Experimental study of a flush wall scramjet combustor equipped with strut/wall fuel injection

In this study a flush wall scramjet combustor is tested in a supersonic incoming air flow with the Mach number of 3 which is generated by an air vitiation heater producing the stagnation temperature of 1505 K. Using liquid kerosene as the fuel, the flame is stabilized by means of a centrally mounted O₂ pilot strut after being ignited by a plasma torch. During experimental measurements, the fuel is injected with a constant equivalence ratio of 0.8 according to specified strut/wall injection ratios, i.e., a portion of the fuel amount is injected from the strut while the rest is injected from the wall. The strut and wall injectors are arranged at the same axial position. The combustion performance and wall temperature gradients are evaluated with various fuel feeding ratios between the wall and the strut. Experimental results show, when the equivalence ratio is constant and the axial injection position is fixed, the combustion characteristics vary significantly with the strut/wall fuel feeding ratio, especially when this ratio is close to its lowest and highest limits. Among the four fuel feeding ratios examined, the strut only injection mode and the average distributed strut/wall injection mode show the best combustion performance. However, the strut/wall injection mode produces a smaller wall temperature gradient compared to the strut only injection mode, which is due to the significant film cooling effect caused by the wall injected liquid kerosene.     

Mg粉/CO2粉末火箭发动机点火试验研究

初步设计了粉末火箭发动机,并以Mg粉作为燃料、CO2作为氧化剂进行了点火试验.研究结果表明,在一定的压强和温度下,利用空气与Mg粉的燃烧放热可成功引燃Mg粉/CO2,且在关闭空气后达到自持燃烧；燃烧室壁面沉积较多,主要以MgO为主,还有一部分未燃烧的Mg；通过该试验验证了Mg粉/CO2粉末火箭发动机方案的可行性.     

Combustion performance and scale effect from N2O/HTPB hybrid rocket motor simulations

HRM code for the simulation of N₂O/HTPB hybrid rocket motor operation and scale effect analysis has been developed. This code can be used to calculate motor thrust and distributions of physical properties inside the combustion chamber and nozzle during the operational phase by solving the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations using a corrected compressible difference scheme and a two-step, five species combustion model. A dynamic fuel surface regression technique and a two-step calculation method together with the gas–solid coupling are applied in the calculation of fuel regression and the determination of combustion chamber wall profile as fuel regresses. Both the calculated motor thrust from start-up to shut-down mode and the combustion chamber wall profile after motor operation are in good agreements with experimental data. The fuel regression rate equation and the relation between fuel regression rate and axial distance have been derived. Analysis of results suggests improvements in combustion performance to the current hybrid rocket motor design and explains scale effects in the variation of fuel regression rate with combustion chamber diameter.     

Numerical investigation on cavity structure of solid-fuel scramjet combustor

The influences of miscellaneous combustor structures for solid fuel scramjet combustion on the performance are investigated, including a detailed interaction analysis between shocks/waves and combustion. Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene is chosen as the solid fuel with the non-premixed equilibrium probability density function combustion model. The results show combustion enhancement when structure of combustor is modified. The radical emphasis is to examine the sensitivity of the properties due to variations on the length-to-depth ratio of cavity, aft wall angle, and offset ratio. It is noted that there is an appropriate structure of cavity (L/D=4, θ=45°, and D_d/D_u=1.25–1.5) regarding the combustion efficiency, total pressure loss and specific impulse. The observation of function for combustor components provides instructional insight into the design considerations for a combustor of a solid-fuel scramjet.     

金属基燃料与水反应研究现状及应用前景

金属基燃料与水反应具有能量密度高的特点,可用于水下高速推进,也可用于新一代燃料电池。文中介绍了国外关于金属基燃料与水燃烧反应的一些研究方法和成果,以及金属基燃料与水凝相反应用于燃料电池等方面的研究现状,同时对国内关于金属基燃料与水反应的研究现状做了简要介绍,并对金属基燃料与水反应的应用前景进行了展望。     

纳米铝燃料研究进展

纳米铝代替传统微米铝作为固体火箭推进剂的金属燃料,有助于提高推进剂的燃速、比冲和降低特征信号等。综述了纳米铝燃料合成、活性保持、高温氧化反应机理和在含能材料体系中的分散性能等方面的研究进展,分析了关键技术的发展趋势。最后,给出了下一阶段纳米铝燃料的研究建议:探索各向异性纳米铝燃料合成途径,丰富纳米铝燃料类别;在不降低铝燃料能量的前提下,进行修饰、包覆,提高纳米铝燃料活性;弄清不同反应速率下纳米铝燃料氧化反应过程,明晰纳米铝燃料氧化反应机理;重视铝燃料在含能材料中的分散技术、表征手段,揭示分散状况对燃烧稳定性的影响规律。     

Analytical solution for a single droplet diffusion combustion problem accounting for several chain reaction stages

In the present study we investigate steady-state combustion of a liquid fuel droplet in the atmosphere of oxidizer under the condition of non-equilibrium evaporation from the surface.Utilizing the fact that chemical interactions of fuel with oxidizer involve a chain mechanism or several reaction stages, we transform the Shvab-Zel'dovich method so as to obtain exact analytical solution accounting for the possibility of several chain reactions.The obtained results show that this method is effective for solving the combustion problem and allow to define the values of parameters in gas around the droplet more accurately than the original method having taken into account one brutto-reaction.     

Calculation of ignition and combustion of a hydrogen jet in air with finite chemical reaction rates

A comparison between two analytical models of a free turbulent mixing of reacting streams with finite chemical reaction rates is presented and the results of calculations compared with experimental data. The substance is a mixture of the inert non-dissociated nitrogen and oxygen that dissociates and reacts with hydrogen.For the first model the local values of flow parameters along the streamlines were provided by the numerical solution of the conservation equations in the boundary layer form for a multicomponent mixture of perfect gases in the von Mises coordinate system. In the course of this analysis the problem was treated by dividing the flowfield into a large number of regions and by solving the Cauchy problem of the conservation equations for each region.The second analytical model was based on the ignition delay to describe the chemistry in the region of pre-ignition. The external air stream was heated by combustion and the influence of the water vapor and the intermediate species on the reaction kinetics in the mixing zone was numerically investigated.The results of calculation are compared with the experimental data with respect to the location of a visible flame edge under combustion of hydrogen jet in the co-current flow.     

Influences of H2O mass fraction and chemical kinetics mechanism on the turbulent diffusion combustion of H2–O2 in supersonic flows

Hydrogen is one of the most promising fuels for the airbreathing hypersonic propulsion system, and it attracts an increasing attention of the researchers worldwide. In this study, a typical hydrogen-fueled supersonic combustor was investigated numerically, and the predicted results were compared with the available experimental data in the open literature. Two different chemical reaction mechanisms were employed to evaluate their effects on the combustion of H₂–O₂, namely the two-step and the seven-step mechanisms, and the vitiation effect was analyzed by varying the H₂O mass fraction. The obtained results show that the predicted mole fraction profiles for different components show very good agreement with the available experimental data under the supersonic mixing and combustion conditions, and the chemical reaction mechanism has only a slight impact on the overall performance of the turbulent diffusion combustion. The simple mechanism of H₂–O₂ can be employed to evaluate the performance of the combustor in order to reduce the computational cost. The H₂O flow vitiation makes a great difference to the combustion of H₂–O₂, and there is an optimal H₂O mass fraction existing to enhance the intensity of the turbulent combustion. In the range considered in this paper, its optimal value is 0.15. The initiated location of the reaction appears far away from the bottom wall with the increase of the H₂O mass fraction, and the H₂O flow vitiation quickens the transition from subsonic to supersonic mode at the exit of the combustor.     

Numerical investigation on hydrogen combustion in a scramjet with 3D sidewall compression inlet

Numerical simulations were employed to analyze the flowfield of a scramjet with three-dimensional (3D) sidewall compression inlet, and the effect of inlet distortion on the mixing and combustion process was examined. The numerical approach solved the compressible Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations supplemented with a finite rate chemical reacting model for the combustion of hydrogen fuel and air. Turbulence closure was achieved using Menter shear-stress transport (SST) model. To verify the accuracy of the simulation, the computed wall pressure was compared with the experimental data of the direct-connect combustor test. The metrics employed in the simulations included qualitative assessments related to flow structure as well as quantitative values of fuel mixing efficiency, combustion efficiency and static pressure distribution. Intake sidewalls were found to strongly affect the inlet flow structure, which became more complex in the nonuniform flowfield. The shock train system affected the combustion region located upstream of the injection and led to pairs of asymmetric separation bubbles. Nevertheless, the shock train system dissipated due to the reactions, the combustion patterns of each fuel jets in downstream region were nearly identical, and the degree of improvement of mixing and combustion efficiency near the downstream injectors was less than that near the upstream injectors.     

凝胶燃料单滴燃烧的建模、实验及应用

讨论了凝胶燃料单个液滴燃烧的建模、实验研究和应用问题。单滴燃烧建模的关键在于依据凝胶燃料的胶凝结构和组份物性,确定燃烧过程的关键步骤,提炼主要影响因素。单滴燃烧实验研究的水平主要依赖于微小液滴的生成技术,高分辨率和高速成像技术,燃气成份的准确快速测量技术等光学测试技术的发展。单滴燃烧研究的主要应用在于揭示燃料的燃烧机理,分析燃料的燃烧特性,提高燃烧装置的设计水平。     

Numerical study on operating characteristics of a magnesium-based fuel ramjet

A two-dimensional axis symmetrical model for multi-phase turbulent combustion simulation has been developed in a magnesium-based fuel ramjet, the stochastic model is applied to track the motion and transportation of discrete phase in the whole flow field in Lagrangian frame. Firstly, the flow field parameters distribution including temperature, velocity, Mg particle burning rate, main components are obtained to describe the basic operating characteristics, and the thermoacoustic oscillation during the combustion process is predicted due to the observed vortex. Then combined with the developed thermodynamic calculation program, the influencing rules of water/fuel ratio and magnesium-based fuel composition ratio on ramjet operating characteristics are analyzed. The results obtained show that the distribution of two water/fuel ratios exerts a direct impact on the temperature fluctuations in combustor, further influences the combustion stability, as for theoretical specific impulse, a maximal value is observed along with the total water/fuel ratio, while the monotonous trends for thermal efficiency and propulsive efficiency are achieved respectively. Moreover, the magnesium-based fuel composition ratio is a dominant factor to influence the operating characteristics, and it is proved that the high-proportion Mg in fuel is beneficial to specific impulse augment through validation of both simulation results and thermodynamic calculation results.     

中心进气旋转射流冲压燃烧室湍流流动数值模拟

采用Reynolds应力方程模型及涡耗散燃烧模型,对头部进气式固体火箭冲压发动机二次燃烧二维轴对称反应流场进行了数值模拟,研究了空气射流和燃气射流无旋、同向旋转和反向旋转3种进气方式对二次燃烧的影响。研究结果表明,当空气射流和燃气射流以有旋状态进入补燃室时,燃料与空气的混合速度变快,化学反应更快,燃烧也更为充分。     

粉末燃料冲压发动机自维持稳定燃烧试验研究

为了实现粉末燃料冲压发动机的持续稳定工作,采用设计的发动机进行了直连式试验研究.通过试验,验证了粉末燃料供应方式的可行性,获得了燃烧室压强及发动机推力曲线,计算了发动机的燃烧效率.结果表明,利用突扩回流稳定火焰的方法不适用随流性差的金属粉末燃料,钝体火焰稳定器可实现粉末燃料的自维持稳定燃烧,但稳定器周围沉积较多,降低了发动机效率.     

The turbulent combustion of a propane-air mixture

This paper models the combustion of a turbulent homogeneous mixture of propane and air within a duct having a stationary one-dimensional mean flow. The Bray-Moss model is applied to the closure of the chemical production terms, using a probability density function (pdf) of the temperature which is chosen as the characteristic variable. Under the conditions chosen for the study, chemical kinetic factors are important and the conventional assumption, that heat release is controlled by turbulent mixing, is not valid. The chemical model of Edelman and Fortune for the combustion of hydrocarbons is used and simplifying assumptions are made which reduce the systems of unknowns to that of the temperature alone. This leads to the introduction of two chemical production terms which are defined respectively in a “delay zone”, where the heat release is modest, and a “combustion zone”. The required equations for the Favre-averaged temperature, turbulence kinetic energy and the mean square fluctuation of the temperature are solved numerically. In the delay zone, a comparison is made between a second order Borghi type closure and the pdf closure. Good agreement is found in the case of relatively small turbulence intensity. It is shown that the pdf formulation does not require the two zones to be spatially distinct. Differing chemical source terms can be discriminated instantaneously by the reaction progress variable and contributions to the average production terms appropriately apportioned by its pdf. Predictions are made of the profiles of mean temperature and mean square fluctuation under different initial turbulence levels.     

凹腔超声速燃烧室氢气燃烧流场数值模拟

对带长深比为10的凹腔结构的燃烧室二维氢燃烧流场进行数值模拟,燃料喷注方式采用凹腔上游喷注加辅加凹腔前壁、底壁、后壁喷注。采用三阶MUSCL格式求解二维含组分守恒N-S方程组,湍流模型采用剪切修正的RNGk-ε湍流模型,对喷氢燃烧工况进行了计算研究,并分别分析了凹腔中不同燃料喷注方式对燃烧特性的影响。结果表明：凹腔是火焰驻留的主要区域;凹腔上游喷注氢,可以使燃料在凹腔中混合燃烧,辅加凹腔中喷氢的三种方式对燃烧状况产生一定的影响。在凹腔前壁、底面辅加喷氢,没有增强凹腔的稳焰特性,对整个燃烧状态影响不大;在凹腔后壁喷氢,能够增加凹腔中的燃料含量,加强了回流效果,对燃烧状态影响较大。三种喷注方式都没有从根本上改变凹腔燃烧流场的特性。     

壁面孔型对超声速气流中喷注特性的影响

超声速气流中,燃料与来流空气的高效混合是燃烧室实现点火、稳焰及高效燃烧组织的前提。国内外研究者已对比研究了不同壁面孔型对超声速气流中喷注、混合特性的影响,相比于最常见的圆形喷孔,菱形、楔形-半圆、箭形及针形等喷孔用于超声速气流燃料喷注时,不仅有利于降低喷孔前缘边界层的分离,而且也有利于提升射流穿透深度;相比于单孔喷注,组合型喷孔能进一步增强燃料与来流空气在射流远场的混合效果。通过综述各型喷孔的喷注特性,分析提出了适用于超声速燃烧组织的壁面喷注孔型及其工程应用条件。     

金属粉末燃料冲压发动机初步试验研究

为了检验金属粉末燃料冲压发动机的点火及燃烧特性,对设计的发动机进行了初步的直连式试验研究。初步试验结果表明,目前设计的燃料供应系统能将粉末燃料有效输送到发动机燃烧室;在火炬作用下粉末燃料能实现快速点火启动;火炬工作结束粉末燃料可自身维持燃烧;燃烧室壁面沉积较多,主要分为2层,其中表层为白色MgO,内层为Mg、MgO和Mg3N2的混合物。     

高金属含量水反应金属燃料稳态燃烧模型

为探索水冲压发动机稳态燃烧机理,以水反应金属燃料在水蒸气环境下的稳态燃烧试验为基础,建立了镁基高金属含量水反应金属燃料稳态燃烧模型,燃料中金属镁含量大于70％.将镁基水反应金属燃料稳态燃烧过程分为惰性加热区、凝相反应区和气相反应区,指出燃面附近气相火焰结构由4部分组成,分别为AP预混火焰、AP/HTPB扩散火焰、AP/...