萌生的声发射信号,用参数分析对这些信号进行了分析。预报裂纹萌生的时间,从而为结构部件以及全尺寸结构疲劳试验的损伤监测提供参考。     

搭接缝焊接头疲劳强度的断裂力学分析

从线弹性断裂力学的角度出发,用一个断裂力学参数Kθ来表征缝焊接头的疲劳强度,并用有限元法对影响Kθ的各种因素进行了分析,得出了计算Kθ的经验公式。通过疲劳试验,得到两种材料(GH150和1Cr18Ni9Ti)缝焊接头的△K-N曲线,运用△K-N曲线可以更准确地估算各种复杂形式的缝焊接头的疲劳寿命。      

小子样疲劳寿命分散系数置信区间随应力的变化规律研究

针对疲劳寿命样本小子样统计分析问题,采用Bootstrap方法模拟母体标准差的抽样分布,并结合纠偏的百分位法估算母体标准差的置信区间,着重估计了疲劳分散系数的置信区间。首先利用Bootstrap方法在参数区间估计方面的优越性能,对已知疲劳寿命母体分布的模拟试验数据进行了疲劳分散系数置信区间的估计,通过与真值的对照分析,验证了结合纠偏百分位思想的Bootstrap方法进行疲劳分散系数区间估计的可信性。然后利用此方法对航空材料的140个钢合金试件和295个铝合金试件的真实疲劳寿命试验数据进行了疲劳寿命分散系数的区间估计,并研究了疲劳分散系数置信区间随疲劳试验应力的变化规律,为在工程实际中分析疲劳寿命试验数据提供了参考方法。     

Prediction of combined cycle fatigue life of TC11 alloy based on modified nonlinear cumulative damage model

The nonlinear cumulative damage model is modified to have high prediction accuracy when the high-low cycle stress frequency ratio m is large (m ≥ 500). The low cycle fatigue (LCF) tests, high cycle fatigue (HCF) tests and combined high and low cycle fatigue (CCF) tests of TC11 titanium alloy were carried out, and the influencing factors of CCF life were analysed. The CCF life declines with the decrease of the ratio of high-low cycle stress frequency m. Both linear and nonlinear cumulative damage models are used to predict the CCF life. The CCF life prediction error of the linear cumulative damage model is great and the predictions tend to be overestimated, which is dangerous for engineering application. The accuracy is relatively high when the high-low cycle stress frequency ratio m ≤ 500. The accuracy of nonlinear cumulative damage model is higher than that of linear model when the high-low cycle stress frequency ratio m ≥ 500. Based on the relationship between high cycle average stress σ_major and material yield limit σ_p,0.2, a correction term is added to the nonlinear cumulative damage model and verified, which made the modified model more accurate when m ≥ 500.     

用于飞机结构选材的系列材料性能指标及其应用

为提高飞机机体结构选材的合理性,从材料性能指标的角度出发,在材料比强度、比刚度的常用基本指标之外,结合飞机结构设计思想,提出了材料比疲劳强度、比静韧度、比动韧度、疲劳强度比、静韧强比、疲劳韧强比共6个材料性能指标的概念与计算方法。建立了基于系列材料性能指标的飞机结构选材方法,考虑飞机结构的设计准则及结构在实际使用过程中的功能需求,通过条件筛选缩小备选材料范围,依据系列材料性能指标进行材料对比排序,并通过结构验证确定最终选材。以某型飞机机翼大梁的选材过程给出了应用实例。     

Accurate measurements of local skin friction coefficient using hot-wire anemometry

The practicality and accuracy of many existing methods of local skin friction measurement suffer when the boundary layer flow under consideration is non-canonical. Such shortcomings are exacerbated in three-dimensional flows, by the necessity to map local c_f over a wider area in order to characterise fully the contribution to global skin friction. These problems have led the authors to seek novel experimental methods of c_f measurement. The technique proposed herein utilises velocity measurements made using hot-wire anemometry combined with accurate positioning of the sensor element in respect to the test surface. In essence it is proposed that the local skin friction can be evaluated via a single velocity measurement made at a known wall-normal distance within the linear region of the viscous sublayer. This technique relies on accurate probe positioning, and two methods of achieving this are outlined. A study of the hot-wire characteristics in near-wall proximity has revealed a previously unnoticed feature corresponding to probe–wall contact. It is shown that this anomaly can be used as a positional flag to accurately locate the aerodynamic origin of the hot-wire sensor. A second technique using a laser triangulation displacement sensor is also outlined. Both positional techniques are shown to offer positioning to a sufficient level of accuracy for the proposed c_f measurement technique. Single-point local c_f measurement is tested experimentally, demonstrating the improved repeatability and standard error as predicted by initial error analysis. In this way it is shown that a single $\text{90}\text{s}$ velocity sample coupled with accurate wall positioning can define local c_f to a standard error of σ_cf≈1.0%. Analysis of error contributions reveals that longer sampling periods can realise even greater accuracy. The proposed technique is also used to measure local c_f in a three-dimensional boundary layer where micro-vortex generators have introduced large-scale spanwise distortions. This is an example of an application in a non-canonical boundary layer, and initial results show that the method is capable of providing repeatable comparative spanwise-averaged skin friction results to within approximately ±1%. The technique is immediately applicable to researchers using hot-wire anemometry in low Reynolds number flow over electrically non-conductive test surfaces.     

Oriented molybdenum disulfide-silica/hydrogenated nitrile butadiene rubber composites: Effects of nanosheets on mechanical and dielectric properties

A series of non-covalently functionalized molybdenum disulfide-silica (f-MoS₂-SiO₂) nanocomposites was prepared by an in-situ assembled method and used to fabricate the oriented molybdenum disulfide-SiO₂/Hydrogenated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (f-MoS₂-SiO₂/HNBR) composites. The characterization results show the synergistic dispersion between the functionalized molybdenum disulfide (f-MoS₂) nanosheets and SiO₂ nanoparticles. The addition of f-MoS₂ nanosheets can improve the dispersion of fillers in the rubber matrix and weaken the filler network. The non-covalently functionalization improves the interface interaction between f-MoS₂ nanosheets and the rubber matrix. Furthermore, the tensile strength of f-MoS₂-SiO₂/HNBR is 65.9% higher than that of SiO₂/HNBR by adding 1.0wt% of f-MoS₂. At the same time, the dielectric constant of f-MoS₂-SiO₂/HNBR is increased by 23.7% compared to SiO₂/HNBR due to the micro-capacitor structure of parallel f-MoS₂ nanosheets in the rubber matrix. Our work provides new ideas for the development of high-performance elastomer materials.     

Effects of Alloying Elements Ti, Cr, Al, and Hf on β-Nb5Si3 from First-principles Calculations

The energy, lattice parameters, electronic structures, and elastic constants of the intermetallic compound β-Nb₅Si₃ alloyed by Ti, Cr, Al, and Hf elements are investigated using first-principles methods based on plane-wave pseudopotential theory. From the impurity formation energy calculated, it is found that Ti, Cr, and Hf prefer to occupy the Nb_I, Nb_I, and Nb_II site, respectively, and that Al decreases the stability of β-Nb₅Si₃. Ti and Cr atoms reduce the c/a ratio of crystal lattices and Hf atom transforms the crystal lattice of β-Nb₅Si₃ from the tetragonal system to the orthorhombic system. The total state density of pure β-Nb₅Si₃ system and Ti, Cr, and Hf doped systems shows that Ti, Cr, and Hf improve the conductibility of β-Nb₅Si₃ system. The bulk modulus, shear modulus, and elastic modulus are obtained using Voight approximation equation. Ti and Cr increase the hardness and reduce the ductility of β-Nb₅Si₃. In contrast, Hf decreases the hardness and improves the ductility.     

Experimental investigation and correlation development of jet impingement heat transfer with two rows of aligned jet holes on an internal surface of a wing leading edge

Extensive experimental studies on the heat transfer characteristics of two rows of aligned jet holes impinging on a concave surface in a wing leading edge were conducted, where50000 Rej 90000, 1.74 H/d 27.5, 66° a 90°, and 13.2 r/d 42.03. The finding was that the heat transfer performance at the jet-impingement stagnation point with two rows of aligned jet holes was the same as that with a single row of jet holes or the middle row of three-row configurations when the circumferential angle of the two jet holes was larger than 30°. The attenuation coefficient distribution of the jet impingement heat transfer in the chordwise direction was so complicated that two zones were divided for a better analysis. It indicated that: the attenuation coefficient curve in the jet impingement zone exhibited an approximate upside-down bell shape with double peaks and a single valley; the attenuation coefficient curve in the non-jet impingement zone was like a half-bell shape, which was similar to that with three rows of aligned jet holes; the factors,including Rej, H/d and r/d, affected the attenuation coefficient value at the valley significantly.When r/d was increased from 30.75 to 42.03, the attenuation rates of attenuation coefficient increased only by 1.8%. Consequently, experimental data-based correlation equations of the Nusselt number for the heat transfer at the jet-impingement stagnation point and the distributionof the attenuation coefficient in the chordwise direction were acquired, which play an important role in designing the wing leading edge anti-icing system with two rows of aligned jet holes.     

基于改进SWT模型的FGH96合金低周疲劳寿命预测

针对SWT（Smith-Watson-Topper）模型未考虑材料对平均应力影响的灵敏度以及忽略平均应力对材料塑性变形影响的问题,利用材料的屈服强度和抗拉强度,对Walker指数γ的计算公式进行了改进,并将其引入到SWT模型中对损伤控制参数进行了修正。同时结合M-H（Manson-Halford）模型塑性部分平均应力修正方法对SWT模型中的塑性变形参数进行了修正,从而提出了一种基于改进SWT模型的FGH96粉末高温合金低周疲劳寿命预测方法。利用不同材料的γ试验计算值对改进的Walker指数计算方法进行了验证,计算平均相对误差为10.25%。并利用FGH96合金和其他航空发动机材料的低周疲劳试验数据,对改进SWT模型的寿命预测精度及适用范围进行了评估,并与M-H、SWT和Lv模型进行了对比。结果表明,改进SWT模型对不同材料的预测结果基本位于±2倍分散带之内,其寿命预测能力要高于其他3种模型。     

缝焊接头疲劳强度降低系数和寿命分散系数的研究

为了研究发动机机匣的低循环疲劳寿命，本文根据机匣的实际情况，设计了焊搭接试件，进行对１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ材料缝焊搭接接头的疲劳性能测试，并用统计分析的方法得到Ｓ－Ｎ曲线和Ｐ－Ｓ－Ｎ曲线，及其缝焊接头的疲劳强度降低系数和疲劳寿命分散系数，与该材料的光滑试件对比，其结果可以看出，缝焊接头的疲劳强度大大低于光滑试件，而其疲劳寿命分散系数比光滑试件好。