苏联罗蒙诺索夫空间计划

苏联最近提出了3个空间天体测量计划,其中最引人注目的是莫斯科大学施登堡天文研究所提出的罗蒙诺索夫计划(简称L计划)。该计划将发射一颗人造地球卫星进行天体测量(文中有卫星截面示意图,见第7页)。卫星上有2架卡塞格伦式望远镜,其等值焦距、主镜口径和焦距分别为50m、1 m和4 m。望远镜终端接收设备使用最新的探测技术(CCD)。终端采样率为2～3个数据/分,于是,一年中约有120万个观测值。L计划要观测约40万颗亮于13等的恒星(见表),以保证天球     

用于未来月球探测的ILOM 技术现状

使用面包板模型和仿真方法,在实验室内研究月球指向就位测量望远镜(ILOM)的基本特征,如望远镜星像中心点位置精度、温度效应、倾斜以及地面震动的影响。使用这个技术预期在月球表面观测月球自转时可以达到1ms的精度。将在地面上开展测试验证观测以全面评价达到优于0.1″观测精度目标所需条件和特征。     

伟大的天文学家开普勒观天巨眼400年(系列之二)

1609年伽利略发明了天文望远镜,并通过望远镜得到了一系列重大发现,向世人证明了望远镜的重要作用,随之许多天文学家也投入到使用望远镜观测宇宙天体的行列中。与此同时,还有一批天文学家对望远镜的光学性能产生了极大兴趣,他们致力于改进望远镜的工作,其中有一个人对于改进望远镜和推广望远镜的使用做出的贡献最大,并且是伽利略从未谋面的挚友,这个人就是众所周知的著名德国天文学家开普勒。     

太阳探索史画之四赫歇尔·夫琅和费线·太阳黑子研究

威廉·赫歇尔(1738～1822)英国天文学家,恒星天文学的创始人。生于德国汉诺威。1757年迁居英国。1757年以后开始专心研究数学和天文学。1782年被任命为英王宫廷天文学顾问。1821年成为英国皇家天文学会第一任会长,并当选为皇家学会会员。他用自己设计制造的大型反射望远镜观测天象,发现天王星及其两颗卫星、土星的两颗卫星、太阳的空间运动。他发现太阳光中的红外辐射,编制成第一个双星和聚星表,出版星团和星云表,研究银河系结构。800年为了研制太阳观测用的单色滤光片,赫歇尔较光谱中各个色带的热作用,从而发现了红外线设备太阳光经过一个…     

牛顿发明反射镜—观天巨眼400年系列之三

17世纪的天文学家们对望远镜知识的掌握还少得可怜。为了消除球差,他们竞相制造长镜筒望远镜。当时天文学家使用的望远镜全部又细又长,短则几米,长则四五十米,甚至60多米。虽然这些长镜筒望远镜带来了许多新的发现,但是,这些细高挑儿的仪器使用起来太不方便了。每位天文学家观测的时候,必须要有好几个助手来帮助调节仪器。结果费了九牛二虎之力才对准一个目标,一阵微风吹过,图像全部乱套,前     

基于自适应滤波的脉冲星导航方法研究

基于X射线脉冲星的自主导航技术能够为深空探测航天器提供高精度导航信息.脉冲星星表误差对导航性能存在不利影响,特别是方差不确定的星表误差,会引起较大定位误差.建立不确定项的导航模型,提出一种基于方差匹配的自适应滤波方法,通过估计不确定观测模型中的待估参数减小不确定项对观测的影响.通过数学仿真对比了自适应滤波方法和传统扩展卡尔曼滤波方法（EKF）,验证了所提方法的有效性.     

南极中山站宇宙线观测

2014年由两个具有0.5m×0.5m闪烁体面积的探测器组成的宇宙线μ子望远镜在南极中山站建成,观测数据通过卫星链路传回并发布.通过对中山站μ子望远镜数据的气象效应分析,发现中山站的气压变化对宇宙线计数率影响显著并呈负相关.计算得到宇宙线高能质子在中山站的垂直截止刚度R_C为0.076GV,对比中国西藏羊八井和北京高能质子的垂直截止刚度,中山站非常有利于对太阳高能质子事件的观测.      

爱因斯坦的望远镜

天文望远镜可分为折射和反射望远镜，1609年，伽利略从荷兰听到望远镜的新技术，自行制造出折射望远镜。1668年，牛顿用凹面镜聚焦，设计出反射望远镜，解决透镜的色差问题。还有一种望远镜不用透镜和反射镜，也能搜寻宇宙天体，这个望远镜和爱因斯坦有关。爱因斯坦没有发明或制造望远镜，但根据广义相对论，我们利用时空的扭曲，可以达到望远镜的功能，观测几十亿光年远的天体。说穿了，爱因斯坦的望远镜是利用万有引力，观察非常遥远的星体，甚至可以“看到”没有电磁波的暗物质，堪称为引力望远镜。     

宇宙探索简史 观测天文学的诞生

正天文学发展遵循"观测-理论-观测"的途径,不断把人类的视野伸展到宇宙的新的深处。所以观测手段是探索宇宙奥秘的重要手段,由此逐渐形成了观测天文学。观测天文学是天文学的一个分支,常用于取得数据以与天文物理学的理论比对,或以测量所得的物理量解释模型的含义。在实物上,通过望远镜或其它天文仪器的使用来观测目标。伽利略被人们称为"现代观测天文学之父"。     

詹姆斯·韦布:阿波罗计划的掌舵者

美国将在两年后发射新的空间望远镜,它是继哈勃空间望远镜之后一架更先进的空间观测工具,科学家们盼望用它"观测到宇宙的第一缕曙光。"由于偏爱这只新太空"慧眼",美国航宇局早在九年前就为它起好了名字。像当年的哈勃空间望远镜一样,这架新的望远镜也使用了一位名人的名字——詹姆斯·韦布。     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

Learning in an immersive digital theater

The Houston Museum of Natural Science, in collaboration with Rice University has an outreach program taking portable digital theaters to schools and community sites for over five years and has conducted research on student learning in this immersive environment. By using an external independent evaluator, the effectiveness of NASA-funded Education and Public Outreach (EPO) projects can be assessed. This paper documents interactive techniques and learning strategies in full-dome digital theaters. The presentation is divided into Evaluation Strategies and Results and Interactivity Strategies and Results. All learners from grades 3–12 showed statistically significant short-term increase in knowledge of basic Earth science concepts after a single 22-min show. Improvements were more significant on items that were taught using more than one modality of instruction: hearing, seeing, discussion, and immersion. Thus immersive theater can be an effective as well as engaging teaching method for Earth and Space science concepts, particularly those that are intrinsically three-dimensional and thus most effectively taught in an immersive environment. The portable system allows taking the educational experience to rural and tribal sites where the underserved students could not afford the time or expense to travel to museums.     

清镇陨石（EH3）中陨硫钙石的REE微量元素及成因意义

本文运用INAA分析了14个清镇陨石中陨硫钙石单矿物颗粒的难熔元素(La、Ce、Sm、Eu、Yb、Lu、Ca、Sc、Hf和Th),挥发性元素(Na、Cr、Zn、Se、Br等)和亲铁元素(Fe、Ni、Co、Ir、Au、As)含量。结果表明陨硫钙石高度富集难熔亲石元素,是顽火辉石陨石中REE的主要载体,携带了约80％的全岩REE总量。相对于HREE,LREE有更大的富集程度,而且早期凝聚的颗粒较晚期凝聚的颗粒更富集REE,同时陨硫钙石富集挥发性元素Se、Br等。清镇陨硫钙石的微量元素特征揭示了它来自于太阳星云的高温凝聚特征和成因。     

柔性航天器IPACS建模与动力学分析

利用拟坐标下的拉格朗日方程和动量矩定理,建立了带变速控制力矩陀螺群(VSCMGs,Variable Speed Control Moment Gyroscopes)的柔性航天器的能量/姿态一体化控制系统(IPACS, Integrated Power/Attitude Control System)的动力学模型,该模型适合于姿态控制律设计及VSCMGs操纵律设计.采用动量管理和VSCMGs构型选取相结合的方法,有效地避免了VSCMGs设计时可能出现的奇异问题.分析了采用VSCMGs的柔性航天器IPACS中的动力学耦合问题,并以某大型航天器为例进行了数值仿真.分析和仿真结果显示出,当VSCMGs的力矩轴接近(或陷入)奇异或进行储/放能切换时,VSCMGs都会对柔性附件造成显著影响.      

Progress in tropospheric ammonia retrieval from the MIPAS satellite instrument

The Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding is a polar orbiting high resolution mid-infrared emission limb sounder with a nominal vertical resolution of 3 km. Work to extend the list of routinely retrieved species led to the examination of ammonia, NH₃. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of upper tropospheric retrievals around 6-km altitude, discussing appropriate methods. We demonstrate a weak north to south gradient outside the error bars, using co-addition to improve signal-to-noise and compare these first results with a model.     

Monitoring spatio-temporal variations in aerosols and aerosol–cloud interactions over Pakistan using MODIS data

Clouds are important elements in climatic processes and interactions between aerosols and clouds are therefore a hot topic for scientific research. Aerosols show both spatial and temporal variations, which can lead to variations in the microphysics of clouds. In this research, we have examined the spatial and temporal variations in aerosol particles over Pakistan and the impact of these variations on various optical properties of clouds, using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data from the Terra satellite. We used the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model for trajectory analysis to reveal the origins of air masses, with the aim of understanding these spatial and temporal variabilities in aerosol concentrations. We also documented seasonal variations in patterns of aerosol optical depth (AOD) over Pakistan, for which the highest values occur during the monsoon season (June–August). We then analyzed the relationships between AOD and four other cloud parameters, namely water vapour (WV), cloud fraction (CF), cloud top temperature (CTT) and cloud top pressure (CTP). Regional correlation maps and time series plots for aerosol (AOD) and cloud parameters were produced to provide a better understanding of aerosol–cloud interaction. The analyses showed strong positive correlations between AOD and WV for all of the eight cities investigated. The correlation between AOD and CF was positive for those cities where the air masses were predominantly humid, but negative for those cities where the air masses were relatively dry and carried a low aerosol abundance. These correlations were clearly dependent on the meteorological conditions for all of the eight cities investigated. Because of the observed AOD–CF relationship, the co-variation of AOD with CTP and CTT may be attributable to large-scale meteorological variations: AOD showed a positive correlation with CTP and CTT in northern regions of Pakistan and a negative correlation in southern regions.     

Technology development for a long duration,mid-cloud level Venus balloon

This paper describes the results of ongoing technology development activities for a Venus spherical superpressure balloon capable of flying for long durations (30 days) in the middle cloud layer at an altitude of 55.5 km. Data is presented from a successful aerial deployment and inflation flight experiment on a 5.5 m diameter prototype balloon conducted at a 2.5 km altitude above the Earth. Although the balloon in that test was not released for free flight, all other steps in the deployment and inflation process were successfully executed. Experimental and computational results are also presented from an investigation of the stress concentration phenomenon at the junction of the metal end fitting and fabric end cap of the prototype Venus balloon. Good agreement was found between the simulation and experimental results and a stress concentration factor of 1.55 determined for this end cap design compared to the expectations of thin membrane theory. Finally, results are presented for a new, second-generation Venus balloon material utilizing Aclar™ film instead of Teflon. Optical property and sulfuric acid tolerance data are presented for this material based on laboratory testing of samples.