比例伺服阀低液动力阀芯导流结构优化设计

本文研究了比例伺服阀的阀芯结构对液动力的影响,提出一种阀芯导流壁面优化设计方案。采用计算流体力学CFD的方法,建立滑动网格模型,分别对阀芯传统导流结构和优化设计后的导流结构进行数值模拟分析,并验证网格无关性。对阀芯所受稳态液动力进行数值求解,并分析不同优化设计方案对阀口处流体流动状态的影响。结果表明,优化设计后的阀腔内部流场分布更均匀,流动状态更平稳;阀芯内流道导流结构会改变阀口处的介质流向,进而改变进出口流体的水平方向上的动量差,补偿部分液动力;与传统方案相比,液动力最大补偿效果可达60%,显著降低了阀芯所受液动力干扰,有利于提升比例伺服阀的静动态控制性能。     

微重力下两相控温型储液器内气液界面仿真分析

两相控温型储液器对机械泵驱动两相流体回路的稳定运行起到关键作用,而储液器内部气液分布状态是其控温性能的决定性因素之一。在轨微重力条件下,储液器内两相流动特性与地面状态差别巨大,这将给储液器的设计带来较大难度。针对两相控温型储液器在轨微重力下的两相工质分布特性,通过计算流体力学（CFD）方法对其内两相流动行为进行数值模拟。通过使用连续表面张力模型计算表面张力,使用多相流计算的流体体积分数方法对两相控温型储液器内气液界面形态的发展进行了追踪预测,并与理论解进行对比,结果吻合一致。通过对两相控温型储液器在不同Bond数、接触角、工质充灌量等参数下的仿真分析,得到了不同条件下储液器内气液运动及分布情况,结果表明:两相控温型储液器内气液界面状态与储液器尺寸、壁面浸润性、工质充灌量相关。研究结果可以为微重力下两相控温型储液器内气液界面的控制提供理论依据,并能指导储液器研制及在轨应用。      

重力对R134a在矩形小通道内冷凝过程的影响

为研究重力对小通道冷凝过程的影响,采用VOF模型对制冷剂R134a在水平放置的边长1mm方形截面小通道内的冷凝换热过程进行数值模拟.模拟过程考虑重力、表面张力和界面剪切力的综合作用,表面张力采用CSF模型.结果表明:重力对矩形小通道冷凝换热的影响不明显,蒸气在通道横截面上呈近似圆形分布;通道较短时重力对液膜的汇聚作用不明显,达到一定长度后重力作用凸显.研究结果为天舟一号货运飞船搭载的蒸发与冷凝科学实验研究项目冷凝空间实验方案设计提供了理论依据.      

环形浅液池内低Prandtl数流体超临界热毛细对流演化

为研究低Prandtl数（Pr）流体热毛细对流演化过程，对环形浅液池内Pr=0.011的流体热毛细对流进行三维数值模拟.研究发现:当Marangoni数较小时，流动为轴对称稳态流动；当Marangoni数超过某一临界值后，流动失稳并转变为热流体波，其波数随Marangoni数增加而减小，而波动主频增大；随着Marangoni数增加，流动加强，沿周向运动的热流体波演变为沿径向运动的径向波，其波数大大减小；当Marangoni数继续增加时，波动频谱曲线噪声增加，呈广谱特性.因此，在计算范围内热毛细对流的演化过程为:轴对称稳态流动-热流体波-单周期径向波-多周期三维振荡流动.      

复杂薄壁零件板多级充液成形及过程数值模拟

板充液成形已被证明是制造复杂零件一种有效的方法.采用板多级充液成形方法对难成形复杂薄壁结构的飞行器零件进行了研究,利用有限元数值模拟的方法,分析了预成形凸模形状、预成形深度,以及液室压力等关键工艺参数对成形的影响.对成形中出现的诸如破裂、起皱等失效形式进行了探讨,给出了终成形时实现成功成形的最高液室压力区域范围.提出了控制成形质量的措施,优化了工艺参数,并根据数值模拟的结果进行了试验验证.结果表明,模拟结果和试验结果达到了较好的一致.      

空气域压力对高速射弹入水流场影响

为研究空气域压力对射弹入水流场的影响,采用流体体积法(VOF)多相流模型对锥头圆柱体高速入水过程进行数值模拟,得到射弹入水速度与入水深度以及空泡形态的分析结果,并将数值模拟结果与基于牛顿第二定律和文献的理论结果进行对比,验证数值方法的正确性.基于该方法针对不同空气域压力条件对入水过程进行分析,结果表明空气域压力对自由液面上方的喷溅形态、空泡表面闭合时间以及空泡内部空化效应影响较大.空气域压力越大,空泡敞开阶段的空泡口处半径越小,空泡发生表面闭合的时间越早,空泡内部空化效应越强.     

基于流动沸腾气泡脱落行为的重力无关性分析

在流动沸腾现象中，气液两相密度差异导致重力对流动和传热性能产生很大影响，因此重力效应研究对于流动沸腾的航天应用具有重要意义.在对Bower-Klausner-Sathyanarayan重力无关准则（BKS准则）分析的基础上，提出其判据存在理论缺陷，不能正确反映重力效应.采用与BKS准则相同的气泡脱落模型，但忽略气泡沿加热管壁的滑动效应，重新计算常重力条件下不同流动方向起始沸腾阶段单气泡的脱落尺寸，归纳得到一个新的基于Fr（Froude数）的重力无关准则.该准则与实验结果符合更好，且与主导作用力准则基本相符.      

微重力下相变储能单元融化过程数值模拟

为探究微重力环境中,通过肋片强化了传热的相变储能单元中相变材料融化过程,通过数值模拟方法探究了微重力作用时相变材料融化过程中传热特性。通过地面实验与重力作用下数值模拟结果对比验证数值模拟方法的准确性,对比重力和微重力作用2种情况下数值模拟结果以揭示微重力环境中相变材料融化过程的特性。结果表明,当相变储能单元受微重力作用时,相变材料融化速率明显下降,热量主要通过热传导传递,融化的相变材料从顶端膨胀溢出向空间扩散,局部低温区域在相变储能单元中上部。      

模拟空间失重状态下流体桥振动实验研究

就微重力环境下粘滞流体桥振动特性问题，采用ＰＴＦ（平台流体浴槽）装置，在模拟空间失重状态下进行实验研究。实验就不同桥长（不同细长度）、不同位置在不同外界挠动频率下的振动特性针对不同粘滞系数反复进行实验，测试并详细记录了各参数下桥界面振幅随频率变化的数据和谱图（计数据２０００余，谱图８１张）。实验数据和谱图的分析结果表明：①谐频随桥细长度增加向低频方向移动；②谐频和细长度关系是双曲反比例关系。     

不同重力条件下水平管内气液两相流流型及空隙率分布的数值模拟

基于VOF方法建立了不同重力条件下水平管内气液两相流动的三维非稳态数学模型并进行了数值求解, 研究了10-4g₀, 0.17g₀, 0.38g₀, 1g₀ (g₀=9.8m·s-2)四种重力条件下水平管内气液两流型及变化规律, 比较了不同重力条件下管内截面空隙率的分布和波动规律. 研究结果表明, 该模型能够正确预测不同重力条件下水平管内气液两相流的流型、截面空隙率和滑速比等重要参数; 同一气液两相表观速度工况下, 随着重力水平的升高, 气相更容易在水平管的上部积聚合并, 致使流型发生变化, 同时, 气液两相滑速比增大, 截面空隙率波动峰值的平均值下降, 波动频率降低; 而随着气液两相表观速度的增大, 两相混合工质内惯性力作用也随之增强, 这将削弱重力变化的影响.      

Attempt to study Marangoni flow of low-Pr-number fluids using a liquid bridge of silver

In order to experimentally investigate the Marangoni flow of low-Prandtl-number fluids in a liquid bridge geometry under the condition of small Marangoni numbers close to the critical Marangoni numbers Ma_c1 and Ma_c2, the formation of a liquid bridge of silver was attempted. The available temperature difference between the upper and lower rods to obtain a small Marangoni number, such as Ma = 50, was calculated for a 5 mm high liquid bridge for several molten metals. For molten silver, the possible temperature difference was estimated to be 16 K, whereas, for molten silicon, this was 0.38 K, which is unrealistic for the purposes of experiments. For silver, a free surface can be obtained in the wide range of oxygen partial pressures, whereas, for molten silicon, the available oxygen partial pressure range is very small; equilibrium oxygen partial pressure for SiO₂ formation is as low as 1.1 × 10⁻¹⁴ Pa. A liquid bridge of molten silver was successfully prepared and temperature oscillation was observed; the estimated Marangoni number was 160 and oscillation frequency was 0.26 Hz.     

Stability of liquid bridges subject to an eccentric rotation

A cylindrical liquid bridge supported between two circular-shaped disks in isorotation is considered. The effect of an offset between the rotation axis and the axis of the two supporting disks (eccentricity) on the stability of the static liquid bridge is investigated. A numerical method is used to find stable and unstable shapes and to determine the stability limit for different values of eccentricity. The calculated stability limits are compared with analytical results, recovering the same behavior. Numerical results have been also compared with the results of an experiment aboard TEXUS-23, recovering the stability limit and the equilibrium shapes.     

微重力条件下悬浮区中的Marangoni对流

本文研究微重力条件下悬浮区中的表面张力梯度驱动对流。采用有限元方法数值研究二维、轴对称悬浮区中的定常流动和温度分布,讨论P_r数及自由面上散热条件的影响。计算表明,P_r数(M_α数)增大时,流区大部分自由表面上温度梯度减小,流区流速较小,对流热输运较扩散效应增强。只要能维持自由面上一定的温度梯度,在较大的P_r数(M_α数)时,仍能得到收敛的定常解。     

Hydrothermal instability of thermocapillary convection in large-Prandtl-number liquid bridges under microgravity

Linear stability analysis was performed to study the mechanism of transition of thermocapillary convection in liquid bridges with liquid volume ratios ranging from 0.4 to 1.2, aspect ratio of 0.75 and Prandtl number of 100. 2-D governing equations were solved to obtain the steady axi-symmetric basic flow and temperature distributions. 3-D perturbation equations were discretized at the collocation grid points using the Chebyshev-collocation method. Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions were obtained by using the Q–R method.The predicted critical Marangoni numbers and critical frequencies were compared with data from space experiments. The disturbance of the temperature distribution on the free surface causes the onset of oscillatory convection. It is shown that the origin of instability is related to the hydrothermal origin for convections in large-Prandtl-number liquid bridges.     

Experimental analysis of the breakage of a liquid bridge under microgravity conditions

The experimental results obtained in experiment “STACO” made on board the Spacelab D-2 are re-visited, with image-analysis tools not then available. The configuration consisted of a liquid bridge between two solid supporting discs. An expected breakage occurred during the experiment. The recorded images are analysed and the measured behaviour compared with the results of a three dimensional model of the liquid dynamics, obtaining a much better fit than with linear models.     

A linear stability analysis of large-Prandtl-number thermocapillary liquid bridges

A linear stability analysis is applied to determine the onset of oscillatory thermocapillary convection in cylindrical liquid bridges of large Prandtl numbers (4  Pr  50). We focus on the relationships between the critical Reynolds number Re_c, the azimuthal wave number m, the aspect ratio Γ and the Prandtl number Pr. A detailed Re_c–Pr stability diagram is given for liquid bridges with various Γ. In the region of Pr > 1, which has been less studied previously and where Re_c has been usually believed to decrease with the increase of Pr, we found Re_c exhibits an early increase for liquid bridges with Γ around one. From the computed surface temperature gradient, it is concluded that the boundary layers developed at both solid ends of liquid bridges strengthen the stability of basic axisymmetric thermocapillary convection at large Prandtl number, and that the stability property of the basic flow is determined by the “effective” part of liquid bridge.     

Dynamic particle accumulation structure (PAS) in half-zone liquid bridge – Reconstruction of particle motion by 3-D PTV

Three-dimensional (3-D) velocity field reconstruction of oscillatory thermocapillary convections in a half-zone liquid bridge with a radius of O (1 mm) was carried out by applying 3-D particle tracking velocimetry (PTV). Simultaneous observation of the particles suspended in the bridge by two CCD cameras was carried out by placing a small cubic beam splitter above a transparent top rod. The reconstruction of the 3-D trajectories and the velocity fields of the particles in the several types of oscillatory-flow regimes were conducted successfully for sufficiently long period without losing particle tracking. With this application the present authors conducted a series of experiments focusing upon the collapse and re-formation process of the PAS by mechanically disturbing fully developed PAS.     

基于液压桥路的伺服阀节流器高精度配对方法

伺服阀节流器零件流量配对精度要求很高,传统流量配对的方法存在配对精度差的问题,直接影响伺服阀产品稳定性。针对伺服阀行业节流器零件流量小、配对精度不高的问题,基于液压桥路的原理开展伺服阀节流器小孔流量配对方法研究,通过建立物理仿真模型分析了节流器零件不同流量对前置级压力以及伺服阀整机的影响,并通过试验对节流器新型配对方法进行了验证。试验结果表明,该测试方法能够很好地满足现有伺服阀产品节流器配对的高精度要求,具有操作方便、分辨率高的特点,该结构形式可以推广到其他类似的小孔类零件高精度配对场合。     

Alfvén gravity waves in viscous solar plasma: Effect of the background flow

We study the Propagation and damping properties of Alfvén gravity waves in the presence of the vertical magnetic field in the viscous solar plasma under influence of the background flow by deriving a fourth order dispersion relation in terms of the Doppler shifted frequency. We derive the dispersion relation under WKB and Boussinesq approximation. We study the damping of Alfvén gravity waves for the wave frequencies less than and greater than the Brunt-Väisälä frequency. We find that the Brunt-Väisälä frequency divides the frequency ranges where the weakly or strongly damped oscillations occur. The background flow exhibits a strong effect on weakly damped oscillations and a weak effect on the strongly damped oscillations. We also notice that the damping of both the strong and weakly damped oscillations depend on the Brunt-Väisälä frequency and wave number. The effect of the background flow is also being governed by the Brunt-Väisälä frequency and wave number. We also study the properties of gravity wave mode after filtering the Alfvén wave mode by minimizing the magnetic field and noticed that the background flow shows a very strong effect on the gravity wave mode.