Organization, selection, and training of crews for extended spaceflight: findings from analogs and implications

Ample research evidence from space analogs points to the crucial role that teamwork plays in the performance of small groups in isolation and confinement. This paper surveys findings about the impacts of group behavior and social interaction on crew morale, coordination, and productivity. Implications for the organization, selection, and training of crews for extended spaceflight are discussed.     

Long Term Climate Records from Polar Ice

One of the great challenges in climate research is to investigate the principal mechanisms that control global climatic changes and an effective way to learn more about it, is the reconstruction of past climate changes. The most important sources of information about such changes and the associated composition of the atmosphere are the two large ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica. Analysis of ice cores is the most powerful means we have to determine how climate has changed over the last few climatic cycles, and to relate this to changes in atmospheric composition, in particular to concentrations of the principal greenhouse gases – CO₂, CH₄ and N₂O (carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide).Transitions from cold ice age climates to warmer interstadials have always been accompanied by an increase of the atmospheric concentration of the three principal greenhouse gases. This increase has been, at least for CO₂, vital for the ending of glacial epochs. A highly simplified course of events for the past four transitions would then be as follows: first, changing orbital parameters initiated the end of the glacial epoch; second, an increase in greenhouse gases then amplified the weak orbital signal; third, in the second half of the transition, warming was further amplified by decreasing albedo, caused by melting of the large ice sheets in the Northern Hemisphere going parallel with a change of the ocean circulation.The isotopic records of Greenland ice cores show evidence for fast and drastic climatic changes during the last glacial epoch. Possible causes and mechanisms of such changes and their significance as global climatic events are discussed here. Ice core results also enable the reaction of the environment to past global changes to be investigated.It will also be discussed how reliable stable isotope records are as a local temperature proxy and how representative paleoclimatic results from Greenland and Antarctica are in relation to global climate.     

Two hundred thirty-seven days in Salyut-7

A cosmonaut describes the long-duration Salyut-7 flight in 1984. The third visit to the orbital station provided many opportunities to advance knowledge about living and working in space. The stay on Salyut-7 was supported by three manned Soyuz-T visits and five Progress cargo ships. Scientists conducted a number of astrophysical experiments and acquired experience in spacecraft maintenance and repair. Medical research and control on 33 parameters were carried out for 87 of the 237 days.     

基于有向点集的多面多孔式装配偏差分析与协调

多面多孔式装配是航天航空等大尺度部件装配/装调常见的连接形式之一,其空间装配关系复杂,调配环节多且存在耦合,以试错式的装配作业方式存在难度大、需反复试装与调配、装配质量一致性差、装配效率低等问题。采用"有向点"表征轴/孔配合的空间装配关系,提出了一种基于有向点集的多面多孔式装配协调数学模型,通过奇异值分解（SVD）分解法对基于有向点集的协调模型进行最优匹配运算,给出了装配调整量的计算方法。最后,以实际工程需求为应用背景,在实验室环境下进行了多面多孔式装配协调试验,结果表明基于测量数据的装配偏差分析与装配调整量计算方法可行。     

短周期涡轮实验的发展趋势

对国外短周期涡轮实验技术的发展及其应用范围开拓的情况进行了综述和分析.比较了长短周期涡轮实验技术各自的优点和不足.近年来, 在发展高性能航空发动机的需求带动下, 短周期涡轮实验技术正在努力克服自身的薄弱环节, 力争达到长周期涡轮实验技术所能达到的性能测试精度.其发展目标是争取部分替代长周期涡轮实验, 由单纯机理性实验平台向部件性能研发平台扩展.同时, 作为重要的基础研究平台, 短周期涡轮实验台在机理研究领域也有所拓宽, 开始被应用于新设计理念的验证、CFD设计分析软件的校验等新的领域.      

The Earth’s Magnetopause: Reconstruction of Motion and Structure

The Earth’s magnetosphere is an accessible region for improving our knowledge of the dynamics of collisionless plasmas. We focus here on the magnetopause a typical plasma discontinuity. We discuss recent developments in describing the structure of the magnetopause by means of reconstruction techniques, which translate in situ data into spatial information. We review short- and long-duration reconstruction methods and discuss the ideas behind them. The emphasis is on long-duration reconstruction methods in a multi-spacecraft context.     

Life sciences

Space life sciences research activities are reviewed for the year. Highlights of animal studies were the first long-term flight of an animal enclosure module and an avian development facility on STS-108. Plant research efforts focused on a biomass production system for eventual use on the International Space Station (ISS), the PESTO experiment on ISS, and screening of several salad crop varieties for potential use in space. Health-related studies included the Martian Radiation Environment Experiment (MARIE) on the Mars Odyssey mission, presentation of results from NASA's Biomolecular Physics and Chemistry Program, and research related to human liver cell function in space through an agreement with StelSys. In industry and academia, a memorandum of understanding was signed between NASA and the biotechnology industry to enhance communication between NASA and the industry, expand commercial biotechnology space research and development, and expand formal and informal education of industry and the public regarding biotechnology and space research. NASA selected Purdue University to lead an NSCORT for advanced life support research to develop technologies to enable long-duration planetary mission and sustain human space colonies.     

Crucial Physical Dependencies of the Core-Collapse Supernova Mechanism

We explore with self-consistent 2D Fornax simulations the dependence of the outcome of collapse on many-body corrections to neutrino-nucleon cross sections, the nucleon-nucleon bremsstrahlung rate, electron capture on heavy nuclei, pre-collapse seed perturbations, and inelastic neutrino-electron and neutrino-nucleon scattering. Importantly, proximity to criticality amplifies the role of even small changes in the neutrino-matter couplings, and such changes can together add to produce outsized effects. When close to the critical condition the cumulative result of a few small effects (including seeds) that individually have only modest consequence can convert an anemic into a robust explosion, or even a dud into a blast. Such sensitivity is not seen in one dimension and may explain the apparent heterogeneity in the outcomes of detailed simulations performed internationally. A natural conclusion is that the different groups collectively are closer to a realistic understanding of the mechanism of core-collapse supernovae than might have seemed apparent.     

The BOOMERANG experiment

The BOOMERANG (Balloon Observations Of Millimetric Extragalactic RAdiation aNd Geophysics) experiment is an international effort to measure the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) anisotropy on angular scales of 20 to 4°, with unprecedented sensitivity, sky and spectral coverage. The telescope will be flown from Antarctica by NASA-NSBF with a long duration stratospheric balloon (7–14 days), and is presently scheduled for flight in 1995–1996. The experiment is designed to produce an image of the Cosmic Microwave Background with high sensitivity and large sky coverage. These data will tightly constrain the baryon density, the reionization history, and the formation of large-scale structure in the universe. BOOMERANG will test technologies and return science data that are essential to the design of a future space-borne mission to map CMB anisotropy.     

A spectroscopic analysis of B stars in the SMC cluster NGC 330

Medium resolution (2A/px) but high s/n spectra of approximately twenty of the brightest blue stars in the young open cluster NGC 330 in the SMC have been analyzed in order to determine their atmospheric parameters and the evolutionary status. Stellar parameters are determined by comparison with LTE and NLTE model atmosphere calculations and an HR diagram constructed. Luminosities of the sample stars lie in the range 4.0L _*/L )<5.0 and spectral types between O9 and late-B. The stars in our sample appear to define 4 groups: main-sequence B-stars (B2-B4), B-supergiants (B4) in a blue-loop phase of evolution, a small number of blue stragglers (O9-B0 near main-sequence stars) and a group of luminous giants (B1-B2) which reside in the so-called post main-sequence gap of the HR diagram. Furthermore, we have confirmed spectroscopically the very high incidence of Be stars in this cluster. Finally the almost complete absence of metal lines (at this resolution) is in keeping with the expected very low metallicity of the SMC.     

一类内-Abel p-群的子群结构

研究一个给定群的子群结构对群本身性质的理解和相关组合结构的研究都具有重要的理论意义和实用价值。内-Abel群作为一类非常重要的群，其子群结构的确定既困难也有意义。设P是素数α、β是正整数，G=〈a,b│a^pα=b^pβ=1,[b,a]=c,[a,c]=[b,c]=1〉（α≥β）是一类内-Abel p-群，完全给出了这类群的所有子群，使得此类群在实际应用中能发挥更大的作用。本方法可以推广求出其它内-Abel群的子群结构。     

Evolution of the Sunspot Number and Solar Wind $$ Time Series

The past two decades have witnessed significant changes in our knowledge of long-term solar and solar wind activity. The sunspot number time series (1700-present) developed by Rudolf Wolf during the second half of the 19th century was revised and extended by the group sunspot number series (1610–1995) of Hoyt and Schatten during the 1990s. The group sunspot number is significantly lower than the Wolf series before ～1885. An effort from 2011–2015 to understand and remove differences between these two series via a series of workshops had the unintended consequence of prompting several alternative constructions of the sunspot number. Thus it has been necessary to expand and extend the sunspot number reconciliation process. On the solar wind side, after a decade of controversy, an ISSI International Team used geomagnetic and sunspot data to obtain a high-confidence time series of the solar wind magnetic field strength (\(B\)) from 1750-present that can be compared with two independent long-term (> ～600 year) series of annual \(B\)-values based on cosmogenic nuclides. In this paper, we trace the twists and turns leading to our current understanding of long-term solar and solar wind activity.     

国外企业战略更新:主题述评与研究展望

企业的战略更新是企业应对内外部环境变化,通过改变其战略意图和行为来改变其路径依赖和谋求竞争优势的过程,对于企业塑造其战略灵敏性、环境适应性以及克服企业危机等方面有重要意义.基于国内战略更新研究匮乏的现状,以国外战略更新相关研究成果为切入点并从战略更新前因、过程及结果三个方面进行整合分析.在提出了时下战略更新研究体系及框...     

某型航空发动机涡轮多级气动优化设计

采用将准三维设计和多级局部优化联合的多级涡轮气动优化设计流程,对某型航空发动机3级涡轮进行了多级气动三维优化设计;采用人工神经网络和遗传算法对各列叶栅进行了三维局部优化,流场计算采用全三维黏性流N-S方程求解。通过优化设计,调整了功率分配,改善了各列性能,并对各列间参数进行了优化匹配,使总体性能提高,达到了设计要求。     

基于相对位置矢量的群目标灰色精细航迹起始算法

为解决群内目标精细航迹起始的难题,基于对传统航迹起始算法及现有群目标航迹起始算法优缺点的分析,给出了完整的群目标航迹起始框架,并提出了一种基于相对位置矢量的群目标灰色精细航迹起始算法。首先基于循环阈值模型、群中心点进行群的预分割、预关联,然后对预关联成功的群搜索对应坐标系,建立群中各量测的相对位置矢量,基于灰色精细互联模型完成群内量测的互联,最后基于航迹确认规则得到群目标状态矩阵。经仿真数据验证,与修正的逻辑法、基于聚类和Hough变换的多编队航迹起始算法相比,该算法在起始真实航迹、抑制虚假航迹及杂波鲁棒性等方面综合性能更优。     

国家数值风洞(NNW)工程中的黏性自适应笛卡尔网格方法研究进展

相比传统的结构和非结构网格,笛卡尔网格具有自动化和高质量兼顾的优势,是未来网格技术发展的重要方向。面向笛卡尔网格生成软件开发需求,依托国家数值风洞（NNW）工程,介绍了黏性自适应笛卡尔网格技术相关课题的研究工作进展,重点从网格生成技术、自适应方法、黏性物面边界处理方法等方面展开。网格生成技术方面,基于全线程树数据结构的思想,开展了叉树数据结构的优化;针对物面离散单元信息的快速检索,构建了稳定、平衡、高效的叉树式物面网格数据结构;对于网格单元类型的判断,发展了染色方法和包围盒方法以提高效率;针对大规模网格量,发展了高性能并行计算技术。自适应技术方面,发展了基于几何特征和流场解特征的自适应方法,建立了流场结构捕捉判据,并开展了三维复杂构型的应用;为了降低全局网格规模,发展了各向异性自适应方法,构建了各向异性特征识别的综合判据;发展了边界层法向射线加密技术,以减少边界层内的网格数目。物面边界处理方面,发展了重叠笛卡尔网格方法,构建了重叠网格尺度匹配技术和数据交互方法;开展了壁面函数方法在笛卡尔网格框架下的适应性应用,以放宽壁面网格尺度限制、降低边界层网格规模,并通过典型算例验证了方法的可靠性。     

Flapping wing micro-aerial-vehicle:Kinematics,membranes, and flapping mechanisms of ornithopter and insect flight

The application of biomimetics in the development of unmanned-aerial-vehicles (UAV) has advanced to an exceptionally small scale of nano-aerial-vehicles (NAV), which has surpassed its immediate predecessor of micro-aerial-vehicles (MAV), leaving a vast range of development possi-bilities that MAVs have to offer. Because of the prompt advancement into the NAV research devel-opment, the true potential and challenges presented by MAV development were never solved, understood, and truly uncovered, especially under the influence of transition and low Reynolds number flow characteristics. This paper reviews a part of previous MAV research developments which are deemed important of notification; kinematics, membranes, and flapping mechanisms ranges from small birds to big insects, which resides within the transition and low Reynolds number regimes. This paper also reviews the possibility of applying a piezoelectric transmission used to pro-duce NAV flapping wing motion and mounted on a MAV, replacing the conventional motorized flapping wing transmission. Findings suggest that limited work has been done for MAVs matching these criteria. The preferred research approach has seen bias towards numerical analysis as com-pared to experimental analysis.     

Cosmic Rays,Clouds, and Climate

A correlation between a global average of low cloud cover and the flux of cosmic rays incident in the atmosphere has been observed during the last solar cycle. The ionising potential of Earth bound cosmic rays are modulated by the state of the heliosphere, while clouds play an important role in the Earth's radiation budget through trapping outgoing radiation and reflecting incoming radiation. If a physical link between these two features can be established, it would provide a mechanism linking solar activity and Earth's climate. Recent satellite observations have further revealed a correlation between cosmic ray flux and low cloud top temperature. The temperature of a cloud depends on the radiation properties determined by its droplet distribution. Low clouds are warm (>273K) and therefore consist of liquid water droplets. At typical atmospheric supersaturations (1%) a liquid cloud drop will only form in the presence of an aerosol, which acts as a condensation site. The droplet distribution of a cloud will then depend on the number of aerosols activated as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and the level of super saturation. Based on observational evidence it is argued that a mechanism to explain the cosmic ray-cloud link might be found through the role of atmospheric ionisation in aerosol production and/or growth. Observations of local aerosol increases in low cloud due to ship exhaust indicate that a small perturbation in atmospheric aerosol can have a major impact on low cloud radiative properties. Thus, a moderate influence on atmospheric aerosol distributions from cosmic ray ionisation would have a strong influence on the Earth's radiation budget. Historical evidence over the past 1000 years indicates that changes in climate have occurred in accord with variability in cosmic ray intensities. Such changes are in agreement with the sign of cloud radiative forcing associated with cosmic ray variability as estimated from satellite observations.     

A novel bolometer for infrared and millimeter-wave astrophysics

We are developing a novel bolometer which uses a fine mesh to absorb radiation. The filling factor of the mesh is small, providing a small heat capacity and a low geometric cross-section to cosmic rays. The mesh is patterned from a free-standing silicon nitride membrane and is thermally isolated by long radial legs of silicon nitride. A thin metallic film evaporated on the mesh absorbs radiation by matching the surface impedance to that of free space. A neutron transmutation doped germanium thermistor attached to the center of the mesh detects the temperature increase from absorbed radiation. The low thermal conductivity and heat capacity of silicon nitride provide improved performance in low background applications. We discuss the theoretical limits of the performance of these devices. We have tested a device at 300 mK with an electricalNEP=4×10^–17 W Hz^–1/2 and a time constant =40 ms.     

机场着陆排序的一种滑动窗优化算法

对交通拥挤时的终端区进场飞机进行合理的排序,是空中交通流量管理的一个重要研究内容。当降落飞机架次较多时,目前的各种算法因计算量太大而实时性不好。基于飞机进场时位置的调整受一定限制,通过分析窗体的大小与位置限制和步长的关系,对计算量的影响提出了滑动窗的方法,并给出了通过采用滑动窗方法可以减少运算量的理论证明。最后通过仿真对该方法进行了验证。