深空探测器自主规划技术研究进展

在深空探测过程中,探测器飞行距离远、所处环境动态多变,传统地面站遥测遥控方式很难满足探测器控制的实时性、鲁棒性和安全性等要求,迫切需要探测器具有自主性,而自主规划技术是实现探测器自主运行的核心技术之一.介绍了自主规划技术发展历程,给出了深空探测器自主规划内涵,分别从自主规划和执行框架、任务规划知识模型、任务规划和重规划...     

超低轨道卫星应用离子电推进技术方案

低地球轨道大气环境对诸如科学探测和对地观测卫星的阻尼作用十分明显,而且阻尼随太阳和地磁活动以及昼夜、季节交替变化范围宽.为了保证卫星轨道精度或飞行状态满足任务要求,需要利用推进系统对卫星受到的阻尼进行实时或间歇式补偿以实现轨道或飞行状态的保持.针对轨道高度220～268 km的无拖曳飞行和轨道维持应用,基于卫星轨道阻尼...     

有大气行星悬飞探测初步设想与可行性探讨

提出了一种有大气地外行星悬飞探测方式,该探测方式是利用被探测天体存在大气的环境特点,实现探测器在被测天体的"飞行"机动,克服目前已有的环绕探测、着陆探测、巡视探测和采样返回探测四类无人深空探测方式受地形、地貌约束无法实现大范围机动就位探测的不足。提出了悬飞探测器的典型任务工作模式设想,建立了悬飞探测器的六自由度动力学模型,并针对太阳系内典型的有大气行星环境(火星和土卫六)特点,给出了悬飞探测器的动力学特性并开展了仿真分析。在此基础上,首次提出了悬飞探测器的可行性约束系数,为悬飞探测器在深空探测的可行性研究提供了理论依据。     

主带小行星采样返回任务中的离子电推进应用方案

由于离子电推进的高比冲特性,采用它执行小行星探测器巡航阶段轨道机动任务时,将使探测器在同样的有效载荷下的发射重量大大减轻。针对我国规划中的主带小行星采样返回任务,调研了国外离子电推进在深空探测任务中的应用情况,在借鉴国外成功经验和任务需求分析的基础上,设计了主带小行星探测器离子电推进系统方案和应用策略,计算了在目前离子推力器寿命水平下,既定探测任务对离子电推进推力、比冲、推进剂量以及功耗需求。研究表明,目前研制的离子推力器可以满足规划中的主带小行星探测任务需求。研究成果对探测器的方案设计有参考价值。     

基于扩展状态深空探测器任务规划方法

面对深空探测过程中的不确定性,探测器需要利用任务规划技术实现自主控制。针对深空探测器任务规划中复杂系统功能及耦合操作约束,在状态知识框架的基础上,引入了扩展状态的概念。通过分析探测器任务规划中的约束关系,提出了基于扩展状态的任务规划算法。利用扩展状态结构特点削减了搜索空间,优化了搜索过程,提高了规划搜索的速度。数值仿真结果表明,该算法能够缩减近半的规划步数,加速问题求解进程,提高任务规划的效率。     

火星探测器MGS推进系统设计、飞行和启示

MO(Mars Observer)是20世纪80年代在NASA"快"、"好"、"省"的精神指引下设计建造的,由于过分强调进度和成本控制,导致探测器可靠性非常差,1993年在进入火星轨道前3天发生故障,失去与地面联系,导致任务失败.由于遥测丢失,无法确切判定具体故障.MGS(Mars GlobalSurveyor)作为MO的替代星,吸取了MO的经验教训,采取了很多的冗余和隔离措施,大幅度提高了系统可靠性,在有限经费和短短的16个月就完成了研制,1996年11月发射,推进系统表现良好,飞行任务取得圆满成功.中国将逐步开展以火星探测为代表的深空探测活动,推进系统作为探测器的核心分系统,其可靠性、安全性直接决定任务的成败,回顾美国NASA在MO和MGS上的经历,详细分析了MGS的在轨飞行表现,以期为中国深空探测器及长寿命卫星推进系统的设计借鉴.     

木星系探测及行星穿越任务轨迹初步设计

基于我国未来木星系探测任务需求,初步设计了任务轨迹。以目前的发射能力,要实现木星的环绕探测必将利用行星借力,需设计借力轨迹。首先将脉冲变轨的轨迹设计问题转化为参数优化问题,在满足2029—2032年间发射并且飞行时间不超过7年的约束条件下,使用PSO算法对发射时刻、借力时刻、深空机动时刻、到达时刻等参数进行优化,使得探测器需提供的总速度增量最小。探测器进入木星系后,利用木卫3借力捕获至环木大椭圆轨道,又利用木卫4构造共振借力,最终捕获至木卫4的环绕轨道。在此基础上,还考虑了天王星飞越的拓展任务,天王星探测器在到达木星时与木星系探测器分离,利用木星借力可无消耗飞往天王星,并在2043年完成天王星的飞越探测任务。     

嫦娥五号月面上升和下降段实时轨道确定

针对月球探测中月面上升和下降段的实时轨道确定问题,提出基于三向测量的实时自适应当前统计方法。首先,通过自适应当前统计模型描述探测器月面上升下降过程,其次,综合利用三向数据进行测量更新,最后,通过UKF滤波算法完成实时轨道确定。由于自适应当前统计模型具有良好的适应性,该方法能对探测器月面上升和下降段进行有效定位,通过嫦娥五号探测器实际上升和下降过程数据进行测试,结果表明,文章提出的基于三向测量的实时自适应当前统计方法比传统的几何定位方法具有更好的抗差性,对深空目标探测具有一定的工程应用价值。     

基于在轨组装维护的模块化深空探测器技术进展与应用研究

在轨组装与维护是航天器在轨服务技术的基本内容,而模块化设计则是实现航天器在轨组装与维护的一项主要支撑技术。调研总结了国外深空探测领域模块化航天器设计以及在轨组装与在轨维护实施的技术进展,主要包括模块化地外行星着陆探测器、大型在轨组装深空探测器、布置于SEL2(Sun-Earth Libration 2)等轨道的超大型在轨组装空间望远镜系统等,分析了深空探测器领域应用模块化设计实现在轨组装与维护的关键技术要素。针对深空探测航天器长寿命、高可靠、特殊推进系统及其设备配套等技术特点与需求,提出一种应用在轨组装与维护技术的火星多任务探测器系统设想,介绍了探测器系统的任务架构、基本组成、轨道策略等,为我国深空探测技术发展以及新型深空探测器研制提供参考。     

小行星探测电推进系统方案研究

小行星探测以及资源开发与利用对国家抢占深空探测主动权和制高点有着不可估量的战略意义。电推进具有高比冲、长寿命和高度自主巡航等特点,小行星探测器采用电推进执行巡航阶段轨道机动任务,将大幅减少推进剂重量和提高载重比。调研了国外小行星探测的电推进系统方案,针对我国小行星探测对电推进系统的任务需求及现有电推力器的技术基础,提出了5种电推进系统方案,并进行多维度对比,对最优方案进行了设计和关键技术梳理。     

Near real-time BDS GEO satellite orbit determination and maneuver analysis with reversed point positioning

The Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellite is a crucial part of the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) constellation. However, due to various perturbation forces acting on the GEO satellite, it drifts gradually over time. Thus, frequent orbit maneuvers are required to maintain the satellite at its designed position. During the orbit maneuver and recovery periods, the orbit quality of the maneuvered satellite computed with broadcast navigation ephemeris will be significantly degraded. Furthermore, the conventional dynamic Precise Orbit Determination (POD) approach may not work well, because of a lack of publicly available satellite information for modeling the thrust forces. In this paper, a near real-time approach free of thrust forces modeling is proposed for BDS GEO satellite orbit determination and maneuver analysis based on the Reversed Point Positioning (RPP). First, the station coordinates and receiver clock offsets are estimated by GPS/BDS combined Single Point Positioning (SPP) with single-frequency phase-smoothed pseudorange observations. Then, with the fixed station coordinates and receiver clock offsets, the RPP method can be conducted to determine the GEO satellite orbits. When no orbit maneuvers occur, the proposed method can obtain orbit accuracies of 0.92, 2.74, and 8.30?m in the radial, along-track, and cross-track directions, respectively. The average orbit-only Signal-In-Space Range Error (SISRE) is 1.23?m, which is slightly poorer than that of the broadcast navigation ephemeris. Using four days of GEO maneuvered datasets, it is further demonstrated that the derived orbits can be employed to characterize the behaviors of GEO satellite maneuvers, such as the time span of the maneuver as well as the satellite thrusting accelerations. These results prove the efficiency of the proposed method for near real-time GEO satellite orbit determination during maneuvers.     

小卫星三轴稳定模式下的有限推力轨道转移

由搭载方式发射的小卫星,通常需要变轨才能进入自己的工作轨道。这种变轨一般由小推力发动机执行,传统的冲量变轨方法存在较大局限性。文章研究了在小推力作用下,小卫星由椭圆停泊轨道进入共面圆工作轨道的点火信息求解方法;给出对地定向三轴稳定模式下和俯仰角偏置三轴稳定模式下的变轨控制仿真结果;提供了对任务设计有参考价值的结论。     

小卫星在轨安全分离速度设计

论文针对母星在轨释放小卫星安全速度设计开展研究。在考虑母星机动变轨约束条件下,基于Hill方程推导了分离速度的解析表达式,并与考虑了多种摄动因素的数值解进行了比对,误差的量级为10-3m/s。可为在轨释放安全分离速度的确定提供一种迅速准确的解析算法。     

近圆轨道卫星编队捕获技术研究

基于近圆参考轨道的假设,研究处于同一入轨点多颗卫星的编队捕获方法.首先由高斯型拉格朗日轨道摄动运动方程得到轨道坐标系中控制冲量与轨道根数偏差的关系,基于近圆轨道的条件简化并带入相对运动方程,得到控制冲量与相对运动的关系表达式;通过深入分析各个方向(径向、沿迹向与轨道面法向)的控制冲量对相对运动的影响,给出了分别用径向与轨道面法向控制冲量组合和沿迹向与轨道面法向控制冲量组合实现编队捕获的两种控制策略;最后给出了一个空间圆编队捕获实例,并从燃料消耗、施加冲量次数及捕获时间等角度对比研究了两种控制策略的特点.仿真结果表明,这两种控制策略简单、实用,能够较好地解决近圆轨道卫星编队的捕获问题.      

Orbit determination and prediction of GEO satellite of BeiDou during repositioning maneuver

In order to establish a continuous GEO satellite orbit during repositioning maneuvers, a suitable maneuver force model has been established associated with an optimal orbit determination method and strategy. A continuous increasing acceleration is established by constructing a constant force that is equivalent to the pulse force, with the mass of the satellite decreasing throughout maneuver. This acceleration can be added to other accelerations, such as solar radiation, to obtain the continuous acceleration of the satellite. The orbit determination method and strategy are illuminated, with subsequent assessment of the orbit being determined and predicted accordingly. The orbit of the GEO satellite during repositioning maneuver can be determined and predicted by using C-Band pseudo-range observations of the BeiDou GEO satellite with COSPAR ID 2010-001A in 2011 and 2012. The results indicate that observations before maneuver do affect orbit determination and prediction, and should therefore be selected appropriately. A more precise orbit and prediction can be obtained compared to common short arc methods when observations starting 1 day prior the maneuver and 2 h after the maneuver are adopted in POD (Precise Orbit Determination). The achieved URE (User Range Error) under non-consideration of satellite clock errors is better than 2 m within the first 2 h after maneuver, and less than 3 m for further 2 h of orbit prediction.     

Orbit determination of BeiDou navigation satellite system maneuvered satellites based on instantaneous velocity pulses parameters

The BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) comprises geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites as well as inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) and medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites. Owing to their special orbital characteristics, GEO satellites require frequent orbital maneuvers to ensure that they operate in a specific orbital window. The availability of the entire system is affected during the maneuver period because service cannot be provided before the ephemeris is restored. In this study, based on the conventional dynamic orbit determination method for navigation satellites, multiple sets of instantaneous velocity pulses parameters which belong to one of pseudo-stochastic parameters were used to simulate the orbital maneuver process in the orbital maneuver arc and establish the observed and predicted orbits of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites of BeiDou regional navigation satellite system (BDS-2) and BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3). Finally, the single point positioning (SPP) technology was used to verify the accuracy of the observed and predicted orbits. The orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered satellites can be greatly improved by using the orbit determination method proposed in this paper. The overlapping orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered GEO satellites of BDS-2 and BDS-3 can improve 2–3 orders of magnitude. Among them, the radial orbit determination accuracy of each maneuvered satellite is basically better than 1 m. simultaneously, the combined orbit determination of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites does not have a great impact on the orbit determination accuracy of the non-maneuvered satellites. Compared with the multi GNSS products (indicated by GBM) from the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), the impact of adding the maneuvered satellites on the orbit determination accuracy of BDS-2 satellites is less than 9 %. Furthermore, the orbital recovery time and the service availability period are significantly improved. When the node of the predicted orbit is traversed approximately 3 h after the maneuver, the accuracy of the predicted orbit of the maneuvered satellite can reach that of the observed orbit. The SPP results for the BDS reached a normal level when the node of the predicted orbit was 2 h after the maneuver.     

基于Neyman-Pearson准则的空间目标轨道机动检测方法

轨道机动检测是当前空间监视活动的重要需求之一.当卫星在脉冲小推力作用下发生轨道机动时,会引起目标卫星与伴飞卫星相对距离变化率的阶跃突变,由于测量噪声的存在,距离变化率的阶跃突变特征被淹没在测量噪声中,不容易被检测出来.针对该问题,提出了一种基于概率判决模型的轨道机动检测方法.该方法采用独立同分布高斯白噪声模型描述测量噪...     

Optimal mission planning of the reconfiguration process of satellite constellations through orbital maneuvers: A novel technical framework

In this paper, a general new methodology is presented for the orbital reconfiguration of satellite constellations on the basis of Lambert targeting theorem. In view of the cost and risk reduction, it is very important to consider the problem of satellite constellation reconfiguration with the two constraints of overall mission cost minimization and the desired final configuration. Hence, the dependent non-simultaneous deployment approach is proposed to minimize overall fuel cost. Despite the fact that the satellites deploy in a non-simultaneous manner, supplementary phasing maneuvers on the target orbital pattern to achieve the desired orbital configuration are avoided. Moreover, a novel idea is presented to optimize the flight of satellites, which plays an important role in complying with the constraint of overall fuel cost minimization as much as possible. In order to achieve the global optimal solution of the satellite constellation reconfiguration problem, the efficient hybrid Particle Swarm Optimization/Genetic Algorithm (PSO/GA) technique, is implemented. Finally, to indicate the superiority of the presented method, a comparison to the simultaneous maneuver viewpoint is made on a number of representative cases. The obtained results imply significant reduction of reconfiguration costs by employing the proposed method.     

Assessing attitude error of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellites and its impact on orbit determination

An attitude determination and control system (ADCS) is critical to satellite attitude maneuvers and to the coordinate transformation from the inertial frame to the spacecraft frame. This paper shows specific sensors in the ADCS of the satellite mission FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3/C) and the impact of the ADCS quality on orbit accuracy. The selection of main POD antenna depends on the beta angles of the different F3/C satellites (for FM2 and FM4) during the inflight phase. In particular, under the eclipse, alternative attitude sensors are activated to replace the Sun sensors, and such a sensor change leads to anomalous GPS phase residuals and a degraded orbit accuracy. Since the nominal attitude serves as a reference for ADCS, the 3-dimensional attitude-induced errors in reduced dynamic orbits over selected days in 2010 show 9.35, 10.78, 4.97, 5.48, 7.18, and 6.89 cm for FM1–FM6. Besides, the 3-dimensional velocity errors induced by the attitude effect are 0.10, 0.10, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, and 0.10 for FM1–FM6. We analyze the quality of the observed attitude transformation matrix of F3/C and its impact on kinematic orbit determination. With 249 days of GPS in 2008, the analysis leads to the following averaged 3-dimensional attitude-induced orbit errors: 2.72, 2.62, 2.37, 1.90, 1.70, and 1.99 cm for satellites FM1–FM6. Critical suggestions of geodetic payloads for the follow-on mission of F3/C are presented based on the current result.     

Energy-optimal reconfiguration of satellite formation flying in the presence of uncertainties

In this study, a two-step control methodology is developed for energy-optimal reconfiguration of satellites in formation in the presence of uncertainties or external disturbances. First, based on a linear deterministic system model, an optimal control law is analytically determined such that a satellite maneuvers from an initial state to a final state relative to another satellite. The structure of this optimal solution is predetermined and simply given by a linear combination of the fundamental matrix solutions associated with the original equations of relative motion. Only the coefficients are to be determined to satisfy given initial and final conditions. In the second step, an uncertain nonlinear formation system is considered and a robust adaptive controller is designed to compensate for the effects of uncertainties or disturbances that the formation system may encounter. Although the control strategy is inspired by sliding mode control, it produces smooth control signals, thereby avoiding chattering. Also, an adaptation law is added such that the uncertainty or disturbance effects are effectively and quickly eliminated without a priori information about them. The combination of these two controllers guarantees that the satellite accurately tracks the optimal path in the unknown environment. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed two-step control methodology, in which a satellite formation is optimally reconfigured under unknown environmental disturbances.