苏联罗蒙诺索夫空间计划

苏联最近提出了3个空间天体测量计划,其中最引人注目的是莫斯科大学施登堡天文研究所提出的罗蒙诺索夫计划(简称L计划)。该计划将发射一颗人造地球卫星进行天体测量(文中有卫星截面示意图,见第7页)。卫星上有2架卡塞格伦式望远镜,其等值焦距、主镜口径和焦距分别为50m、1 m和4 m。望远镜终端接收设备使用最新的探测技术(CCD)。终端采样率为2～3个数据/分,于是,一年中约有120万个观测值。L计划要观测约40万颗亮于13等的恒星(见表),以保证天球     

用于未来月球探测的ILOM 技术现状

使用面包板模型和仿真方法,在实验室内研究月球指向就位测量望远镜(ILOM)的基本特征,如望远镜星像中心点位置精度、温度效应、倾斜以及地面震动的影响。使用这个技术预期在月球表面观测月球自转时可以达到1ms的精度。将在地面上开展测试验证观测以全面评价达到优于0.1″观测精度目标所需条件和特征。     

伟大的天文学家开普勒观天巨眼400年(系列之二)

1609年伽利略发明了天文望远镜,并通过望远镜得到了一系列重大发现,向世人证明了望远镜的重要作用,随之许多天文学家也投入到使用望远镜观测宇宙天体的行列中。与此同时,还有一批天文学家对望远镜的光学性能产生了极大兴趣,他们致力于改进望远镜的工作,其中有一个人对于改进望远镜和推广望远镜的使用做出的贡献最大,并且是伽利略从未谋面的挚友,这个人就是众所周知的著名德国天文学家开普勒。     

太阳探索史画之四赫歇尔·夫琅和费线·太阳黑子研究

威廉·赫歇尔(1738～1822)英国天文学家,恒星天文学的创始人。生于德国汉诺威。1757年迁居英国。1757年以后开始专心研究数学和天文学。1782年被任命为英王宫廷天文学顾问。1821年成为英国皇家天文学会第一任会长,并当选为皇家学会会员。他用自己设计制造的大型反射望远镜观测天象,发现天王星及其两颗卫星、土星的两颗卫星、太阳的空间运动。他发现太阳光中的红外辐射,编制成第一个双星和聚星表,出版星团和星云表,研究银河系结构。800年为了研制太阳观测用的单色滤光片,赫歇尔较光谱中各个色带的热作用,从而发现了红外线设备太阳光经过一个…     

牛顿发明反射镜—观天巨眼400年系列之三

17世纪的天文学家们对望远镜知识的掌握还少得可怜。为了消除球差,他们竞相制造长镜筒望远镜。当时天文学家使用的望远镜全部又细又长,短则几米,长则四五十米,甚至60多米。虽然这些长镜筒望远镜带来了许多新的发现,但是,这些细高挑儿的仪器使用起来太不方便了。每位天文学家观测的时候,必须要有好几个助手来帮助调节仪器。结果费了九牛二虎之力才对准一个目标,一阵微风吹过,图像全部乱套,前     

南极中山站宇宙线观测

2014年由两个具有0.5m×0.5m闪烁体面积的探测器组成的宇宙线μ子望远镜在南极中山站建成,观测数据通过卫星链路传回并发布.通过对中山站μ子望远镜数据的气象效应分析,发现中山站的气压变化对宇宙线计数率影响显著并呈负相关.计算得到宇宙线高能质子在中山站的垂直截止刚度R_C为0.076GV,对比中国西藏羊八井和北京高能质子的垂直截止刚度,中山站非常有利于对太阳高能质子事件的观测.      

爱因斯坦的望远镜

天文望远镜可分为折射和反射望远镜，1609年，伽利略从荷兰听到望远镜的新技术，自行制造出折射望远镜。1668年，牛顿用凹面镜聚焦，设计出反射望远镜，解决透镜的色差问题。还有一种望远镜不用透镜和反射镜，也能搜寻宇宙天体，这个望远镜和爱因斯坦有关。爱因斯坦没有发明或制造望远镜，但根据广义相对论，我们利用时空的扭曲，可以达到望远镜的功能，观测几十亿光年远的天体。说穿了，爱因斯坦的望远镜是利用万有引力，观察非常遥远的星体，甚至可以“看到”没有电磁波的暗物质，堪称为引力望远镜。     

基于自适应滤波的脉冲星导航方法研究

基于X射线脉冲星的自主导航技术能够为深空探测航天器提供高精度导航信息.脉冲星星表误差对导航性能存在不利影响,特别是方差不确定的星表误差,会引起较大定位误差.建立不确定项的导航模型,提出一种基于方差匹配的自适应滤波方法,通过估计不确定观测模型中的待估参数减小不确定项对观测的影响.通过数学仿真对比了自适应滤波方法和传统扩展卡尔曼滤波方法（EKF）,验证了所提方法的有效性.     

宇宙探索简史 观测天文学的诞生

正天文学发展遵循"观测-理论-观测"的途径,不断把人类的视野伸展到宇宙的新的深处。所以观测手段是探索宇宙奥秘的重要手段,由此逐渐形成了观测天文学。观测天文学是天文学的一个分支,常用于取得数据以与天文物理学的理论比对,或以测量所得的物理量解释模型的含义。在实物上,通过望远镜或其它天文仪器的使用来观测目标。伽利略被人们称为"现代观测天文学之父"。     

詹姆斯·韦布:阿波罗计划的掌舵者

美国将在两年后发射新的空间望远镜,它是继哈勃空间望远镜之后一架更先进的空间观测工具,科学家们盼望用它"观测到宇宙的第一缕曙光。"由于偏爱这只新太空"慧眼",美国航宇局早在九年前就为它起好了名字。像当年的哈勃空间望远镜一样,这架新的望远镜也使用了一位名人的名字——詹姆斯·韦布。     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

基于最小值原理的冗余度机器人动力学控制

为了解冗余度机器人全局法优化中数值求解的困难,本文讨论了动力学方程的建立,无约束和有约束最优控制问题之间的内在联系,重点分析了求解最优控制问题的数值方法,文中提出了双向异步积分迭代的求解正则方程组的直接迭代法,较好解决了状态方程和协态方程稳定相逆给求解两点这值问题带来的困难。     

基于GPS载波相位的微卫星姿态算法研究

GPS姿态系统是利用GPS载波相位测量来确定载体的航向和姿态角。本文对微卫星的GPS姿态系统进行了研究。重点解决短基线的GPS状态算法，讨论了姿态价格函数的了小化方法。测试结果表明，所提的算法对小于1m的基线是有效的。